
Class 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

CHAPTER I 
From the Appearance of the White Man to 1800 1 

CHAPTER II 
The First Decade in the New Century, 1800-1810 49 

CHAPTER III , 
The Theatre Fire, War, Building the City, 1810-1820 74 

CHAPTER rV 
La Fayette's Visit, Helping Thomas Jefferson, the Constitutional 

Convention, 1820-1830 98 

CHAPTER V 
The Period of Internal Improvements, 1830-1840 115 

CHAPTER VI 
The Growing City, Bitter Political Contests, 1840-1850 140 

CHAPTER VII 
The Discussions of Slavery and Relative Issues, 1850-1860 167 

CHAPTER VIII 
The Decade of War, Sorrow, Suffering and Death, 1860-1870 206 

CHAPTER IX 
After the Darkness the Dawn of a New Era, 1870-1880 312 

CHAPTER X 
Rapid Growth and Material Advancement, 1880-1890 364 

CHAPTER XI 
Closing a Century with the Achievements of the Years, 1890-1900 . . 416 

CHAPTER XII 
Greater Richmond with Greater Prospects for the Future, 1900- 

1912 469 

APPENDIX 

Mayors of the City 545 

Official Rosters of Richmond Troops Mustered in the Service of 

the Confederacy 647 

Index 577 



PREFACE 

The history of a city is largely the history of a State, and this is 
especially true when that city is the Capital of the State. Eich- 
mond can claim an historical inheritance greater than this: her 
history is peculiarly interwoven with that of the United States, both 
at its formative period and at the great crisis that threatened the 
existence of the Union. Being the Capital of the Confederacy, she 
was from the beginning of the Civil War to the end the most 
notable city of the country at that time. Ko city in America, there- 
fore, is richer in historical interest than is Richmond. 

In addition to this she has a local history of men and movements 
which is of especial value to every one connected with the city 
who appreciates the efforts of the fathers to bequeath to them a 
beautiful, well-built and well-ordered place of habitation. 

I have undertaken to trace this history from the time the white 
man first appeared on the banks of the Powhatan and in honor 
of his sovereign called it the James, until to-day. "With a wealth 
of material and a limited space, it has been difficult to thread my 
way along the years and to know what to leave out and what to 
put in the book. It has been my purpose to represent every phase 
of the city's life and to tell something of interest to the people of 
every class — professional, commercial, industrial and social. At 
the risk of being tedious I have given the names of the men back 
of the movements in order that we may become acquainted with 
the builders of our city as they come before the eyes of the public. 
The names of many worthy citizens have not been mentioned 
because they did not happen to come before the public vision. I 
have told of a few crimes which have been so notorious as to become 
a part of the history and many I have omitted. My purpose has 
been to spare as much as possible the feelings of those connected 
with the criminals. 

To claim that the book is without error would be a vain pre- 
sumption that it is perfect. It can be said, however, that as much 



Richmond : Her Past and Present 



CHAPTER I 



Nature, \^dth strong and artistic hand, had formed a splendid 
site for a great city, at the Falls of the river called Powhatan, but 
for centuries the site was unknown save by the savages, who knew 
it only as a field for hunting or ground for battle. But this beau- 
tiful situation, with its rich surrounding country, was destined for 
a higher purpose than the mere plaything of the children of the 
forest. A great nation was to be established and the wild savage 
was to give way, though reluctantly, to the irresistible march of 
civilization, and this very place was to take an important part in 
building the nation. 

The ruthless reign of the savage was first disturbed by the appear- 
ance of the white man in the early part of the seventeenth century. 
More than one hundred and nine years after the Continent of North 
America was discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot, an English 
company of one hundred and five men in three vessels, Susan 
Constant, Goodspeed and Discovery, under command of Christopher 
Xe\\^ort, set sail for Virginia. The enterprise was for commercial 
purposes rather than the establishment of a colony. They reached 
Chesapeake Bay and named the two capes Henry and Charles, in 
honor of the two sons of King James. Sailing across the bay they 
entered the mouth of a great river, which they called James, after 
the King. They ascended this river fifty miles to a peninsula, 
which they selected for the site of the colony and called it James- 
town. Here was the first permanent English settlement in America, 
May 13, 1607. At once they set to work cutting down trees and 
building houses in which to live. 

While this work was being done. Captains Newport and John 
Smith, desiring further to explore the country, took twenty men 



2 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1607 

and ascended the river to the Falls. They paid a visit to the native 
chief, Powhatan, who was the savage emperor of the country, and 
who had his principal seat just below the Falls of the river. An 
Indian village of about twelve wigwams constituted the imperial 
residence. This first appearance of the white man in this part of 
the New World greatly alarmed the Indians, but Powhatan quieted 
them by assuring them that the strangers would not harm them, 
but only wanted to take a little waste land. This visit of Newport 
and Smith, with their company of twenty, may be called the first 
effort in founding the city of Richmond. 

The next trip to the Falls was made by Captain Newport, Sep- 
tember, 1608. His purpose was to find the gold of the south sea, 
and he imagined that the sea could be reached by ascending James 
Edver. He accordingly made a trip of discovery, although Smith 
opposed it and Powhatan told him that the story of a sea in that 
direction was false. He reached the Falls and ascended the river, 
but finding it growing smaller and smaller he lost hope of discover- 
ing a new route and returned with his party, disappointed and dis- 
heartened. 

Another expedition to the Falls was made in 1609, after the arrival 
of the fleet of seven ships under Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George 
SomJers. When this company was added to the number already at 
Jamestown it made the population there too large to manage and to 
feed. Smith, who was president of the colony, sent out two expedi- 
tions to settle at other places. One of these, consisting of one 
hundred and twenty of the best men he could select, under Captain 
West, he sent to form a settlement at the Falls. A few days after- 
ward he himself set out for the new settlement on the James river. 
He discovered that West had located himself in a bad position, 
subject to the river's inundation and surrounded by other serious 
inconveniences. Smith made arrangements with Powhatan to pur- 
chase the place called Powhatan, with the fort, houses and all the 
surrounding country. But West and his company, supposing that 
the Manakin country above reached the "South Sea gold mines," 
and resenting any interference, rejected the President with inso- 
lence and contempt and refused to move to Powhatan. Smith, with 
five men, landed among them and committed the heads of the 
mutiny to prison, but he was overcome by their numbers and was 



RICHMOND 



HER PAST AND PRESENT 



«.lA BY 

wAsBURY CHRISTIAN, D. D. 



^n 



ILLUSTRATED 



MANUFACTURED BY L. H. JENKINS 
RICHMOND, VA. 

1912 






/v 



Copyright, 1912 
By W. Asbury Christian 

All rights reserved 






'CU327:)51 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

William Byrd, the Founder of Richmond Frontispiece ^ 

FACING PAGE 

Map of Richmond, made by William Byrd, 1737 8^ 

View of Richmond from Below Mayo's Bridge, 1807 64 v^ 

The Burning Theatre and Richmond in 1817 78 "^ 

Richmond in 1826, showing Penitentiary, City Hall, Capitol and 

Governor's Mansion 106 ^ 

Richmond from Church Hill west, 1851 174 ^ 

Richmond, 1852, from Manchester 182 ^ 

Richmond from Gambles Hill, showing Armory, Tredegar Works, 

&c., 1858 202 \/ 

Lancasterian School, Fair Grounds at what is now Monroe Park, 

and Libby Prison from the Dock 246 ^' 

The Burning of Richmond, April 3, 1865 262 y' 

Federal Troops Entering Richmond, Ruins of Mayo's Bridge after 

the Fire, and the Ruins of the Confederate Laboratory near 

the Petersburg Railroad Bridge 270 t-' 

Views of Richmond to-da 456 \y 

The Heart of Richmond a^cer tho Fire of 1865 and the Heart of 

Richmond July, 1912 536 "^ 



f\ 



1609] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 3 

compelled to flee. He took the prisoners in one of their boats and 
returned to the ship, which contained their provisions. After 
having spent nine days in endeavoring properly to locate the new 
settlement. Smith set sail for Jamestown. His ship ran aground 
and he was delayed. In the mean time West and his company 
annoyed the Indians, stealing their corn, breaking open their houses, 
and beating and maltreating them. The Indians retaliated by 
attacking their fort and killing all the stragglers they found in the 
woods. Alarmed at this assault, West and his men hastened to 
Smith and surrendered to him upon his own terms. He imprisoned 
the leaders of the riot and seated the rest at Powhatan. The place 
was so strong and pleasant that it was called None-such. Here 
they had dry houses for lodging, a savage fort built and fortified 
witli pales and bark so as to defend them against all the Indians in 
the country, and in addition two hundred or more acres of land 
cleared and nearly ready for planting. 

Captain Smith, after having located the new settlement, took his 
departure down the river. A bag of powder exploded near him 
while he was asleep and he was so badly burned that he almost lost 
his life. The settlement, however, did not remain long. West 
freed tl:^ prisoners and soon another mutiny started. iSTone-such 
was abandoned and the company returned to Jamestown. Thus 
ended the first settlement at the Falls. 

The nest attempt at a settlement was in August, 1611, when 
Thomas Dale ascended the river to found a new plantation, and 
called it Henricopolis, or Henrico, in honor of Prince Henry, who 
was a favorite with the English people. This site was near Eich- 
mond, but the settlement lasted only a short while. The settlers 
again suffered reverses, and when Sir George Yeardley arrived, 
April, 1619, their condition was desperate. At Henrico there were 
"three old houses, a poor ruinated church, with some few poore 
buildings in the islande." A new Henrico was established at what 
is now Tuckahoe. Of this settlement, which was the forerunner of 
Richmond, Stith, in his history of Virginia, says : 

"Upon the verge of the river bank stood five houses, inhabited by 
the better sort of people, who kept continual sentinel for the town's 
security. About two miles from the town into the main a palisade 
was run from river to river, near two miles in length, guarded with 



4 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1644-5 

several forts, with a large quantity of corn ground, impaled and suf- 
ficiently secured. Besides these precautions, there was upon the river 
bank within the island a great ditch, now overgrown with large and 
stately trees, which, it may be supposed, was defended with a palisade 
to prevent a surprise on that side by crossing the river, and for a 
greater security to the town, a palisade on the south side of the river 
was intended, but was not completed. This was called Hope in Faith 
and Coxendale. It was about two miles and a half long and was 
secured by their sort of forts, called Charity fort, Elizabeth fort & 
Fort Patience, and Mount Malady, with a great house for sick people, 
upon a high and dry situation and in wholesome air, in the place 
where Jefferson church now stands. On the same side of the river 
Mr. Whittaker, their preacher, chose to be seated; and he impaled a 
fine parsonage with a hundred acres of land, calling it Rock Hall." 

Here was begun the first institution of learning in America. Ten 
thousand acres of land were to be laid off for the University of 
Henrico for the education of the Indians, and also to lay the foun- 
dation of a seminary of learning for the English. George Thorpe 
came as deputy and superintendent of the college in 1620, and 
began his work, but in the great massacre of 1623 Thorpe was killed 
and Henrico burned. 

The next effort to make a settlement was in 1644-'5, when the 
Assembly of Virginia ordered a fort to be erected at the Falls of 
James river to keep back the Indians, and called it "fforte Charles," 
In 1646 the following act was passed : 

"And whereas there is no plantable land adjoining to fforte Charles, 
and therefore no encouragement for any undertaker to maintain the 
same, 

"It is therefore thought fitt and enacted, That if any person or per- 
sons purchasing the right of Captain Thomas Harris shall or will seate 
or inhabit, on the south side of James River, right opposite to the 
said fforte, see it be done this or the ensueing yeare, that hee or they 
so undertakng as aforesaid shall have and enjoy the housing belong- 
ing to the said fforte for the use of timber, or by burning them for the 
nails or otherwise, as also shall be exempted from the publique taxes 
for the term of three years; provided, that the number exceed not ten, 
as also shall have and enjoy the boats and ammunition belonging to 
the said fforte." 

War was declared against the Indians March, 1675, and five hun- 



1679] 



RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 



dred men were ordered to proceed to the frontier. Eight forts were 
to be garrisoned. 

"Fifty men out of James City County to be garrisoned near the 
ffallB of James River, at Captain Byrd's, or at one fforte or place of 
defence over against him at Newletts, of which fforte Col. Edwards 
Ramsey be captaine or chiefe commander." 

The Falls of the James river was the ontpost of civilization, and 
it was constantly being attacked by the Indians. A party of Indians 
in 1676 came from their fort on the Potomac river and, crossing 
the Eappahannock and York rivers, went as far as the Falls of 
James Eiver, and there attacked the white men. Bacon's overseer, 
whom he loved, and one of his servants, were slain. Bacon gath- 
ered a company and marched against the Indians and punished 
them severely. It was said that Bacon Quarter Branch took its 
name from Bacon's plantation, which was near there. 

Shortly after this a fierce and warlike tribe of Indians, called 
the Rechahecreans, came down from the mountains and took up a 
strong position on the Falls of the James Eiver. Their first expedi- 
tion failed, but the second, which was aided by the friendly Indians 
under their Chief Totopotomoi, was successful. It was during this 
battle that a small stream was said to run blood, and for that reason 
was called Bloody Eun. 

The assaults of the Indians were so frequent that the Assembly, 
in 1679, granted Captain William Byrd certain privileges on con- 
dition that he should settle fifty able-bodied and well armed men 
in the vicinity of the Falls as a protection to the frontier against 
the ravages of the Indians. This was done, and after many diffi- 
culties "fforte Charles" was maintained until civilization went far 
beyond it up the river. For these and other services large grants 
of land were made to Captain Byrd. 

As civilization continued to spread and the white people moved 
farther from tidewater, they found it necessary to have a trading 
place where they could bring their tobacco to the boats. "Fforte 
Charles" being at the head of navigation, soon became the trading 
place. Here the boats met the wagons and rollers from the upper 
country. The settlement began to grow and Captain Byrd erected 
a warehouse on Shoccoe creek. He died December 2, 1704, and was 



RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 



[1732 



succeeded by his son, Col. William Byrd. He took up the manage- 
ment of the large estate, and by close attention to business made it 
produce a handsome revenue. 

The next reference of special interest concerning the settlement 
at the Falls is made by Colonel Byrd in the Westover manuscripts. 
He says: 

"September 18 (1732), for the pleasure of the good company of Mrs. 
Byrd and her little governor, my son, I went about half way to the 
falls in my chariot. There we halted not far from a purling stream, & 
upon the stump of a propagate oak picked the bones of a piece of 
roast beef. By the spirit which it gave me I was the better able to part 
with the dear companions of my travels and to perform the rest of 
my journey on horseback by myself. I reached Shacco's before two 
o'clock and crossed the river to the mills. I had the grief to find 
them both stand as still for want of water as a dead woman's tongue 
for want of breath. It had rained so little for many weeks above the 
falls that the Naiads had hardly water enough to wash their 
faces. However, as we all ought to turn our misfortunes to the best 
advantage, I directed Mr. Booker, my first minister there, to make use 
of the lowness of the water to blow up the rocks at the mouth of the 
canal. * * * The water now flowed out of the river so slowly that 
the miller was obliged to pond it up in the canal by shutting open the 
flood-gates at the mouth & shutting those close to the mill. By this 
contrivance he was able at any time to grind two or three bushels 
either for his choice customers or for the use of my plantations. Then 
I walked to the place where they broke the flax, which is wrought with 
much greater ease than the hemp, & is much better for spinning. From 
thence I paid a visit to the weaver, who needed a little of Minerva's 
inspiration to make the most of a piece of cloth. Then I looked in 
upon my Caledonian spinster, who was mended more by her looks than 
in her humor. * * * On the next day, after I had swallowed a 
few poached eggs, we rode down to the mouth of the canal, from thence 
crossed over to the broad-rock island in a canoe. Our errand was to 
view some iron ore which we dug up in two places. That on the sur- 
face seemed very spongy and poor, which gave us no great encourage- 
ment to search deeper; nor did the quantity appear to be very great. 
However, for my greater satisfaction I ordered a hand to dig there 
for some time this winter. We walked from one end of the island to 
the other, being about a half mile in length, and found the soil very 
good, and too high for any floods less than Deucalion's to do the least 
damage. There is a very wild prospect both upwards and downwards, 
the river being full of rocks, over which the stream tumbled with a 
murmur loud enough to drown a scolding wife. This island would 



1737] 



RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 



make an agreeable hermitage for any good Christian who had a mind 
to retire from the world." 

The next reference we find to the Falls or Byrd's Warehouse, as 
it was then called, is in Col. William Byrd's journal, under date 
of September 19. 1733. He says: 

"When we got home we laid the foundation of two large cities, one 
at Shacco's, to be called Richmond, and the other at the falls of the 
Appomattox River, to be named Petersburg. These Major Mayo offered 
to lay out into lots without fee or reward. The truth of it is, these 
two places being the uppermost landing of James and Appomattox 
rivers, are naturally intended for marts, where the traffic of the outer 
inhabitants must centre. Thus we did not build castles only, but also 
cities, in the air." 

Major William Mayo laid off the town April, 1737, into thirty- 
two squares, four wide and eight long, and each square contained 
four lots. These lots sold for £7 each in Virginia currency. The 
Old Stone House was built about this time; for the name of the 
builder and first owner, Jacob Ege, a German emigrant, appears as 
the owner of a lot in the original plan of Major Mayo. For six 
generations the property remained in the Ege family. Other than 
its age the Old Stone House has no established historical value, 
although legends have made it Washington's headquarters and 
Monroe's early Iiome. 

The cross streets which began at what is now Seventeenth and 
went to Twenty-fifth were numbered. Seventeenth being First street. 
The streets east and west were named by letters of the alphabet. 

The town was called Richmond from the likeness of the situation 
to that of Richmond-on-the-Thames, in England. 

The next interesting reference to Richmond was at a vestry meet- 
ing at Curl's Church, Henrico Parish, October 8, 1737. William 
Stith, the historian, was rector. A propositon was made to build a 
church on the most convenient plan at or near Thomas William- 
son's, which would have been near Brook road, but the matter was 
delayed for two years. Then the question was again taken up, and 
we find this record : 

"At a vestry held for Henrico Parish on the 20th day of Dec'r, 1739 — 
It is agreed that a church be Built on the most Convenient Spot of 
Ground near ye Spring on Richardson's Road, on the South Side of 



8 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1741 

Bacon's Branch, on the Land of the Honorable William Byrd, Esq., to be 
60 ft. long and 25 Broad, And fourteen ft. pitch'd, to be finished in a 
plain manner, after the Moddle of Curl's Church. Richard Randolph, 
Gent, undertakes the said Building, and engages to finish the same by 
the 16 day of June, which shall be in the year of Our Lord 1741, for 
•which the vestry agrees to pay him the sum of 317 pounds Ten Shillings, 
current money, to be paid by the Amount of the Sales of twenty thou- 
sand pounds of Tob'o annually to be Levyd on the parish & sold here 
for Money till the whole payment be complete." 

Another change was made, as we see from the following: 

"At a vestry held for Henrico Parish 13 day of Oct. Anno Don 1740, 
Rich. Randolph, Gent, produces a Letter Directed to him from the 
Hon'bl'e William Byrd, Esq., which is read as followeth, viz: 

Sir, — Oct. 12, 1740 — I should with great pleasure oblige the vestry, 
and particularly yourself, in granting them an Acre to build their 
church upon, but there are so many roads already thro that land that the 
damage to me would be too great to have another of a mile cut thro it. 
I should be very glad if you would please to think Richmond a proper 
place, and considering the great number of people that live below it 
and would pay their Devotions there, that would not care to go so much 
higher. I can't but think it would be agreeable to most of the people, 
and if they will agree to have it there, I will give them two of the best 
Lots, that are not taken up, and besides give them any pine timber 
they can find on that side of Shockhoe Creek, and wood for burning 
of Bricks into the Bargain. 

I hope the Gent, of the Vestry will believe me a Friend of the 
church when I make them this offer, & that I am both their's, sir, and 
your most humble servant, W. Byrd. 

Whereupon the question is put whether the said Church should be 
Built on the Hill Cal'ed Indian Town, at Richmond, or at Thomas 
Williamson's plantation, on the Brook Road, and is carried by a 
Majority of Voices for the former. 

It is thereupon ordered that the Church formerly agreed on to be 
Built by Richard Randolph, Gen., on the South side of Bacon's Branch, 
be built in Indian Town, at Richmond, after the same manner as in 
the said Former Agreement was mentioned." 

There is no record of the time the church was completed, but it 
is supposed to have been June 10, 1741, and it was called St. Johns. 
The church was much smaller than the present one, and the pulpit 
was in the east end. It was enlarged December, 1772, by adding 
forty feet in length and forty feet on the north side, with galleries 
on both sides. 













7 










3 





N 

1 




M 

K 
H 






/^ 



/bf rAf7o(, 



ffi 



v 



fx 






v/ 



m 



\f7\n 










1737 



Facsimile of the first map of Richmond, made by Col. William Byrd, 
1737. The first street between lot B and the river was D, now Gary 
street; then came E, F, G, and H streets. At lot A was First street, 
now Seventeenth street; then 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th 
streets. Lots 97 and 98, marked by Golonel Byrd, "The Ghurch," 
fronting G street, now Grace street, between Twenty-fourth and 
Twenty-fifth streets, were those given by him to St. Johns Church. 



1742] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 9 

The next important step was the incorporation of the town of 
Richmond, and as a matter of interest we give below the act of 
incorporation : 

May, 1742, 15th, George 11. 
An Act for the establishing the Tow^i of Richmond, in the County of 
Henrico; & allowing fairs to be kept therein. 

I. Forasmuch as it has been represented to this Assembly that the 
honorable William Byrd, Esquire, hath lately laid out a parcel of his 
lands, at the falls of James River in the County of Henrico, in lots 
and streets for a town, by the name of Richmond, and made sale of the 
most of said lots to divers persons, who have since settled and built 
thereon, & that the said William Byrd intends speedily to lay out other 
parts of his adjacent lands into lots and streets, to be added to and 
made part of the said town, & is willing that part of his lands, situated 
between the said town & Shocco's creek and the river, shall remain 
& be as and for a common, for the use of the inhabitants of the said 
town forever; And also, that the said town lies very convenient for 
trade and navigation, being at the uppermost landing upon the river 
where public warehouses are built: But because the same was not 
laid out & erected into a town, by act of Assembly, the freeholders 
& inhabitants thereof will not be entitled to the like privileges enjoyed 
by the freeholders and inhabitants of other towns in this colony: 

II. Be it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Council & Burgesses 
of the present General Assembly, and it is hereby enacted, by the 
authority of the same. That the said piece or parcel of land lately 
belonging, or now belonging, to the said William Byrd, esquire, lying 
and being at the falls of James River, on the north side of the said 
River, in the county of Henrico aforesaid, be and is hereby constituted, 
appointed, erected, & established a town, in the manner it is already 
laid out, or shall be laid out, by the said William Byrd, in lots & 
streets, to be called by and retain the name of Richmond: And that 
the freeholders of the said town shall forever hereafter enjoy the 
same rights & privileges which the freeholders of other towns erected 
by acts of Assembly, in this colony, have and enjoy. And that the 
said William Byrd & his heirs, stand seized in fee-simple, of the 
lands lying and being between the present southern bounds of the said 
town and the river, bounded to the eastward by a line to be run a strait 
course, from the present extreme bounds of the said town to strike the 
river: & on the westward, by a line to be run from the head of the 
present westward street, beyond the lot numbered (1) a straight course, 
to strike Shoccoe's creek, thence down the said creek to the river, 
& thence by the river; to remain and be, as and for a common, for the 
use & benefit of the inhabitants of the said town forever. 

III. And whereas allowing fairs to be kept in the said town of Rich- 



10 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1744 

mond will be very commodious to the inhabitants of that part of this 
colony, Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, For the 
future, shall & may be annually kept and held in the said town of 
Richmond, on the second Thursday in May and the second Thursday 
in November, in every year; each to continue for the space of two 
days, for the sale and vending of all manner of cattle, victuals, pro- 
visions. Goods, wares and merchandises whatever. On such fair days & on 
two days next before and two days next after each of the said fairs, all 
persons coming to, being at, or going from the same, together with their 
cattle, goods, wares, and merchandizes, shall be exempt & privileged 
from all arrests, attachments, & executions whatsoever, except for capi- 
tal offences, breaches of the peace, or for any controversies, suits, and 
quarrels that may arise & happen during the said time, in which cases 
process may be immediately issued & proceedings thereupon had in the 
same manner as if this act had never been made: Any thing herein 
before contained, or any law, custom, or usage to the contrary thereof, 
in any wise, notwithstanding. 

IV. Provided, always. That nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued, deemed, or taken to derogate from, alter, or infringe the roial 
power and prerogative of his majesty, his heirs or successors, of grant- 
ing to any person or persons, body corporate or politick, the privilege 
of holding fairs or markets, in such manner as he or they, by his or 
their roial letters patent, or by his or their instructions to the gov- 
ernor, or commander in chief, of this dominion, for the time being, 
shall think fit. 

V. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That this 
act, as to so much thereof as relates to holding fairs in the said town 
of Richmond, shall continue & be in force four years from the passing 
thereof, & from thence to the end of the next session of Assembly: and 
no longer." 

A little over two years after the towu of Richmond was chartered 
Col. AVilliam Byrd, the founder, died at Westover August 26. 1744, 
aged seventy years. He was succeeded hy his son, Col. William 
Byrd II. He huilt a heautiful home on a hill ahove Richmond, 
now in the city, and called it Belvidere. He was not the husiness 
man his father was, and it was not long hefore he got into financial 
troubles. 

It seems that the general custom at that time was to build 
wooden chimneys to the liouses, and the inhabitants of the town of 
Richmond were in great and imminent danger of having their 
houses and effects burned and consumed by reason of so many wooden 
chimneys in the town. The Assembly therefore passed an act Sep- 



1768] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT H 

tember, 1744, prohibiting the building of wooden chimneys in the 
town and requiring all there to be pulled down in three years, or 
the sheriff of Henrico was to demolish them. 

In the year 1746 the public buildings in Williamsburg were de- 
stroyed by fire, and soon after the question of removing the seat 
of government to a more central part of the colony was agitated. 
Richmond was favored by many, but it was decided to rebuild in 
Williamsburg, so the matter was quieted for more than a quarter 
of a century. 

The inhabitants of Richmond labored under great inconvenience 
for want of trustees to lay off and regulate the streets and to settle 
the bounds of the lots in the town. The Assembly, by act February, 
1752, appointed Peter Randolph, William Byrd, William Randolph, 
Thomas Atchison, Samuel Glendome, Samuel DuVal, and John 
Pleasants, gentlemen, to constitute the board of trustees .if the 
town. They were authorized to lay off and regulate the streets, 
settle all disputes concerning the bounds of lots, and tc establish 
rules for the more orderly building of houses in the town. 

William Byrd arranged a scheme for disposing by lottery of the 
entire towns of Rocky Ridge, and Shockoe which was adjacent to 
the town of Richmond. The drawing was to take place at Shockoe 
June, 1768, but it did not take place until November, 1768, and at 
Williamsburg. He says, in his advertisement describing the places : 

"The advantageous situation of this estate is too well known to re- 
quire a particular description, though it may be necessary to inform the 
publick that the obstructions through the falls, and in other parts of 
the river above, will shortly be removed, and the river made navigable 
to the said town. The navigation will thereby be extended, and made 
both safe and easy for upwards of two hundred miles above the said 
falls, and a communication opened to the western frontier of the 
middle colonies, whereby there will not be more than sixty or seventy 
five miles portage from James river to the Ohio: so that the immense 
treasure of that valuable country must necessarily be brought to market 
to one or other of the above-said towns, which will occasionally raise 
the rents, and enhance the value of the lands and tenements under 
mentioned, beyond the powers of conception." 

There were to be 10,000 tickets in all at £5 each, 839 prizes, and 
9,161 blanks. Among the prizes were twenty years' lease of the 



12 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1771 

mills, fisheries, the inspection at Byrd's, Shockoe, and Watson's 
warehouses, Patrick Coutt's ferry, 17 improved lots, 10,000 acres of 
land to be laid off in 100-acre lots, 10 islands, and 400 lots unim- 
proved, the total value of which was £56,796. The drawing was 
held under the management and direction of Presley Thornton, 
Peyton Randolph, John Page, Charles Carter, and Charles Turn- 
bull, Esqrs. 

In 1769, by act of Assembly, Rocky Eidge was incorporated into 
the town of Manchester, and Shockoe was added to and made a 
part of Richmond. 

The growing town was almost destroyed in May, 1771. Much 
of it was built along the river and Shockoe creek, and at this time 
there was a terrible flood, such as had never been known since the 
first settlement of the country. Many houses were swept away, the 
tobacco was destroyed, and some lives were lost. At Turkey Island 
a monument was erected with this inscription : 

"The foundation of this pillar was laid in the calamitous year of 1771, 
when all the great rivers of this country were swept by inundations 
never before experienced, which changed the face of nature and left 
traces of their violence that will remain for ages." 

After tliis destructive flood we have no record of the town at 
the Falls until the year 1775, when the spirit of war pervaded the 
colonies. British misrule had continued until the crisis had been 
reached, and the Boston Massacre, which was an outcome of it, had 
stirred the whole country to a realization of the situation. Vir- 
ginia felt that the only hope of the colonies was in united action. 
To obtain this the Legislature, in committee of the whole, was en- 
deavoring to find a way, when Dabney Carr, of Charlotte county, a 
young statesman of brilliant genius and fervid patriotism, moved a 
series of resolutions for a system of Intercolonial Committees of 
Correspondence. Among those who supported the measure were 
Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry. In carrying out this plan, 
Virginia laid the foundation of the Union. But she scarcely real- 
ized how far these plans would carry her. Her people were quick 
to resent aggression, but they were not ready to make the last 
appeal to arms which would secure their independence. This step 
led to another, which was the calling of a convention in the town 



1775] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 13 

of Eichmond to consider arming the colony. This place was decided 
upon because of the hostility of Lord Dunmore, the Governor. The 
meeting was held March 20, 1775, in the only building in the town 
large enough to accommodate it, St. Johns Church. Peyton Ran- 
dolph was elected president and Tazewell Clark clerk. A resolu- 
tion was offered stating that the convention renewed its assurances 
"that it was the most ardent wish of their colony and of the whole 
continent of North America to see a speedy return of those hallowed 
days when they lived a free and happy people." Patrick Henry 
opposed the resolution because he felt that it would lull the public 
mind into confidence when their liberties were threatened. He 
therefore moved "that this colony be immediately put into a posture 
of defence, and that a committee prepare a plan for the embodying, 
arming, and disciplining such a number of men as may be sufficient 
for that purpose." The resolution was opposed by Richard Bland, 
Benjamin Harrison, Edmund Pendleton, and Robert C. Nicholas. 
It was in reply to the arguments of these men that Patrick Henry 
made his great speech closing with the memorable words : 

"Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of 
chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what 
course others may take: but as for me, give me liberty or give me 
death." 

The eloquence of Henry so stirred the convention that the resolu- 
tion was passed and the committee to report a plan for estab- 
lishing a well-regulated militia was named. It was as follows: 
Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Thomas 
Jefferson, Robert C. Nicholas, Benjamin Harrison, Lemuel Riddick, 
Adam Stevens, Andrew Lewis, William Christian, Edmund Pendle- 
ton, and Isaac. Zane. The convention approved the acts of the 
Continental Congress and thanked the Virginia delegates for their 
work. They also, strange to say, thanked Governor Dunmore for 
his administration, and appointed a committee to formulate a plan 
to encourage the arts and manufactures in the colonies. They then 
elected by ballot the following delegates to the General Congress in 
Philadelphia the 10th of May following: Peyton Randolph, Geoi^^ 
Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Edmund Pendle- 
ton, Benjamin Harrison, Richard Bland, and Thomas Jefferson. 



14 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1778 

I The Jamaica Assembly had sent a petition of conciliation to the 
convention, which was received and replied to with thanks. 

Governor Dunmore left Williamsburg with his family to be 
under the guns of his ships at Yorktown. The Assembly invited 
him to return, but he refused. They therefore dissolved, and accord- 
ing to agreement the delegates met at Eichmond, in St. Johns 
Church, July 17, to organize a provisional form of government 
and a plan of defence. Among other things, it prohibited the export 
of grain after August 5, and directed that all the tobacco in the 
warehouses be turned into money. It also resolved to embody a 
regiment of 3,000 men, exclusive of officers, and three troops of 
horse, to be stationed in the towns of the colony for protection. 
There was general rejoicing in Richmond when on June 36, '76, the 
Constitution was adopted, and Patrick Henry was appointed first 
governor. Then came the notice of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. It was not publicly read until August. The Virginia Gazette, 
published at Williaiiifiburg, gave the following notice of the first 
reading of the Declaration in Richmond : 

"On Monday last, being court-day, the Declaration of Independence 
was publicly proclaimed in the town of Richmond, before a large con- 
course of respectable freeholders of Henrico county, and upwards of 
200 militia, who assembled on that grand occasion. It was received 
with universal shouts of joy, and re-echoed by three volleys of small 
arms. The same evening the town was illuminated, and the members 
of the committee held a club, where many patriotic toasts were drunk. 
Although there were near one thousand people present, the whole was 
conducted with the utmost decorum, and the satisfaction visible in 
every countenance sufficiently evinces their determination to support 
it with their lives and fortunes." 

It was not long before many citizens of the town had joined the 
army and were at the front fighting the great battles for liberty. 
The people at home eagerly awaited the news, which came by the 
slow way of stage-coach or horseback. Money and food were scarce, 
and the women of the town denied themselves to send food and 
clothing to the soldiers. 

The Assembly in March, 1778, passed an act naming trustees 
f'^-^the town of Richmond ; the only three then living were William 
Byrd, Richard Randolph, and Samuel DuVaJ. The others appointed 
were Richard Adams, Robert Brown, George Donald, Turner 



1779] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 15 

Southall, Patrick Coutts, Archibald Bryce, William Eandolph, and 
James Buchanan, gentlemen. The same act stated that a great 
number of hogs and goats were raised and suffered to go at large 
in the town, to the great prejudice of the inhabitants, and that after 
the 20th of January it was unlawful to raise or keep hogs or goats 
in the town, and any one seeing them could kill them, but not for 
his own use. 

On account of the defenceless position of Williamsburg, the As- 
sembly ordered the removal of the troops, arms and ammunition, 
together with the public records. Then May, 1779, an act was 
passed moving the Capitol of the State here. The following is a 
portion of the "Act for the removal of the seat of Government" : 

I. Whereas great numbers of the inhabitants of this commonwealth 
must frequently & of necessity resort to the seat of government, where 
general assemblies are convened, superior courts are held, and the 
governor and council usually transact the executive business of govern- 
ment; and the equal rights of all said inhabitants require that such 
seat of government should be as nearly central to all as may be, having 
regard only to navigation, the benefits of which are necessary for the 
promoting the growth of a town sufficient for the accommodation of 
those who resort thither, and able to aid the operations of government; 
And it has also been found inconvenient, in the course of the present 
war, where seats of government have been so situated as to be exposed 
to the insults and injuries of the public enemy, which dangers may be 
avoided and equal justice done to all the citizens of this Common- 
wealth by removing the seat of government to the town of Richmond, 
in the County of Henrico, which is more safe & central than any other 
town situated on navagable water; 

Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly, That six whole 
squares of ground, surrounded each of them by four streets & containing 
all the ground within such streets, situated in the said town of Rich- 
mond, & as an open and airy part thereof, shall be appropriated to the 
use & purpose of publick buildings. On one of the said squares shall be 
erected one house for the use of the general assembly, to be called the 
Capitol, which said capitol shall contain two apartments for the use 
of the Senate and their clerk, two others for the use of the House of 
Delegates and their clerk, and others for the purpose of conference, 
committees, & a lobby of such form & dimensions as shall be adapted 
to their respective purposes. On one other of the said squares shall be 
erected another building, to be called the halls of justice, which shall 
contain two apartments for the court of appeals and its clerk, two others 
for the high court of chancery and its clerk, two others for the use 



16 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1779 

of the general court and its clerk, two others for the court of admiralty 
and its clerk, and others for the use of grand & petty juries, of such 
forms & dimensions as shall be adapted to their respective purposes, 
& on the same square last mentioned shall be built a publicK jail. 
One other of the said squares shall be reserved for the purpose of 
building thereon hereafter a house for the several executive boards and 
offices to be held in. Two others with the intervening street, shall be 
reserved for the use of the governor of this commonwealth for the 
time being, and the remaining square shall be appropriated to the use 
of the publick market. The said houses shall be built in a handsome 
manner with walls of brick or stone, & porticoes where the same may 
be convenient or ornamental, & with pillars & pavements of stone. 
There shall be appointed by joint ballot of both houses of assembly five 
persons, to be called the directors of the publick buildings, who, or 
any three of them, shall have power to make choice of such squares of 
ground, situated as before directed, as shall be most proper and con- 
venient for the said publick purposes, to agree on plans for the said 
buildings, to employ proper workmen to erect the same, to superintend 
them, to procure necessary materials by themselves or by the board 
of trade, & to draw on the treasurer of this commonwealth from time 
to time for such sums of money as shall be wanting, the plans & esti- 
mates of which shall be submitted to the two houses of assembly when- 
soever called for by their joint vote & shall be subjected to their con- 
trol. And that reasonable satisfaction shall be paid and allowed for 
all such lots of ground as by virtue of this act may be taken & appro- 
priated to the uses aforesaid, the clerk of the County of Henrico is duly 
empowered and required, as requisition for the said directors, to issue 
a writ in the nature of a writ of ad quod damnum, to be directed to 
the sheriff of the said county, commanding him to summon and 
empannel twelve able-bodied freeholders of the vicinage no ways con- 
cerned in interest in the said lots of land, nor related to the owners 
or proprietors thereof, to meet on the said lots on a certain day to be 
named in the said writ, not under five nor more than ten days from 
the date thereof, of which notice shall be given by the sheriff to proprie- 
tors and tenants of the said lots of land, if they are to be found within 
the county, & if not, then to their agents therein if any they have, 
which freeholders, taking nothing on pain of being discharged from 
the inquest and immediately imprisoned by the sheriff, either of meat 
or drink from any person whatever from the time they come to the 
said place until their inquest sealed shall be charged by the said 
sheriff impartially, & to the best of their skill & judgment, to value the 
said lots of ground in so many several & distinct parcels as shall be 
owned & held by several & distinct owners & tenants, & according to 
their respective interest & estates therein, & if the said valuation cannot 
be completed in one day, then the said sheriff shall adjourn the said 



1779] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 17 

jurors from day to day until the same be completed, & after such 
valuation made, the said sheriff shall forthwith return the same under 
the hands & seals of the said jurors to the clerk's office of the said 
county, & the right & property of the said owners & tenants in the 
said lots of land shall be immediately divested & be transferred to 
this commonwealth in the full & absolute dominion, any want of con- 
sent or disability of consent in the said owners & tenants notwith- 
standing. The cost of the said inquest & the several sums at which 
the rights of the owners & tenants are valued, shall be paid by the 
treasurer to the said owner, tenants, & others entitled, respectively, on 
warrants from the auditors. 

The act also provided for erecting temporary buildings until the 
permanent ones could be completed, and for the meeting of the 
Assembly and courts in these places, and for use of the Henrico 
county jail for the time. 

Concerning the removal of the Capital to Eichmond. Jeffer- 
son says : 

"The seat of our government had been originally fixed in the 
peninsula of Jamestown, the first settlement of the colonists, & had 
been afterwards removed a few miles inward to Williamsburg. But 
this was at a time when our settlement had not extended beyond the 
tide waters. Now they had crossed the Alleganey, and the centre 
of population was very far removed from what it had been; Yet Wil- 
liamsburg was still the depository of our archives, the habitual residence 
of the Governor and many other of the public functionaries, the estab- 
lished place for the sessions of the legislature, and the magazine of our 
military stores; and its situation was so exposed that it might be 
taken at any time in war, and, at this time particularly, an enemy 
might in the night run up either of the rivers between which it lies, 
land a force above, and take possession of the place without the possi- 
bility of saving either persons or things. I had proposed its removal 
so early as October, '76, but it did not prevail until the session of 
May, 1779." 

The first step towards establishing the government in Richmond 
was when bids were advertised for in The Williamsburg Gazette. 
The following is the interesting advertisement: 

"Richmond, July 5, 1779. 
"The directors appointed by the General Assembly to provide tem- 
porary buildings for the two houses of Assembly, the Courts of Jus- 
tice, several publick Boards, and a publick jail, give notice that they 
will meet at Mr. Hogg's tavern, in the town of Richmond, the day after 



18 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1779 

Henrico Court, in next month, to agree with workmen for undertaking 
the said buildings. Bond with approved security will be required for 
the performance, one half of the money to be paid within one month 
of the time the work is let, the other when it is finished. A plan 
of the buildings shall be lodged in the hands of Mr. Hogg & Mr. Gait 
in the said town a week before." 

Not a great deal is known concerning the town of Riclunond in 
1779, at the time the government was moved here. A letter from 
Mrs. Edward Carrington descriptive of the place then gives us 
some information. She savs : 

"It is indeed a lovely situation, and may at some future period be a 
great city, but at present it will afford scarce one comfort of life. 
With the exception of two or three families, this little town is made 
up of Scotch factors, who inhabit small tenements here and there 
from the river to the hill, some of which looking — as Colonel Mar- 
shall (afterward Judge Marshall) observes — as if the poor Caledonians 
had brought them over on their backs, the weaker of whom were glad 
to stop at the bottom of the hill, others a little stronger proceeded 
higher, while a few of the stoutest and boldest reached the summit, 
which, once accomplished, affords a situation beautiful & picturesque. 
One of these hardy Scots has thought proper to vacate his little 
dwelling on the hill, and though our whole family can scarcely stand 
up all together in it, my father has determined to rent it as the only 
decent tenement on the Hill." 

Some advertisements which appeared in The Virginia Gazette 
give lis some knowledge of the place. Dr. James Currie, who lived 
on Broad Road, near Tenth street, opposite to the present City 
Hall, advertised January 1, 1779 : 

"That his fees for the practice of Physick, from the beginning of the 
year would be at the old rates (before the exorbitant prices of medi- 
cine as well as every necessity of life made it equitable to raise them) 
payable in tobacco at 20 shillings per hundred weight or in money 
equivalent to tobacco." 

Dr. W. Foushee, the first mayor of the town, who lived on Main 
street near where the postoffice now stands, says in the same paper : 

"Those who apply to him in the way of his profession (physick), 
that his charges are as formerly — i. e., a visit in town in the day 



1780] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 19 

five shillings; an emetic, two shillings, six pence; either in commo- 
dities that he needs or in Tobacco at 20 shillings per hundred weight, 
or money." 

"The Chatham Rope Yard of Richmond Town," a company of 
the town for making rigging for ships, calls a meeting of the mem- 
bers at Mr. Gait's, in Richmond, March 29. Archibald Gary, 
Turner Southall, James Buchanan, William Dandridge, junior, sign 
the call. 

There are notices of the sale of slaves. "Fifty likely Virginia- 
Born Negroes will be sold for cash. Loan Office Certificate or To- 
bacco." 

"Dr. Gardiner's Hospital for Smallpox" was opened May 10; 
those needing attention or desiring to be inoculated were invited. 
/ The temporary Capitol, a plain frame building, was erected at 
the foot of Council Hill, 'on Pearl or Fourteenth street, at the 
northwest corner of what is now Gary street. The General Assembly 
met in it May, 1780,/and among the first acts they passed in the 
new seat of government was "An Act for creating the Publick 
Square, to enlarge the town of Richmond, and for other purposes." 
The act provided : 

"That the ground to be appropriated to the purpose of building 
thereon a capitol, halls of justice, state house for the executive boards 
and house for the governor shall be located on Shockoe Hill, and those 
to be appropriated to the use of a publick market shall be below the 
said hill on the same side of Shockoe creek, which location shall be 
made immediately, and where the nature of the ground shall render 
other forms more eligible for the said uses than a square, it shall be 
lawful for his excellency, Thomas Jefferson, esquire, Archibald Gary, 
Robert Carter Nicholas, Richard Adams, Edmund Pendleton, Turner 
Southall, Robert Goode, James Buchanan, and Samuel Du Val, esquires, 
directors, or a majority of them, to lay off in such form and of such 
dimensions as shall be convenient and requisite." 

The act further provides that the directors shall widen all streets 
on Shockoe Hill to a breadth of not less than eighty nor more than 
one hundred and twenty feet, and if a house should be in the street 
it shall be lawful for it to stand there twenty years and no more. 
They were to lay oif in any direction street? for ascending the sev- 
eral hills. Besides being empowered to enlarge the town, the 



20 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1781 

directors were authorized to open Shockoe creek, "much obstructed 
of late by freshes," so that boats could again come up to the ware- 
house landing, for the benefit of the publick. 

Col. William Byrd II. having died, and there having arisen 
trouble about the titles to the lots won in the lottery, the General As- 
sembly, in November, 1781, empowered Charles Carter, Esquire, 
the only surviving trustee, to execute deeds of conveyance in fee 
simple for the aforesaid lots. 

The new Capital received her first baptism of fire January 5, 
1781. The British fleet reached Westover, and on the- 4th nine 
hundred men landed and began their march to Richmond, under 
command of the traitor Benedict Arnold. At night they encamped 
at Four Mile Creek, twelve miles below the town, and the news 
of their approach was quickly brought to Richmond, 

In the mean time the Governor, Thomas Jefferson, had not been 
idle. The same day he called out the whole of the militia from the 
surrounding counties. They were of necessity slow gathering, so the 
public property, such as could be moved, was taken to the south 
bank of James river, and such as had been previously sent to West- 
ham, six miles above Richmond, was also ordered across the river. 
The Governor stayed in the city until 7 :30 P. M., hastening the re- 
moval of the arms and stores, and then set out for Westham, and 
then joined his family at Tuckahoe, eight miles further. Arnold, 
with 800 men, entered Richmond at 1 o'clock in the afternoon of 
January 5. Two hundred militia undertook to defend the city, but 
being mostly raw recruits and so greatly outnumbered, they 
made no defence and fled before the enemy. Governor Jefferson 
was at Colonel Fleming's, a few miles from Manchester; thither 
he came to advise with Baron Steuben, who commanded about 200 
recruits. While there a committee of citizens of Richmond came 
with the offer of Arnold that if the British vessels were permitted 
to come unliindered and take away the tobacco stored in Richmond 
he would not burn the town. The proposal was immediately re- 
jected. Arnold then burned some public and private buildings 
and a large quantity of tobacco. Soon after he reached Richmond 
he sent Colonel Simcoe, who was in command of the Queen's 
Rangers, to Westham to destroy the cannon foundry and other 
public works. He proceeded to the foundry, which was very com- 



1782] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 21 

plete, and with it destroyed many pieces of iron cannon, a quan- 
tity of small arms, and a great variety of military stores. The 
powder in the magazine was thrown into the river and the ware- 
houses and mills were set on fire. Having done all the damage he 
could, he returned to Eichmond the same night. 

Arnold and his men, having pillaged, plundered and burned much 
of the town, and fearing an attack, left Richmond about twenty- 
four hours after entering it. They encamped again at Four Mile 
Creek, and on the 7th at Berkeley and Westover. This incursion 
was made in forty-eight hours without the loss of a man. 

The Governor returned to Richmond on the 8th and viewed the 
damage done by the enemy. The city then had a population of 
1,800, half of whom were slaves. Most of the able-bodied men 
were away in the army. The following October the British were 
defeated and General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown to Gen- 
eral Washington. 

The war having closed and peace concluded, the people felt that 
although the country was impoverished, under the blessings of 
liberty this great country would be developed. The courageous 
and sturdy spirit of Richmond began to show itself at this early 
date, and her citizens began to press forward to the upbuilding of 
a city. The first step was to be incorporated, so the city of Rich- 
mond was chartered May, 1782, the sixth of the Commonwealth. 
The charter provided that on the first Tuesday of July, the current 
year, and on the same day every third year thereafter, freeholders 
of lots in the city, whether improved or not, and whether they 
reside in the city or not, and housekeepers and inhabitants of the 
city who shall have resided therein at any time for the space of 
three months without the intermission of one twelve months, and 
who shall possess in their own right within the city movable or im- 
miovable property to the value of one hundred pounds, shall meet 
at the courthouse of Henrico, or at some other place appointed by 
law, and shall then and there elect by ballot twelve fit and able 
men, being freeholders and inhabitants of the city, who, or a major 
part thereof, shall, on the same or the second day thereafter, be- 
tween the hours of 8 and 12 in the forenoon, publickly elect by 
ballot from among themselves one person to act as mayor, another 
as recorder, and four others as aldermen of the said city, and the 



22 RICHMOND; HER PAST AND PRESENT [1782 

other six shall be a common council. The freeholders, house- 
keepers and inhabitants, and those who shall hereafter become such, 
shall be a body politic and corporate of the ciiy of Richmond, and 
by that name have perpetual succession and a common seal. Then 
their powers are defined. The mayor, recorder and aldermen, or 
any four of them, shall have power to hold a court of hustings on 
the third Monday of each month. The clerk of the court shall have 
power to appoint the clerk of the market, sergeant, and to license 
keepers of taverns and other places. No ordinary-keeper in the 
city of Richmond shall be capable of serving as mayor, recorder, 
aldermen, or councilman in the said city. This same act, which 
incorporates the city of Richmond, has certain provisions concern- 
ing the towns of Fredericksburg and Alexandria. 

Under this charter the first city election was held at Henrico 
Courthouse Tuesday, July 2, 1782. Turner Southall and Gabriel 
Gait were appointed to supervise and count the ballots. The fol- 
lowing citizens were elected : Isaac Younghusband, William Hay, 
James Hunter, Robert Mitchell, William Foushee, Richard Adams, 
James Buchanan, Samuel Scherer, Robert Boyd, Jacquelin Ambler, 
John Beckley, John McKeand. The Common Hall met the first 
time July 3 and organized by electing William Foushee mayor, Wil- 
liam Hay recorder, Jacquelin Ambler, John Beckley, Robert 
Mitchell, and James Hunter aldermen, which left as councilmen 
Younghusband, Adams, Buchanan, Scherer, Boyd, and McKeand. 
Among the first acts of the Common Hall was to pass an ordi- 
nance that all houses on the main street should be ten feet pitch 
in the lower story and should be placed eight feet from the street, 
and no house was to be placed with a shed to Main street at right 
angles, except those already contracted for. It was also ordered 
that Mr. Ryan, manager of the theatre in the city, render an 
account of the number of plays he has performed in the city since 
the last settlement and pay the tax thereon, else the permission 
granted him would be suspended until the payment was made. 

With her charter secured and her city government organized, 
Richmond felt her importance as a city,- and began the task of 
laying out her streets, digging public wells, and doing what was 
necessary for city life. Within the next two years little was accom- 
plished except planning and organizing. 



1784] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 23 

'' Richmond in 1784 was a city by charter but a village in reality. 
There were about three hundred houses, and the large majority of 
these were frame. The public buildings were all frame,\but the 
citizens were aroused to the necessity of more adequate quarters 
for the public offices. All the public lands near Eichmond were 
ordered to be sold except those set apart for public use, and the 
proceeds were to be applied to public buildings. A committee, 
consisting of jSTathaniel Wilkerson, Miles Selden, John Harvie, 
Thos. Prosser, and William Foushee, gentlemen, was appointed to 
solicit subscriptions for the same purpose. 

The new portion of the city west of Shockoe creek was con- 
nected with the old by a narrow foot bridge on Main street near the 
market-house. Wagons had to ford the creek, and in time of 
fra«hets ferry boats were brought into use. The Ijegislature 
authorized the city to establish a lottery to build a stone bridge 
over the creek. 

The market-house, which stood on Main and Seventeenth streets, 
where the present market-house is, was only a wooden shed sup- 
ported by locust posts. To the west was a green slope towards 
the creek, where in pleasant weather the washer-women who washed 
their clothes in the creek hung them to dry. 

The first newspaper in Eichmond was the Gazette, which was 
moved from Williamsburg in 1780 and established here. It was 
then called Tlie Virginia Gazette and Weel'ly Advertiser, printed 
and edited by Thomas Nicholson. Another paper was started July 
26, 1786, The Virginia Independent Chronicle, printed by Augus- 
tine Davis, near the bridge; 15 shillings per annum. 

The year 1784 was remarkable in the town of Eichmond because 
of the visit of two of the world's most distinguished generals, Wash- 
ington and Lafayette. The war had not been long over and the 
people were poor, but the visit of these distinguished men was 
celebrated with all the magnificence of the times. A public dinner 
was given them at Bell Tavern, and the Eevolutionary officers and 
soldiers, the militia, officers of the State and town and citizens 
escorted them to the place. The Legislature was in session and 
took occasion to show them special honor. The proceedings will be 
of interest : 



24 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1784 

"Monday, Nov. 15, 1784. — The House being informed of the arrival 
of General Washington in this city — 

Resolved, nemine contra dicente. That as a mark of their reverence 
for his character and affection of his person a committee of five mem- 
bers be appointed to wait upon him with the respectful regards of 
this House to express to him the satisfaction they feel in the oppor- 
tunity afforded by his presence of offering their tribute to his merits 
and to assure him that as they not only retain the most lasting im- 
pressions of the transcendent service rendered in his late public char- 
acter, but have since his return to private life experienced proofs 
that no change of situation can turn his thoughts from the welfare 
of his country, so his happiness can never cease to be an object of 
their most devoted wishes and fervent supplications." 

The committee appointed was Henry, Jones of King George, 
Madison, Carter H. Harrison and Carrington. 

"Nov 16, 1784. — Mr. Henry, from the committee, reported that they 
had waited on General Washington and were pleased to return the 
following reply: 

"Gentlemen, — My sensibility is deeply affected by this distin- 
guished mark of the affectionate regard of your Honorable House. I 
lament upon this occasion the want of those powers which would 
enable me to do justice to my feelings, and I shall rely upon your 
indulgent rei)ort to supply the defects; at the same time, I pray you 
to present for me the strongest assurances of unalterable affection and 
gratitude for this last pleasing and flattering attention of my country. 

Geo. Washington." 

A special meeting of the Common Hall of the city was called to 
meet at the home of the mayor, Eobert Mitchell, November 15, 
1784, William Hay recorder. An address to the late commander- 
in-chief of the American army was laid before the Hall by Andrew 
Ronald, and was agreed to. The address was as follows : 

"•Oeorge Washington, Esq., Late Commander-in-chief of the American 
Army: 
Sir, — Actuated by every sentiment which can inspire a grateful 
people, the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Common Council of the 
City of Richmond embrace this long wished-for opportunity of con- 
gratulating you on your return to the bosom of Peace and retire- 
ment in your native country, after so many years honorably spent 
amid the toils and tumults of a war which, through the smiles of 
heaven, your exertions have been productive of Liberty, Glory, and 



1784] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 25 

Independence to an extensive empire. On seeing you, sir, in this 
city, we feel all that men can feel who are indebted to you for every 
social enjoyment, and who are deeply impressed with a conviction 
that if the late illustrious leader of the Armies of America had not 
possessed but exercised every talent and every virtue which dignify 
the Hero and the Patriot, we might not at this day dared to speak 
the language of free-born citizens, nor would we have seen commerce 
and navigation, with their fruitful train, liberated from the shackles 
inviting the inhabitants of distant nations to seek an Asylum and 
residence among us. 

When in the service of a few past years we behold you not only 
forming soldiers, but also teaching them to conquer; when we con- 
template that prudence, courage and magnanimity which surmounted 
every difficulty, regardless of any danger, and contemning any re- 
ward, excited not only the veneration of your country but even com- 
manded the admiration and applause of her enemies and spread the 
fame of America in the remotest corners of the world, giving her rank 
and consequence among the kingdoms of the earth, and when we 
think what we might have been if Washington had not existed, our 
hearts expand with emotions too strong for utterance, and we can 
only pray that the Supreme Giver of all Victory may crown you 
with His choicest blessings here and never fading glory hereafter. 

Signed by Order and on behalf of the Common Hall. 

RoBT. Mitchell, Mayor." 

William Foushee, Eonald, Pennock and Younghusband were 
appointed a committee to present the address in person. General 
AVashington received them with great cordiality and replied in a 
short speech, which was not recorded, thanking them and the city 
for their generous remarks, and wishing for Richmond a prosperous 
and great future. 

Three days after Washington's arrival in Richmond Lafayette 
came to the city. The Common Hall did not send him an address, 
but the Legislature did. The following is the resolution of the 
House : 

Thurs., Nov. 18, 1784. — The House being informed of the arrival 
this morning of the Marquis de la Fayette in this city — ■ 

Resolved, nemine contra decente. That a committee of five mem- 
bers be appointed to present to him the affectionate respects of this 
House, to signify to him their sensibility to the pleasing proof given 
by this visit to the United States, and to this State in particular, and 
to assure him that th^y cannot review the scenes of blood and danger 



26 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1784 

through which we have arrived at the blessing of peace without being 
touched by the recollection, not only of the invaluable service by 
which the United States at large are so much indebted to him, but of 
that conspicuous display of cool intrepidity and wise conduct during 
his command of the campaign of 1781 which, by so essentially served 
this State in particular, for giving him so just a title to its peculiar 
acknowledgments." 

The committee appointed was Henry, Madison, Jones of King 
George, Matthews and Brent. 

"Friday, Nov. 19, 1784. — Mr. Henry reported that the committee had 
waited upon the Marquis and was pleased to return the following 
answer : 

Gentlemen, — With the most respectful thanks to your Honorable 
House, permit me to acknowledge not only the flattering favor they 
now are pleased to confer, but also the constant partiality and 
unbounded confidence of this State, which, in trying times, I have so 
happily experienced. Throughout the continent. Gentlemen, it is most 
pleasing for me to join with my friends in mutual congratulations, 
and I need not add what my sentiments must be in Virginia, where, 
step by step, have I so keenly felt for her distress, — so eagerly enjoyed 
her recovery. Her armed forces were obliged to retreat, but your 
patriotic hearts stood unshaken. And while either at that period or 
in our better hours my obligations to you are numberless, I am 
happy in this opportunity to observe that the excellent services of 
your militia were continued with unparalleled steadiness. Impressed 
with the necessity of Federal Union, I was the more pleased in the 
command of an army so peculiarly Federal, as Virginia herself freely 
bled in defense of her sister States. 

In my wishes to this Commonwealth, Gentlemen, I will preserve 
with the same zeal that has once and forever devoted me to her. 
May her fertile soil rapidly increase her wealth. May all the waters 
that so luxuriously flow within her limits be happy channels of the 
most extensive trade, and may she in her wisdom and enjoyment of 
prosperity continue to give to the world unquestionable proofs of her 
philanthropy and her regard to the liberties of all mankind. 

La Fayette." 

Another matter of great interest to Richmond, because it meant 
much in her upbuilding, was the information that James Rumsey 
had invented boats which were constructed upon a model which 
would greatly facilitate navigation against the currents of rapid 
rivers. He applied to the Legislature for the exclusive right of 



1785] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 27 

constructing and navigating these steam boats in the James and 
other rivers. October, 1784, he was granted this privilege for ten 
years from January, 1785, with the proviso that the Legislature 
could abolish it by the payment to him of ten pounds. This act 
was passed before Fulton had completed his steamboat. 

The site of the permanent Capitol had been fixed on Shockoe 
Hill. The jury met August 17, 1784, and decided upon the land 
of Thomas JSTewton, Jr., at a valuation of 154 pounds, and also 
that of John Woodson, at the same price, and later an act was 
passed authorizing the payment of this amount to these men. Some 
erroneously have supposed that William Byrd gave the land on 
which the Capitol was located. Byrd disposed of all of his Shockoe 
Hill property by lottery before the seat of government was moved 
from Williamsburg. The cornerstone of the Capitol was laid August 
18, 1785, by Richmond Lodge of Masons, ^STo. 13, Alex Montgomery, 
Master; James Mercer, Grand Master, officiated. This was an im- 
portant event in the history of the new city, and all of the people 
came to witness the ceremony. The plans of the building were 
arrailged by Thomas Jefferson. He says : 

"I was written to in 1785, being then in Paris, by Directors appointed, 
to superintend the building of a Capitol in Richmond, to advise them 
as to a plan and to add to it a prison. Thinking it a favorable oppor- 
tunity to introduce into the State an example of architecture in the 
classic style of antiquity, and the Maison quarree of Nismes, an antient 
Roman temple, being considered the most perfect model existing of 
what may be called cubic architecture, I applied to M. Clarissault, who 
had published drawings of the Antiquities of Nismes, to have me a 
model of the building made in stucco, only changing the order from 
Corinthian capitals to Ionic on account of the difficulty of the Cor- 
inthian capitals. I yielded with reluctance to the taste of Clarissault 
in his preference of the modern capital of Scemozzi to the more 
notable capital of antiquity. This was executed by the artist whom 
Choiseul Gouffier had carried with him to Constantinople & employed 
while Ambassador there in making those beautiful models of the re- 
mains of Grecian architecture which are to be seen at Paris. To adapt 
the exterior to our use, I drew a plan for the interior, with apart- 
ments necessary for legislative, executive and judiciary purposes; 
and accommodated in their size and distribution to the form and 
dimensions of the building. These were forwarded to the Directors 
in 1786, and were carried into execution, with some variations, not for 
the better, the most important of which, however, admit of future 



r 



28 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1785 

correction. With respect to the plan of a prison, requested at the 
same time, I had heard of a benevolent society in England which 
had been indulged by the Government in an experiment of the effect 
of labor in solitary confinement, on some of their criminals, which 
experiment had succeeded beyond expectation. The same idea had 
been suggested in France, and an architect in Lyons had proposed 
a plan of a well contrived edifice, on the principle of solitary con- 
finement. I procured a copy and as it was too large for our purposes, 
I drew one on a scale less extensive but susceptible of additions as they 
should be wanted. This I sent to the Directors instead of a plan of 
a common prison in the hope that it would suggest the idea of labor 
In solitary confinement, instead of that on Public Works which we 
had adopted in our Revised Code. Its principle, accordingly, but 
not in exact form, was adopted by Latrobe in carrying the plan into 
execution, by the erection of what is now called the Penitentiary, 
built under his direction." 

The cornerstone of the penitentiary was laid August 12, 1797, 
but the building was not completed until 1800. 

A convention of a few ministers and a few laymen met at the old 
Capitol building May, 1785. It was small but it promised a great 
deal for the future; it was the gathering at which the Protestant 
Episcopal Church in Virginia was organized. After the Eevolution 
the work of the Church of England ceased in America, and for some 
time there was no organization and no bishops, and the interest in 
the church was waning. At length some of the clergymen called 
a convention and an organization was effected and a bishop was 
elected, but they could not raise money enough to send him to 
England for ordination, so the church continued without a head 
until some years later. 

Another building which has figured in^^e history of the city and 
of the State was begun this same year— the first Masons' Hall 
erected in the city. The corner-stone was laid October 29, 1785, 
by James Mercer, Grand Master, assisted by Edmund Randolph. 

The lot on which it was built was bought from Gabriel Gait. Money 
was scarce, so a lottery was authorized to raise $15,000 to build the 
hall. This was the day of lotteries, and churches, schools, public 
buildings and public works were built by means of them. It was 
largely through the efforts of John Marshall, then recorder of the 
city, tJiat this building was completed. The managers of the lottery 
were James Buchanan, Turner Southall, Edmund Eandolpb, D. 



1786] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 29 

Lambert, Gabriel Gait, Robert Mitchell, and Foster Webb. Some 
of the tickets were sold for paper credit, but as specie was so 
scarce and so much needed the tickets were recalled. 

Richmond's first transportation line for any distance was started 
about this time; it was the Southern Stage. It was announced 
that the line was in complete order, with four horses to each stage, 
as far as Wilmington, 'N. C, where there was a complete packet boat 
to carry passengers to Charleston, S. C. 
./ A. M. Quesnays, a Frenchman, erected a frame building on 
Academy Square, near where Monumental Church now stands. 
Here he conducted a fashionable school in which was taught em- 
broidery, patterns, and all kinds of needle work, vocal music, foreign 
languages, geography, writing, arithmetic, and instrumental music. 
The school was not very prosperous, so he moved into a private 
house and rented the academy to Hallam & Henry for a theatre. 
The old theatre was on Main street near the market-house. This 
was called the New Theatre, and it was used until it burned down. 
It was replaced by a brick theatre, the tragedy of which will be told 
later. 

When the seat of government was moved to Richmond there were 
few taverns, but as the number of visitors increased new taverns 
were opened. The first opened in the town was Bird-in-the-Hand. 
It stood on Main street at the foot of Church Hill. City Tavern, 
kept by Gabriel Gait, was on Main and Nineteenth streets, where 
later was the United States Hotel; then across Shockoe Creek 
was Bell, Anderson's, Eagle, and Trower's taverns. These were 
the gathering places for citizens and politicians; here the great 
questions of the day were discussed. 

The papers of this time gave very little local news, either because 
the city was so small that every one knew what was going on, or 
because the foreign news and advertisements crowded it out of 
the little weekly. Here and there, however, we find interesting items. 
At this early day Richmond was making her reputation as a con- 
vention town. The Society of Cincinnati met here November 15, 
1786, Horatio Gates president, 0. Towles secretary, William Relh. 
treasurer. This notice of November 10. concerning legal business, 
is of special interest : 



30 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1787 

"The General Assembly having appointed me to an office incompatible 
with the further pursuit of my profession, I beg leave to inform my 
clients that John Marshall, Esq., will succeed to my business in 
general &c. Edmund Randolph." 

He had been elected C4overnor. 

The year 1787 opened disastrously for the young city at the Falls 
of the James. The inhabitants peacefully were sleeping on Monday 
morning, January 9th, when between 3 and 4 o'clock the shrill cry 
of fire awoke them from their slumbers. They rushed to the streets 
to find the flames devouring the very heart of the city. The frame 
house occupied by Mrs. Julia Hartshorne first caught fire, then 
it spread to Anderson's Tavern, and to Byrd's Warehouse, destroy- 
ing seventy hogshead of tobacco, and to other houses, until forty or 
fifty stores, dwellings and other houses were destroyed in the short 
time of three hours. The frame Capitol and Treasury Avere threat- 
ened and the papers and money had to be moved, but they were 
saved. The bucket brigade fought valiantly, but the fire was not 
checked until two houses in the path of the devouring flames were 
pulled down. The damage was appalling to the town, which had 
not recovered from the ravages of the late war. It amounted to 
nearly a half million dollars. Many were rendered destitute and 
others were reduced to ruin by the unprecedented loss. 

Governor Randolph called a meeting of the citizens Monday 
evening at Trower's Tavern to raise money for the relief of the 
sufferers. The inhabitants of the city subscribed with a liberality 
which was commendable, but this was not at all sufficient. The 
humane and benevolent of the State were called upon to come to 
Richmond's relief. Committees were appointed in every county, 
city and town in the Commonwealth to raise subscriptions for the 
sufferers. A committee, consisting of Richard Adams, John Harvie, 
Robert Mitchell, and Andrew Ronald, was appointed to ascertain 
the name of each sufferer and the amount of loss sustained. 

The people of the Old Dominion, who never fail to respond to the 
calls for help, heard the distressing cry of their young Capital and 
hastened to her relief. In a short while money and provisions were 
coming in. and the suffering was relieved. A month had scarcely 
passed before the debris was being cleared away and Richmond, 
phoenix like, arose from her ashes. 



1787] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 31 

This same month there were several executions at the gallows, 
near tlie city. Criminals from all parts of the State were brought 
to Eichmond to be executed, and as the executions were public, 
great crowds of people flocked to the public gallows to witness the 
harrowing scenes. Those convicted of grand larceny were burned 
in the hand and released. 

The paper of May 27, 1787, announces that a gentleman has just 
arrived who states — and this is the way they received their news 
besides letters: "His excellency, General George Washington, had 
set off from Mount Vernon for Philadelphia to attend the Federal 
Constitutional Convention." Later the same paper states : 

"We expected to have been able to entertain our readers with the 
proceedings of the Federal Convention, but we are sorry to inform 
them that everything is carried on with the greatest secrecy. We learn 
that all the States are represented except New Hampshire and 
Rhode Island." 

The work of the Convention was at last completed, and "when the 
illustrious Washington was called upon by the Convention to ratify 
the Constitution, as its President, holding the pen, after a short 
pause he pronounced these words, too remarkable to be forgotten or 
unknown : 'Should the States reject this excellent Constitution, 
the probability is an opportunity will never again be offered to 
cancel another in peace; the next will be drawn in blood.' Great 
heavens, avert the dreadful catastrophe." 

The Constitution was sent to each State for ratification, and in 
October the General Assembly of Virginia called a convention to 
meet in Richmond June, 1788, to consider the new instrument. 

Eichmond had already become a great place for horse-races, and 
at this time the Richmond Jockey Club was holding its annual 
meet. 

There was a great scarcity of money in Richmond, as elsewhere 
in the State, and the business interests were being crippled, and 
people in the city who had to buy all their provisions were greatly 
harassed. The cause of the scarcity of money was that gold and 
silver had gone into hiding for fear that paper money would be 
issued by the State. The Legislature passed a resolution that there 



32 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1788 

would be no issue of paper money, and made tobacco receivable in 
payment of certaiji taxes for 1787. 

A. M. Maguire announced that he intended to open an English 
school in the building next to Masons' Hall, and that on account 
of the scarcity of cash he intended to admit pupils at £4 per annum 
and $2 entrance fee. 

The people sought amusements then as now. Friday night, De- 
cember 7, the society people of Richmond attended the "Beggar's 
Opera" at the "New Theatre on Shockoe Hill." 

Again the new year was ushered in by a fire, but not so disastrous 
as the one of 1787. January 3, Mrs. Gilbert's house, about eighty 
yards from the old Capitol and a hundred from Shockoe Ware- 
house, caught fire and burned. It was surrounded by frame houses, 
but the fire was checked by pulling down the houses next to it. 

These advertisements are interesting: "Mr. M. Hodgeson will 
open in February a school for young ladies opposite to Trower's 
Tavern." "Meyer Dirkheim moulds candles — the light of the 
time — for Ic. per pound." "The Directors of the new Capitol ad- 
vertise for bids for material to finish it." 

Such was the adoration of the people for General Washington 
that at this early date they celebrated his birthday. February 11, 
0. S. 1788, was ushered in by the booming of cannon. A company 
of light infantry and one of horse paraded the streets of the city 
and went through their different evolutions. Afterward they pro- 
ceeded to Mann's Tavern, and with a number of citizens they spent 
the remainder of the day in the greatest harmony and convivialit}^ 
After dinner the following toasts were drunk : "George Washing- 
ton," "Louis XVI King of France," "Queen of France," "'Con- 
gress/' "Marquis de LaFayette," "Those who fell in defense of 
American Liberty," "Agriculture," and "Commerce.'' At night a 
grand ball was held at Union Tavern. 

Virginia had laid the foundation for the Union by her proposal 
of correspondence among the colonies. In her great convention, 
held in Richmond in 1775, she had lighted the fires of the Revolu- 
tion. But the greatest convention ever held in the State was that 
which met in Richmond June 2, 1788, to consider the question of 
ratifying the Constitution of the United States as prepared by the 
Convention at Philadelphia. All depended upon Virginia, for if 



1788] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 33 

she refused to ratify it, it would not stand. The convention was 
called to order in the State House. Edmund Pendleton was unani- 
mously elected president and John Beckley secretary. The Eev. 
Abner Waugh was appointed chaplain and read prayers every morn- 
ing. ' The representatives from Richmond and Henrico were Ed- 
mund Eandolph and John Marshall. The hall in the temporary 
Capitol was so small and the crowd in attendance so great that 
when they adjourned they adjourned to meet in the New Academy, 
on Shockoe Hill, which had been turned into a theatre. 

Long before the time for calling the Convention to order every 
available space was taken. People came from all over the State, 
and the people of Richmond closed their places of business to hear 
the great speeches. And they heard them, for seldom has such an 
array of talent been brought together as was in this Convention. 
Besides, the feeling between the Federalists and the Antifederalists 
was at white heat. 

/ The Constitution was discussed section by section and article by 
article. Among those who spoke in favor of ratification were Ed- 
mund Pendleton, George Wythe, Edmund Randolph, John Mar- 
shall, James Madison, Henry Lee, Bushrod Washington, James 
Innis, and Jolm Blair, and of those who opposed were Patrick 
Henry, James Monroe, George Mason, Benjamin Harrison, John 
Tyler, Edward Curtis, and William Grayson. 

/ June 25 the Convention resolved itself into the committee of the 
whole and passed the resolution, 89 to 79, "That the said Constitu- 
tion be ratified"; and in order to relieve the apprehensions of those 
who were solicitous for the amendments, it was 

"Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee that whatever 
amendment may be deemed necessary be recommended to the con- 
sideration of Congress which shall first assemble under said constitu- 
tion, to be acted upon according to the mode prescribed in the fifth 
article thereof." 

A Committee on Amendments was appointed, and Edmund Ran- 
dolph, George Nicholas, James Madison, John Marshall and Francis 
Corbin were appointed a committee to order a form of ratification. 
This was reported by Edmund Randolph and was adopted in Con- 
vention by the vote of 89 to 79. The form is as follows : 



34 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1788 

"Virginia, to-wit: 

We, the delegates of the people of Virginia, duly elected in pursu- 
ance of a recommendation from the General Assembly and now met in 
convention, having fully and freely investigated and discussed the 
proceedings of the Federal Convention, and being prepared as well 
as the most mature deliberation hath enabled us to decide thereon. 
Do, in the name and in behalf of the people of Virginia, declare and 
make known that the powers granted under this Constitution, being 
derived from the people of the United States, may be resumed by 
them whensoever the same shall be perverted to their injury or oppres- 
sion, and that every power not granted thereby remains with them 
and at their will: That therefore no right of any denomination, can 
be cancelled, abridged, restrained or modified by the Congress, by the 
Senate or House of Representatives acting in any capacity, by the 
President or any department or officer of the United States, except 
in those instances in which power is given by the Constitution for 
those purposes: That among other essential rights, the liberty of 
conscience and of the press cannot be cancelled, abridged, restrained 
or modified by any authority of the United States. 

With these impressions, with a solemn appeal to the Searcher of 
Hearts for the purity of our intentions, and under the conviction, that 
whatsoever imperfections may exist in the Constitution, ought rather 
to be examined in the mode prescribed therein than by bringing the 
Union into danger by a delay, with a hope of obtaining amendments 
previous to the ratification: 

We, the said Delegates, in the name and in behalf of the People 
of Virginia, do by these presents assent to and ratify the said Con- 
stitution recommended on the 17th day of September, one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty seven, by the Federal Convention for the 
Government of the United States, hereby announcing to all those 
whom it may concern that the said Constitution is binding upon the 
said People." 

The Committee on Amendments reported twenty-one, and after 
discussion, the report was adopted June 27. Much of the success 
of ratification is due to James Madison in the Convention and 
Washington outside. 

The Convention then adjourned, but its great work abides. 

The local happenings at this time are of interest. John Beckley 
was elected mayor and Eobert Pollard recorder. At the old 
theatre, E. Villiers was exhibiting moving pictures, or Eidophusi- 
kon, as he called it. They consisted of paintings moved by 
machinery. 



1788] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 35 

The communication between Eichmond and Manchester hereto- 
fore had been carried on by means of ferry-boats. Col. John Mayo 
conceived the idea of building a toll bridge, and on October 26, 
Friday, it was completed and opened to the public. However, it did 
not stand long ; in December the river froze from bank to bank ; on 
the 29th it suddenly turned warm and the ice began to thaw; on 
the 30th it gave way and carried the bridge down the river with it. 
The people had to resume the old ferry-boat system. 

The General Assembly met for the first time in the new Capitol 
on Shockoe Hill, October 28, 1788. The building was of rough 
brick, without stucco, and was not completed. The grounds were 
in a bad condition, cut here and there by deep gulleys, and a road 
passed through from Broad street, beginning at Tenth and going to 
Eleventh, between the Capitol and the Governor's house. The Gov- 
ernor's house was the old frame house originally built two stories 
high, two rooms above and two below, porticoes on each of three 
sides, and without paint. The furniture was of the plainest kind, in 
keeping with the house. Three important acts mark the first session 
of the General Assembly in the new Capitol. A petition was pre- 
sented calling upon them to make application to Congress to call a 
convention of the States to take into consideration the defects of the 
new Constitution. The resolution was carried by a large majority in 
the House. They then elected Richard Henry Lee and William Gray- 
son the first United States Senators from Virginia under the new 
Constitution, Edmund Randolph resigned the office of Governor 
and Beverly Randolph was elected in his place. October of this 
year the city of Richmond was first allowed a representative in the 
House of Delegates, to be voted for the following April by the free- 
holders. 

From the earliest days the people of Richmond have shown 
their kindly spirit in helping the needy and in relieving distress. 
December 13, 1788, they organized the Amicable Society to relieve 
strangers and wayfarers in distress. Anthony Singleton was presi- 
dent, Alexander Montgomery vice-president, Alexander Buchanan 
treasurer, and Charles Hopkins secretar}\ It continued sixty-seven 
years, and during that time many a weary and distressed traveler 
was relieved. Besides, it did good in other ways. When the Female 
Humane Association was organized, in 1841, it donated $4,500;, 



36 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1789 

and when the Male Orphan Asylum was started, ten years later, it 
gave to it $1,000. 

General Washington proposed a plan for building a canal along 
James Eiver above tidewater connecting with the Kanawha River. 
Carrying out this suggestion, in 1784 the James River Navigation 
Company was chartered, with a capital of $100,000, The company 
held its first meeting in Richmond October 20, 1785. George Wash- 
ington was elected president, John Harris, David Ross, William 
Cabell, and Edmund Randolph directors; $98,600 was subscribed. 
Washington declined to act as president, and Dr. William Foushee 
was elected in his place and held the office until 1818. The canal 
was opened to Westham in 1790, and in 1795 it entered the city. 
The Legislature was taken on a trip up the canal and through the 
locks in 1789. This canal was originally constructed to carry 
batteaux, long, narrow boats capable of carrying seven or ten hogs- 
heads of tobacco. It was built seven miles along the Falls, and 
beyond that the river was made navigable for these boats by 
dams and sluices as far as Lynchburg. The Legislature author- 
ized the presentation of 100 shares of the stock to Washington. 
When presented to him he expressed his appreciation of the honor 
and thanked them, but returned the stock, saying : 

"When first called to the station with which I was honored during 
the late conflict for our liberties — ^to the diflMence which I had so many 
reasons to feel in accepting it, I thought it mj duty to join to a firm 
resolution to shut my hand against every pecuniary recompense. To this 
Tesolution I have invariably adhered — from this resolution (if I had 
the inclintaion) I do not consider myself at liberty to depart." 

He asked, however, to be allowed to contribute the stock to the 
public good, and gave it to Liberty Hall Academy, now Washington 
and Lee University. 

In building the canal, Ariel Cooley made a contract to construct 
thirteen locks between the basin and Mayo's Bridge for $9,000. 
Being ignorant of such work, he cut small ditches along the center 
of a line made by him and opened a sluice from the basin into 
the ditch. In twenty-four hours the water had cut away $9,000 



1789] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 37 

worth of excavation, but it had filled up the river below to the 
extent of $15,000. 

The State not only desired to honor Washington by the gift of the 
stock, but also by a suitable monument to him to be placed in the 
Capitol, hence Eichmond has one of the most celebrated statues 
in the world ; the best statue of Washington that is in existence, — 
that made by Houdon, which stands in the Capitol. This is one 
of the few statues made of man while yet living. Besides the work 
of art, the history of its execution is of interest. The General As- 
sembly passed the following resolution June 22, 1784: 

"Resolved, That the Executive be requested to take measures for 
procuring a statue of General George "Washington, to be of the finest 
marble and best workmanship, with the following inscription, viz.: 

" 'The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia have 
caused this statue to be erected as a monument of affection and 
gratitude to George Washington, who, uniting to the endowments of the 
Hero the virtues of the Patriot, and exerting both in establishing the 
liberties of his country, has rendered his name dear to his fellow 
citizens and given to the world an immortal example of true glory. 
Done in the year of Christ, one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
eight, and of the Commonwealth the twelfth.' " 

The Governor at once wrote to Mr. Jefferson, who was then in 
Paris, asldng his advice and assistance. Mr. Jefferson engaged 
Houdon and wrote Governor Patrick Henry, June 16, 1785: 

"In my letter of Jan. 12 to Governor Harrison I informed him of 
the necessity that the statuary should see General Washington; that 
we should accordingly send him over unless the Executive disapproved 
of it, in which case I prayed to receive their pleasure. Mr. Houdon 
being now re-established in his health, and no countermand received, 
I hope this measure met the approbation of the Executive; Mr. Houdon 
will therefore go over with Dr. FYanklin some time in the next month." 

To General Washington he wrote July 10, '85 : 

Mr. Houdon would much sooner have had the honor of attending 
you, but for a spell of sickness which long induced us to despair of his 
recovery, and from which he is but recently recovered. He comes 
now for the purpose of lending the aid of his art to transmit you to 
posterity. He is without rivalship in it, being employed from all 
parts of Europe in whatever is capital. * * * i have spoken of 



38 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1788 

him as an artist only; but I can assure you also that, as a man, he is 
disinterested, generous, candid, and panting for glory; in every circum- 
stance meriting your good opinion. He will have need to see you much 
while he shall have the honor of being with you; which you can the 
more freely admit, as his eminence and merit give him admission 
Into gented societies here. He will need an interpreter. I suppose 
you could secure some person from Alexandria who might be agreeable 
to yourself, to perform this office. He brings with him one or two 
subordinate workmen, who, of course, will associate with their own 
class only." 

The next day he wrote the Governor of Virginia concerning the 
cost of the work as follows: 

"Mr. Houdon's long & desperate illness has retarded until now 
his departure for Virginia. We had hoped from our first conversa- 
tion with him that it would be easy to make our terms and that the 
cost of the statue and the expense of sending him would be about 
1,000 guineas. But when we came to settle this precisely, he thought 
himself obliged to ask vastly more: insomuch that, at one moment, we 
thought our treaty at an end. But unwilling to commit the work to 
an inferior hand, we made him an ultimate proposition on our 
part. * * * He acceded to our terms, whch were twenty five thou- 
sand livres, or one thousand English guineas (the English guinea 
being worth twenty five livres), for the statue and pedestal. Besides 
this we pay his expenses going and returning, which we expect will 
be between four and five thousand livres, and if he dies on the voyage 
we pay his family ten thousand livres. This latter proposition was 
disagreeable to us: but he has a father, mother, and sisters who have 
no resource but his labor, and he is himself one of the best men in 
the world. * * * Dr. Franklin was disposed to give him two hun- 
dred and fifty guineas more, and I wish the State at the conclusion of 
his work may agree to give him this much more." 

After Houdon had been at Mt. Vernon with "Washington and 
taken his measures in every part and returned to Paris, Jefferson 
wrote Washington January 4, 1786 : 

"I have been honored with your letter of Sept. 26, which was 
delivered me by Mr. Houdon, who is safely returned. He has brought 
with him the mould of the face only, having left the other parts of 
his work with his workmen to come by some other conveyance. Dr. 
Franklin, who was joined with me in the superintendence of this just 
monument, having left us before what is called the costume of the 
statue is decided on. I am not so well satisfied myself, and I am 



1788] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 39 

persuaded I should not so well satisfy the world as by consulting your 
own wish or inclination as to this article. Permit me, therefore, to 
ask you whether there is any particular dress, or any particular atti- 
tude, which you would rather wish to be adopted. I shall take singular 
pleasure in having your own idea executed, if you will be so good 
as to make it known to me." 

To which Washington replied: 

"I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever may be judged decent 
and proper. I should even scarcely have ventured to suggest that 
perhaps a servile adherence to the garb of antiquity might not be 
altogether so expedient as some little in favor of the modern costumes, 
if I had not learned from Col. Humphreys that this was a circum- 
stance hinted in conversation by Mr. West to Mr. Houdon." 

"I was happy to find," said Jefferson, "that the modern dress for 
your statue would meet your approbation. I find it strongly the senti- 
ment of West, Copely, Trumbull and Brown, in London, after which 
it would be ridiculous to add that it was my own, I think a modern in 
an antique dress as just an object of ridicule as a Hercules or Marius 
with a periwig and chapeau bras." , 

Writing to Mr. Madison February 8, 1786, Mr. Jefferson said: 

"Houdon has returned. He called on me the other day to remon- 
strate against the inscription proposed for General Washington's 
statue. He says it is too long to be put on the pedestal. I told him 
I was not at liberty to permit any alteration, but I would represent his 
objection to a friend, who could judge of its validity, and whether a 
change could be authorized. This has been the subject of conversa- 
tions here, and various devices and inscriptions have been suggested. 
The one which has appeared best to me may be translated as follows: 
'Behold, Reader, the form of George Washington. For his worth ask 
History; that will tell it when this stone shall have yielded to the 
decays of time. His country erects this monument; Houdon makes 
it.' This for one side. On the second, representing the evacuation 
of Boston with the motto: 'Hostibus primum fugatis.' On the third, 
the capture of the Hessians, with 'Hostibus iterum devictis.' On the 
fourth, the surrender of York, with 'Hostibus ultimum debellatis.' 
This is siezing the three most brilliant actions of his military life." 

The statue was erected in 1788, with the inscription as stated 
in the original resolution, which is comprehensive and great in its 
simplicity. The dates, however, were inserted. 



40 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1789 

At the same time the General Assembly passed this resolution 
they passed one ordering that a bust of LaFayette, ordered in 1781, 
be put in the same place with the statue of "Washington. This 
bust was made by the same artist. 

The first paper for the year 1789 came out with the heavy lines 
of mourning: General Thomas Nelson, a valiant soldier of the 
Revolution, died at his home in Hanover county January 4. 

The ten electors for the State of Virginia met at the Capitol 
and cast their votes for President of the United States and Vice- 
President. George Washington received ten votes and John 
Adams five. The first representatives to Congress from Virginia 
under the New Constitution were James Madison, John Page, 
Samuel GriflSn, Theoderick Bland, Andrew Moore, Eichard B. 
Lee, and Josiah Parker. 

The city of Richmond, and especially the legal fraternity, was 
stirred by a paper which emanated from the room of the Court of 
Appeals. It stated that as the right of several judges to sit was 
doubtful, and as one had resigned his seat in the Court of Chan- 
cery, they deemed it advisable to decline to proceed on the docket; 
that the act of Assembly is incompatible with their independence 
and with the act constituting a Court of Appeals, the direct opera- 
tion of the law is the removal from office of the whole bench of 
judges of the Court of Appeals and the appointment of new 
judges. 

"The court thinks," it continues, "it is its duty to guard against 
encroachment, and in conformity to these sentiments after protesting 
against the invasion of the judiciary establishment, or any deprivation 
not according to the Constitution, resign their appointment as Judges 
of the Court of Appeals. Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe, John 
Blair, Peter Lyons, William Fleming, James Mercer, Richard Parker, 
Richard Cary, John Tyler." 

In November an act was passed amending several acts concern- 
ing the Court of Appeals which conformed to the Constitution, and 
the trouble was adjusted. 

Shortly after this, November 19, Richard Cary, one of the 
judges of the General Court, died suddenly at Formicola's Tavern, 
The Governor and his Council, members of the General Assembly, 
and respectable citizens attended the corpse through the city. 



1789] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 41 

The city of Richmond in May celebrated the inauguration April 
30 of George Washington, the first President of the United States. 
September 3 the weekly paper, The Virginia Gazette and Adver- 
tiser, again bore the badge of mourning with this statement: 
"Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace." 

"On Tuesday afternoon, at her seat, near Fredericksburg, departed 
this life, in a very advanced age, Mrs. Washington, the mother of our 
beloved President. This venerable lady lived to experience the ex- 
quisite and singular felicity of seeing her Illustrious Son and Pupil 
raised to the highest honors which a grateful people could bestow upon 
the darling object of their confidence and their affection." 

Richmond in 1789 is thus described by one who visited the 
city : 

"It contains about 300 houses. The new houses are well built. A 
large and elegant state-house or capitol has lately been erected on 
the hill. The lower part of the town is divided by a creek, over which 
there is a bridge, which for Virginia is elegant. A handsome and 
expensive bridge, between 300 and 400 yards in length, has lately 
been thrown across James River at the foot of the falls by Col. John 
Mayo, a respectable and wealthy planter, whose seat is about one mile 
from Richmond. The bridge connects Richmond and Manchester, and 
as the passengers pay toll it produces a handsome revenue to Col. 
Mayo, who is the sole proprietor. The falls above the bridge are 
seven miles in length. A canal is cutting on the north side of the 
river, which is to terminate in a basin of about two acres in the town 
of Richmond. The opening of this canal promises the addition of much 
wealth to Richmond." 

In the year 1794 the canal M^as so far completed that the dif- 
ficulty of passing the rapids was removed. At this time many of 
the merchants of Richmond were Scotch and Scotch-Irish. The 
city was inhabited by a race of most ancient and respectable planters, 
having estates in the country, who chose it for their residence for 
the sake of social enjoyment. They formed a society now seldom 
to be met with in any of our cities — a society of people not ex- 
clusively monopolized by money-making pursuits, but of liberal 
education, liberal habits of thinking and acting, and possessing 
both leisure and inclination to cultivate those feelings and pursue 



42 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1790 

those objects which exalt our nature rather than increase our 
fortune. 
- It is interesting to note that the first United States Court ever 

held in Virginia was held in Richmond, when the District Court for 
Virginia was opened in the Capitol building Tuesday, December 
17, 1789. Hon. Cyrus Griffin presided after he had qualified. 
William Marshall was appointed clerk pro tern., James Innis, 
Jerman Baker, William DuVal, and John Marshall, Esquires, 
were admitted as counsel in the said court. There was no business 
before the court, so it adjourned to meet the third Tuesday in 
V March at Williamsburg. 

Mr. Jefferson had just returned as Ambassador to France, and 
the Legislature appointed a committee to wait upon him while he 
was in Eichmond and deliver to him an address of congratulation 
upon his wise and able conduct of the business entrusted to him. 
Mr. Jefferson replied, expressing his thanks and appreciation for 
the honor done him. 

An additional amount of money was appropriated by the Gen- 
eral Assembly in 1790 for building the Capitol; a bell was pur- 
chased, cast iron stoves for the House of Delegates and the 
Senate were bought, and it was ordered that "a door be opened in 
the Senate room opposite the fire-place, and that a gallery be laid 
off on each side of the door." The citizens of Richmond subscribed 
2,000 pounds to complete the Capitol. 

Another provision of the Assembly was that the inhabitants of 
Richmond who were subject to militia duty should be formed 
into a city regiment and no longer would be required to attend 
company or regimental musters in the county as heretofore. 

To this time, 1790, there had never been an Episcopal bishop 
in Virginia. The Church was greatly in need of a bishop to com- 
plete its organization. Some years before the Rev. Dr. Griffith 
had been selected and effort was made to have him sent to London 
to be ordained, but so depressed was the condition of the Church, 
and there was so little zeal found in her members, that though 
the call was continued for three years, only £28 were raised, an 
amount altogether insufficient for the purpose. A convention was 
called to meet in Richmond May, 1790, for the purpose of again 
selecting a bishop. Dr. Madison was elected. "Prompted by 



1791] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 43 

shame for the past," says Bishop Meade, "and a sense of duty, 
effort was made to secure funds for Bishop Madison, but even with 
foreign aid a sufficiency to pay all the necessary expenses was not 
raised." 

Devercaux Jarratt, an Episcopal minister, rector of Bath Parish, 
Dinwiddie county, Virginia, a man of some peculiarities, but a 
great evangelist, whose work in Virginia was greatly blessed, gives 
us a short account of this convention : 

"A convention was then called at Richmond. I went, but I found 
such a shyness and coldness still prevailed among the clergy toward 
me that even those with whom I had some acquaintance would hardly 
speak to me or seemed to know me, fearing as I might suppose, lest 
they should chance to be treated as coolly as I was, by their taking 
notice of me. I felt very disagreeable in my situation among them, 
and after two hours took my departure and returned no more for five 
or six years. Indeed I thought I had done with conventions forever; 
but in the year 1790 a bishop was to be elected and a full convention 
was desired on the occasion. I was written to by the standing com- 
mittee and my presence was solicited. I attended, and Dr. Madison 
was elected our bishop by a great majority. Some notice was taken 
of me at this convention and I was nominated to read prayers on one 
of the mornings which I stayed there. * * * i hoped there was 
an alteration for the better, and I resolved to go to the convention 
in the year 1791." 

Richmond was intensely interested in a celebrated case that 
was begun here in 1791, but was not closed until '93. It was 
known as the Great British Debt Case, and it involved a large 
amount of money and threatened to bankrupt many citizens of 
the entire State. It was to test a law passed by the General As- 
sembly during the Eevolutionary War, which declared that the 
property of a British subject should be forfeited to the Common- 
wealth. A citizen owing a British subject a debt could pay the 
amount of the debt into the Loan Office of the Government, re- 
ceive a receipt, and be discharged from his indebtedness. These 
loan receipts were used as money. A British subject brought suit 
for a debt contracted by a Virginia citizen before the Revolution. 
The citizen claimed that he had paid the amount into the Loan 
Office, and produced his receipt. Ronald, Baker, Wickham, and 
Starke appeared for the plaintiff, and Patrick Henry, John Mar- 



44 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1791 

shall and Colonel Innis, the Attorney-General, for the defendant. 
The case was decided in favor of the defendant and soon after that 
the law was repealed. 

The Legislature of Virginia feared more and more the power 
of the Federal Government, and it took measures to put the State 
in a position to resist it. An armory was therefore established in 
Eichmond, between the river and canal, about a quarter of a mile 
above the basin. Its capacity was such that it could arm and 
equip an hundred thousand men on short notice. The purpose of 
this armory was not realized, however, until many years after its 
establishment. The old building stood until the great fire of 1865, 

The religious condition of Richmond is reported by Mrs. Ed- 
ward Carrington in a letter written at that time. She says : 

"This evil" (the want of public worship) "increases daily, nor have 
we left in our extensive State three churches that are decently sup- 
ported. Our metropolis even would be left destitute of this blessing 
but for the kind office of our friend Buchanan, whom you remember 
well as an intimate of our family. He, from sheer benevolence, continues 
to preach in our capital, to what we now call the New School — that is 
to say, to a set of modern philosophers who merely attend because 
they know not what to do with themselves. But blessed be God, in 
spite of the enlightened, as they call themselves, & in spite of Godwin, 
Paine, &c, we still at times, particularly on our great church days, 
repair with a choice few to our old church on the hill (St. Johns) and 
by contributing our mite endeavor to preserve the religion of our 
fathers." 

An event of great interest on March 26, 179.1, was the visit of 
President Washington to Eichmond. The people in large numbers 
came to meet him, and he was entertained at dinner at the Eagle 
Tavern. When the Common Hall was informed that the Presi- 
dent of the United States was hourly expected in the city on his 
way South, a meeting was called and the mayor, George Nichol- 
son, E^corder David Lambert, John Barret, Alex. McEobert, Eob- 
ert Mitchell, and Henry Banks were appointed a committee to 
prepare and present an address to him. It is as follows: 

"The Address of the Corporation of the City of Richmond to George 
Washington, Esq., President of the United States. 

Sir: If in you the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of Richmond 



1791] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 45 

behold only the Chief Magistrate of the United States of America they 
would indeed feel all that respect which is due to the ruler of a free 
people, but when they contemplate those virtues which have excited 
the universal approbation of your own country and the admiration of 
all mankind, they can not approach you without emotions of venera- 
tion too big for utterance — too pleasing to be suppressed. 

If the voice of the people be the trumpet of the Almighty, the 
universality of that gratitude which pervades every bosom in America 
will ever remain an incontestable proof of the plaudit of Heaven on 
the fortitude and wisdom which secured to our common country inde- 
pendence and empire, and which now leads her to wealth and glory. 
We well know that to a mind like yours, fraught with benevolence and 
affection for all mankind, the gratitude and love of the nation which 
you have saved must be the best and most pleasing reward, yet we are 
aware that to such a mind nothing would be more painful than that 
servility which would convert the sentiment of love into the language 
of adulation; and while we beg leave to congratulate you on the aston- 
ishing success which has heretofore attended all your endeavors for 
promoting the public welfare, we look forward with confidence and 
joy to the continuance of that administration which, through the 
blessing of the Supreme Being, has been productive of so much general 
happiness to the American Empire, and we implore that Being pro- 
pitiously to smile on all your future designs, to guard and protect 
you in your intended tour, to grant you every earthly good, and that 
when His providence sees fit to summon you hence you may be wafted 
to the regions of eternal happiness lamented by men and welcomed 
by angels." 

General Washington's reply was as follows : 
"To the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of Richmond. 

Gentlemen: The very distinguished manner in which you are 
pleased to notice my public services and to express your regard 
towards me demands and receives a grateful and affectionate return. 

If to my agency in the affairs of our common country may be 
ascribed any of the great advantages which it now enjoys, I am 
amply and most agreeably rewarded in contemplating the happiness 
and receiving the approbation of my fellow citizens, whose freedom 
and felicity are fixed, I trust, forever on an undecaying basis of wisdom 
and virtue. 

Among the blessings which a gracious Providence may be pleased 
to bestow on the people of America I shall behold with peculiar 
pleasure the prosperity of your city and the individual happiness of 
its inhabitants. 

Gl»BGE WASHINQTO.N." 



46 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1793 

The next day the President continued on his Southern tour. 

The first bank in the city of Richmond was started December 
23, 1792, when the Legislature passed the act of incorporation. 
It was called the Bank of Eichmond. The act stated that: 

"Whereas, it is conceived that well regulated banks tend greatly 
to the advantage of agriculture, commerce & manufactures, Therefore 
be it enacted that a Bank be established in the City of Richmond, to 
be called the Bank of Richmond." 

The capital stock was to be $400,000, divided into 2,000 shares, 
and the subscriptions were to be opened May 1, 1793, under the 
superintendence of James McClurg, John Marshall, William 
Foushee, John Harvie, James Heron, Anthony Singleton, Na- 
thaniel Anderson, John Hopkins, Robert Gamble, and George 
Pickett. The subscription list was to be open thirty days. There 
were to be twenty directors, who were to elect the usual officers, 
and the bank was to charge 6^ discount. The directors were em- 
powered to establish branches in other parts of the State. The 
peculiar part of the law creating the bank was that any person 
who should alter, erase, forge, or counterfeit any notes or checks 
of the bank, or pay or tender in payment, or in any manner pass 
or offer to pass any such fraudulent paper, knowing the same to 
be fraudulent, upon conviction in any court of law having 
criminal jurisdiction within the Commonwealth, he or she or they 
shall be adjudged a felon of felons, and shall suffer death without 
the benefit of the clergy. The timidity of the people concerning 
banks was such that they were not willing to risk their money, so 
this bank was never established. 

In 1793 the city was enlarged by taking in the land laid off into 
lots belonging to the Rev. William Coutts, who was proprietor of 
the ferry between the city and Manchester; also 'Watson's tene- 
ment," which had been laid off in lots. At this time a new market- 
house was erected on Shockoe Hill. 

An event took place in 1794 which has proved a great benefit 
to Eichmond and other places. W. F. Ast, a native of Prussia, 
brought with him the Prussian idea of mutual help in time of 
trouble, notably in time of fire. He therefore appealed to the 
Legislature for a charter for the Mutual Assurance Society, 



1798] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 47 

which was granted in the year above mentioned. He went to 
work and organized the company and became its first principal 
agent. The company began its work in a plain wooden building 
painted yellow, at the corner of Governor and Franklin streets. 
Compare that with its present skyscraper, corner Main and Ninth 
streets. The first quota paid in was exhausted by the big fires in 
Eichmond, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Fredericksburg. There was 
difficulty in collecting the second quota, and when the fourth came 
action was taken to refuse frame buildings and to separate the 
towns from the country. 

The first military company organized in Eichmond, other than 
the militia, that continued any length of time, was one which 
to-day is the pride of the city. It was organized June 28, 1798, 
and "recognized by the name of the Eichmond Light Infantry 
Blues." The following letter of the committee asking for the 
appointment of officers by Governor Wood is of interest: 

Richmond, June 28, 1798. 
"To the Governor: 

At a meeting of a number of the citizens of Richmond, on the even- 
ing of the 28th of June, 1798 — met for the purpose of associating and 
forming themselves into a Company of Infantry, the undersigned 
were appointed a Committee to notify you of the same and to solicit 
your appointing and commissioning the necessary officers for com- 
manding them. In pursuance whereof, we have the pleasure of stating 
to you that the Association is now composed of Fifty-five members, who 
beg you may recognize them by the name of The Richmond Light 
Infantry Blues, and who also beg leave to recommend to the notice 
of the Executive and solicit the appointment of the following persons 
to the offices respectively affixed to their names: 

William Richardson, Captain; Burnett Taylor, Lieutenant; John 
Davidson, Ensign. 

We are, &c., 

LA WHENCE H. Wills, 
r. gwathmey, 
Ed. Johnston, 

Committee." 

The year 1799 may well be called the year of mourning in Vir- 
ginia. The city of Eichmond joined with the whole country in 
mourning the death of the illustrious Patrick Henry, which took 
place at his home, Bed Hill, in Charlotte county, June 6. Scarcely 



^ 



48 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1799 

had the people reoovered from this sorrow when a greater came 
upon them. December 16 the news came that at his home, Mt. 
Vernon, the great Washington had breathed his last December 14. 
On December the 18th there was a public manifestation of grief. 
The soldiers who had followed him through the war, the Grovernor 
and his Council, with crape on their left arms, which they wore 
for thirty days, the judges of the courts, the mayor, council and 
aldermen, the militia, and the citizens marched with funeral tread 
to the Capitol, where the minute guns were being fired. There, 
after religious services, John Marshall delivered an oration on 
Washington. The buildings of the city were draped in mourning, 
and everywhere were signs of great grief; so much so that the 
usual Christmas festivities were done away with. Never a country 
loved and honored a hero and patriot as Virginia did Washington, 
for no country had produced his like. 

The memorable eighteenth century closed with the people of 
Eichmond mourning for the hero of the times, and yet with great 
hope for the future. 



1800] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 49 



CHAPTER II 

When the year 1800 opened Richmond had 5,735 inhabitants. 
There were four newspapers in the town. The Virginia Gazette 
and Richmond Advertiser, printed by Augustine Davis, and The 
Examiner, by Meriweather Jones, were the principal ones, and The 
Virginia Argus, by Samuel Pleasants, Jr., and The Recorder, by 
Pace and Callender. Few men have so stirred the entire country 
as James Thompson Callender, a well educated Scotchman and an 
able writer, who was not infrequently in his cups. He made Rich- 
mond his home and became an intense Democratic Republican 
as opposed to the Federalist Republican. He wrQte for a while 
for The Examiner, which was Democratic, and while there got out 
the first volume of a book entitled '''The Prospect Before IJs." In 
it he severely criticised the administration of John Adams, and 
even Washington came in for his share of abuse. To quote one 
sentence : "Mr. Adams has only completed the scene of ignominy 
which Mr. Washington began." As a consequence of this book he 
was haled to court, charged with libelling the President of the 
United States. The trial was in the United States Circuit Court 
at Richmond, May 22, 1800. Associate Justice Samuel Chase, of 
the United States Supreme Court, sat in the case and was later 
joined by Judge Cyrus Griffin. Under instructions from the court, 
the jury found Callender guilty, and he was sent to jail. It was 
charged that Judge Chase was prejudiced and that Callender was 
unjustly imprisoned. There was great excitement in Richmond, 
and the papers in New York and other places took the matter up. 
While in jail he wrote his second volume of "The Prospect Before 
Us," and twice a week wrote a long letter to The Examiner, 
dated "Richmond Jail." I-iater it became known that Jefferson had 
sent Callender $100 for his books, and as this was the year for the 
presidential election and Jefferson was the Democratic candidate, 
the Federalists used this against him. Jefferson told Bishop Madi- 
son that he acted for charity to help a miserable object, and was now 



50 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1800 

repaid by the basest ingratitude. Callender finished his term in jail 
and turned his wrath upon Jefferson. George Hay, United States 
District Attorney, had a controversy with him, and for fear that he 
might publish something abusive against him, had Callender again 
committed to jail. All the papers now took the matter up as an 
abridgment of the freedom of the press. When the Henrico Court 
met — for the mayor of Eichmond would not issue the warrant, and 
a magistrate of Henrico did — it promptly discharged him. The end 
of the matter was not yet. After the papers of the United States 
had finished writing about Jefferson's connection with Callender, 
a new phase of the subject was presented to the people: impeach- 
ment proceedings were instituted against Judge Chase. There 
were two charges. The first was a mistrial of one Fries in Penn- 
sylvania, and the second was: That at a trial of James Thomp- 
son Callender for a libel May, 1800, Chase did, with intent to 
oppress and secure conviction of said Callender, overrule the ob- 
jection of John Boosit, one of the jury, who wished to be exon- 
erated from serving in the said trial because he had made up his 
mind as to the publication from which the words charged to be 
libellous in the indictment were extracted. January, 1805, the United 
States Senate formed itself into a High Court of Impeachment to 
try the articles of impeachment exhibited by the House of Eepresen- 
tatives against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court of the United States. The trial proceeded day after day, 
witnesses were examined, and points of law were discussed. The 
eyes of the whole world were turned upon Chase and Callender. 
For two months the Senate transacted no other business. At last 
the trial closed March 1, when Aaron Burr, the President of the 
Senate, put the question: "Is Samuel Chase, Esquire, guilty of 
a high crime or misdemeanor, as charged in the article of im- 
peachment exhibited by the House of Eepresentatives against 
him ?" There were eight specifications : in three the majority 
voted guilty and in five not guilty. The President of the Senate 
announced that there was not a constitutional majority against 
Mr. Chase, so he stood acquitted of the charges. Thus the trial of 
James Thompson Callender, a citizen of Eichmond, became a part 
of our national history. 
The first church built in Eichmond was the Methodist church 



1800] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 51 

corner of Franklin and Nineteenth streets. St. Johns was a parish 
church, which was built in 1740, and was then outside of the 
town. 

Richmond was a preaching appointment on Hanover circuit 
May, 1776. Philip Gatcli and John Sigman were the preacliers in 
charge. In 1784 it was set apart as a separate work, with John 
Easter as pastor. The next year it was put back on the circuit and 
remained until 1793, when it was united with Manchester, and 
Josiah Askew was pastor. This arrangement lasted only a year, 
and it was put back on Hanover Circuit until May, 1799, when it 
was made a station, and Thomas Lyell, a young man of good 
talents and great zeal in the ministry, was assigned to the charge. 
The preachers had preached in the courthouse and Capitol, but 
the Methodists made so much noise singing and shouting that the 
people asked that the courthouse be closed to them. Mr. Parrot, 
whose wife and daughter were Wesleyan Methodists, who lived on 
Main street, near the market, had a large stable or bam on his lot, 
which he had fitted up for the Methodists. In this "stable- 
church" they worshipped for some time. In this humble house 
Bishop Asbury, Dr. Coke, the great missionary, McKendree, Jesse 
Lee, and Bishop Whatcoat preached. The congregation grew too 
large for the building, so they went back to the courthouse. Soon 
after Mr. Lyell came he began the work on a new church at 
Franklin and Nineteenth streets. Here he built a brick church 
fronting thirty-five feet on Franklin street and running back forty 
feet in a line with Nineteenth street. There were then twenty- 
eight white Methodists in the city and twenty-two colored. The 
band of white members worked nobly, and in 1800 the church was 
completed and dedicated to God. 

At as early a day as this duelling was in vogue, and if one felt 
aggrieved he challenged his enemy to a duel. Col. John Mayo, 
one of the wealthy and leading citizens, offended another citizen, 
William Penn. Penn challenged Colonel Mayo to fight a duel. 
The colonel w'as opposed to duels, and besides he had a wife and 
two daughters ; nevertheless, he was not a man to back down, so he 
met Penn near Hanover Town. Meriweather Jones was Penn's 
second, and Captain King was Colonel Mayo's. The pistols were 
tried and then reloaded. At the first fire neither was hurt, but 



52 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1800 

at the second fire Colonel Mayo was wounded in the leg and 
became faint from loss of blood. Not being able to stand, the 
colonel was carried from the field and the matter ended. 

The penitentiary, which was begun in 1796, was completed this 
year and opened with twenty-three prisoners. This was the year 
of the presidential election, and party feeling ran high. The 
Democrats nominated Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron 
Burr for Vice-President, The Federalists nominated John Adams 
for President and Thomas Pinckney for Vice-President. The Ex- 
aminer was a strong Democratic champion and The Gazette and 
Advertiser as strong Federalist. As mentioned above, the Callen- 
der incident and Jefferson's giving him $100 while a member 
of Adams' Cabinet was used against him over the entire country. 
Jefferson and Burr were elected. Richmond gave Jefferson 79 
votes and Adams 72. The State of Virginia gave Jefferson 73 
electoral votes and Burr 72; Adams 65 and Pinckney 65. The 
Democratic Republican majority in the State for Jefferson was 
15,287. 

There was an epidemic of yellow fever in Norfolk and Balti- 
more, so the Governor, James Monroe, warned the citizens against 
it. This year J. D. Blair opens his school in Richmond. 

John Marshall, of Richmond, was Secretary of State under Mr. 
Adams. Dr. Archibald Currie announces that after great expense 
and study he had been able to construct an electrical machine 
for the treatment of diseases such as paralysis, blindness, deafness, 
and similar affections. 

Another new thing was presented this year. Doctors William 
and J. H. Foushee announce that they believe they are possessed 
of the genuine matter of the cow pox, and that they are prepared 
to innoculate for that disease, and that if any wish to prove their 
security by innoculation for the contagion of the small pox, they 
can be accommodated with a house for that purpose, as it would 
be necessary for them to be in a house separate from other people. 

The year 1800 would have been known as the great year of 
horror in Richmond had it not been for an act of Providence 
which averted the calamity. Led by mean and desperate negroes, 
a thousand or more slaves in and around the city armed them- 
selves with axes, scythe blades, knives, guns, and whatever instru- 



1801] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 53 

ments of death they could lay their hands upon, and prepared to 
attack Eichmond at night that they might murder and rob. No 
one dreamed of such a plot, so the city was practically defence- 
less. The massacre was appointed for a night in August. The 
negroes gathered in different places, expecting to unite outside 
of the city and suddenly rush upon the helpless people. Before 
they could carry out their plans a violent storm came up, and for 
hours the rain poured in torrents. The streams overflowed their 
banks and the roads became impassable with mud and water. A 
young negro man attached to his master, awed by the terrific 
storm, repented of the part he expected to take in the bloody 
affair, and leaving the crowd swam the swollen creek at the risk of 
his life and made his way back home. It was nearly day when he 
aroused his master and told him of the whole plot. The gentle- 
man at once gave the alarm and the whole city immediately pre- 
pared for defence. On this occasion the Eichmond Light Infantry 
Blues were first called into service by Governor Monroe. The ring- 
leader, calling himself ^'General Gabriel," and others were cap- 
tured and publicly hanged. This had the general effect 
of awing the other insurrectionists. The citizens, however, were 
determined not to take any risks, so another large company, called 
"The Public Guard of Eichmond," was organized and drilled so 
that they could be called forth at a moment's warning. The 
calamity was averted, but it served to put the people on their 
guard. 

The Democratic citizens had a big dinner at the Capitol March 
4, 1801, to celebrate the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson, Presi- 
dent, and Aaron Burr, Vice-President. Among those who re- 
sponded to toasts were Governor James Monroe, Judge Eoane, Gen-_ 
eral Jones, and Colonel Wilkinson. Guns were discharged on the 
Square, and it was a day of rejoicing with the friends of the ad- 
ministration. 

Among the first acts of Jefferson as President was to 
appoint a distinguished citizen of Eichmond to the most respon- 
sible position in the United States; he made John Marshall Chief 
Justice of the Supreme Court. The Democrats rejoiced, but the 
Federalists severely criticised him for the appointment. 

There were a number of happenings in 1802 which are interest- 



54 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1802 

ing because they give us an insight into the lives of the people and 
the progress of the city. In January a charity sermon was 
preached at the Capitol for the benefit of the free schools of the 
city. These schools were supported entirely by charitable contri- 
butions from the people; the city did not contribute to their sup- 
port. Dr. Cohen, a physician and surgeon from Hamburg, Ger- 
many, settled in the city to practice his profession. In April Aaron 
Burr, the Vice-President, stopped in Eichmond on his way to 
Charleston, S. C. The Episcopal Convention met here in May. 
Dr. John Adams was elected to represent Richmond in the next 
General Assembly. Major Andrew Dunscomb, a patriot of the 
Revolution, died May 1 at his home in the city. The papers of the 
•city put on the badge of mourning because of the announcement: 

*'0n Saturday, May 22, at 12 o'clock M., Mrs. George Wash- 
ington terminated her well-spent life. Just before her death she 
«hose a white satin gown for her burial." 

Later the same badge appeared to honor that distinguished son 
of Virginia, who died at Winchester July 7, General Daniel 
Morgan. For his victory at the Cowpens Congress presented him 
with a gold medal, and the Legislature of Virginia with an elegant 
sword and a pair of pistols as testimonials of the exalted opinion 
;they entertained of his great military genius. 

A lottery was established to raise $2,000 to repair Washington 
and Henry Academy, in Hanover county near Richmond. The 
managers were Thomas Tinsley, Edmund Randolph, William Pol- 
lard, Gervas Storrs, John Seabrook, John S. Richardson, Samuel 
Selierer, Roger Gregory, Ben Pollard, W. Truehart, Thomas 
: Starke, Henry Timberlake, Ben Oliver, Jr., John D. Blair. 

Hay Market Garden was the great pleasure resort of Richmond 
at this time and for about ten years later. It was a large one-story 
wooden building, 100x.50 feet, with a main hall and several ad- 
joining rooms. It stood where the R. & P. railroad depot now 
«tands. It was equipped with a large organ and movable seats. 
Here the 4th of July dinners were held, the balls, the circuses, 
and various shows. This year there waa a most unique show. 
Benjamin Henfrey, who had come to Richmond to examine min- 



1802] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 55 

eral lands, advertised that he would exhibit his new invention, 
"Inflammable Air," The admission was 50c. A large crowd at- 
tended, and he exhibited to them the "New Light," made in a tea- 
kettle from wood and pit-coal. The people were entertained with 
the new invention, but few believed that it was more than a toy. 
He made various experiments with it, and to satisfy the people 
that it was not a fraud he called in the following citizens to 
witness the demonstration : Chancellor George "Wythe, John 
Warden, William Hay, Edward Carrington, John Foster (mayor), 
Dr. J. McClurg, William Richardson, Rev. John Buchanan, Henry 
Banks, John Graham, Charles T. Macmurdo, George Fisher, Wil- 
liam Booker, and Benjamin DuVal. They testified that they had 
attended the experiment and that they believed that "The New 
Light" could be advantageously used for lighting houses, octagon 
light-house, manufactures, and domestic uses. 

"We are decidedly of the opinion," they said at the close of their state- 
ment, "that gas produced from pit coal yields a more mild and uniform 
light than that from wood, and by comparison with the light from 
animal oil and tallow it appears to us, as it proceeded from a tube 
of about one fourth of an inch in diameter, to be nearly in the propor- 
tion of one to twenty. We have witnessed with pleasure the gas applied 
to cooking purposes. The Apparatus is on a simple plan and not 
expensive." 

Henfrey was attacked in the newspapers as a fraud on account 
of the claims which he made for the "New Light." Notwithstand- 
ing this, a few months later a subscription was started for an 
octagon light tower, and the following year it was built on Main 
street at the highest point near the American Hotel. The tower 
was forty feet high, surmounted by a large lantern with many 
jets. The jets were fed from a still in the cellar, in which the 
gas was generated. The first night large crowds came out to see 
the "New Light." It was successful at first, but did not last long, 
and Main street went back to the lamp-posts, which, with animal 
oil, were suflBcient to make darkness visible. These were supported 
by private subscriptions. 

Another work of progress was the inauguration of "night 
watches" in the city. It was claimed that the people needed pro- 
tection and their property needed to be guarded, so a man was 



56 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1802 

appointed for each ward who should be the night watch. Later 
he was required to call the hours, so that the citizens could tell 
how da}^ approached, and incidentally to guarantee that the "night 
watch" was not asleep. His sonorous voice, crying, "0 yea, yea ; 
twelve o'clock and all is well," added security to the slumbers of 
the people. 

Mayo's toll bridge was completed the second time September 
4, the ice having carried it off. It had "good, strong hand-rails," 
and would have some lamps. 

The social life of the city was agog over the marriage September 
8 of Hon. William Wirt, judge of the High Court of Chancery, and 
Miss Elizabeth W. Gamble, daughter of Col. Kobert Gamble, of 
the city. 

Eichmond was not a congenial place for churches at this time. 
The Gazette had written a drastic editorial against Thomas Paine, 
who had lately arrived in the United States, calling him "a dis- 
grace to humanity, the prince of infidels," and had scored Jef- 
ferson for his friendship for him. Especially the Methodists 
and Baptists were not popular. Later an abusive pamphlet was 
wi-itten against Stith Mead, an earnest Methodist preacher. Now 
the papers were abusing the Baptist preacher, John Courtney. 
The Baptist Church was, started in Richmond in 1780 by Joshua 
Morris. He lived at Boar Swamp, but moved to Richmond and 
started a church with fourteen members. In 1788 he was suc- 
ceeded by John Courtney, who remained until 1810. Court- 
ney started a "meeting-house" in 1800, a frame building. Later he 
built a brick "meeting-house" on Broad street, two squares below 
where the First Baptist Church now stands. Courtney was elected 
December, 1803, Chaplain of the House of Delegates over John D. 
Blair, the Presbyterian preacher, who preached at St. Johns and 
the Capitol and also taught school. This started the resentment 
of the Gazette, and it abused Courtney, calling him "Negro George" 
and "Harranguer among negroes," because he preached the Gospel 
to the negroes as he had opportunity. 

At the close of this year another destructive fire visited the city, 

destroying the postoffice and a number of other frame buildings. 

The Legislature amended the charter of the city of Richmond 

January 11, 1803, instructing the Governor to appoint a conunis- 



1803] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 57 

sion of five, whose duty it should be to divide the city into three 
wards. The freeholders in each ward were to assemble in their 
respective wards the first Wednesday in April and elect viva voce 
eight residents of their ward as councilmen. The councilmen were 
to meet within a week after their election and publicly elect a 
mayor, a recorder, and seven aldermen; the other fifteen were 
to act as councilmen. Freeholders of lots in the city who did not 
reside therein were entitled to vote in the respective ward in which 
their lots were situated, but no one could vote in more than one 
ward. Under this act Governor John Page appointed the follow- 
ing commissioners to divide the city into three wards : William 
DuVal, Robert Mitchell, Meriweather Jones, Lewis Harvie, and 
John H. Foushee. The commissioners reported the following 
March, and as an item of interest we give their report: 

"No. 1. — Jefferson Ward commences at the lower end of the City 
of Richmond upon the margin of James River where Rocliett's Creek 
empties into the said River, extending thence up the meanders of the 
River till it reaches the cross street next above Shockoe Creek; fol- 
lowing that street, it includes the Bell Tavern, running to the back of 
the city in a straight line; following that line, to the lowest boundary 
of the city, and from thence to the beginning. 

No. 2. — Madison commences at the upper line of Jefferson Ward on 
the margin of James River, following the meanders of the River till 
it strikes the street next above Hay Market Gardens; thence following 
that street by the Loan Office to the back line of the town; thence 
along the back line until it reaches Jefferson Ward. 

No. 3. — Monroe Ward includes the whole of the City of Richmond 
above Madison Ward as now established by law." 

The population of the wards at this time was: 

Jefferson — 

White males above 16, 248; Free negroes above 16, 35; Slaves, 135. 
Madison — 

White males above 16, 460; Free negroes above 16, 47; Slaves, 391. 
Monroe — 

White males above 16, 146; Free negroes above 16, 12; Slaves, 133. 

The Legislature also passed an act this year to establish an 
academy in or near Richmond and to authorize the trustees to 
raise by lottery $20,000 for buildings and equipment. The follow- 



58 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1803 

ing trustees were named who should be a body politic by the name 
of ''The Trustees of Richmond Academy": John Page, Governor, 
George Wythe, George Hay, Edmund Randolph, George Tucker, 
Alex. McRae, John Brockenbrough, George Pickett, John Mar- 
shall, John Harvie, William Foushee, J. H. Foushee, Robert 
Gamble, Alex. Stuart, Meriweather Jones, Skelton Jones, Wil- 
liam Moseley, Edward Carrington, John Wickham, Bennett Taylor, 
Robert Pollard, Gervas Storrs, Joseph Selden, and John Adams. 
The corner-stone of the Academy was laid and the work pushed 
forward. 

There was another duel in the city this year between Wyndham 
Grymes and M. Terrel, two young men studying law here. On 
the second shot Grymes fell mortally wounded. This aroused the 
people to protest against duelling. Many letters were written to 
the papers, and J. Ogilvie, an eccentric Scotchman, a school teacher, 
lectured in the Capitol against it, and pointed out the method by 
which it could be abolished. 

There were, of course, no photograph galleries at this time, 
but J. Wood announced himself as "The Polygraphic Phisiog- 
notrace" who would paint miniatures on ivory for $10 each; on 
vellum paper, $3, and profile shades, exhibiting the hair and 
drapery, for 50 cents. 

The Academy, which had been changed into a theatre, burned 
down and a temporary theatre was opened this year. Not until 
January, 1806, was the "New Brick Theatre," which stood where 
Monumental Church new stands, opened to the public. 

Richmond was called to mourn the death of an illustrious citi- 
zen October 26, 1803. Edmund Pendleton, president of the Court 
of Appeals, died suddenly, at the age of eighty-three. He devoted 
forty years of his life to the service of his State, even to the last 
day. A man of high vii-tue and of large talents, he was upright 
and faithful in the discharge of every official duty. The Governor 
and his Council met, and after passing suitable resolutions, 
decided to wear crape on their left arms for thirty days. They 
also appointed Edmund Randolph to pronounce the eulogium on 
Judge Pendleton. 

Although the Legislature in 1792 passed an act incorporating 
the Bank of Richmond, at the beginning of 1801 Richmond had 



1804] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 59 

no bank. The question was again raised and the opposition was 
very strong, many contending that a bank was not necessary, and 
that it was dangerous. Week after week the papers undertook to 
show the need of a bank and its advantages to the city. The out- 
come of the discussion was that January 30, 1804, the Legislature 
incorporated The Bank of Virginia, to be established at Rich- 
mond, with branches at Norfolk, Petersburg, Lynchburg, Freder- 
icksburg, Winchester, and Staunton. The capital stock was to be 
$1,500,000, and Edward Carrington, Joseph Gallego, Eobert Pol- 
lard, George Jefferson, Philip N. Nicholas, Jolm Brockenbrough, 
Thomas Rutherford, Benjamin Hatcher, and J. T. Leitch were to 
open the subscription books in Richmond the first Monday in May 
following. The books were opened at the appointed time and the 
stock allowed Richmond was quickly taken, the State taking a 
large portion. The stockholders then met and elected the above 
named men, with Joseph Selden, William Mitchell, W. B. Giles, 
Abraham B. Venable, Samuel Pleasants, John Harvie, James 
Brown, and Gervas Storrs directors. The directors met and elected 
Abraham B. Venable president of the first bank in Richmond, at a 
salary of $2,500 a year. John Brockenbrough was cashier, and 
there were two book-keepers. As soon after the organization as 
arrangements could be made, the Bank of Virginia opened her 
doors for business. 

From the earliest time the citizens of Richmond have heard 
with a ready ear the call of the needy and have answered with an 
open hand. This year the call, like to hers a few years earlier, came 
from her sister city by the sea. Norfolk was in ashes. Wednesday, 
February 22, 1804, fire started in the warehouse of Mr. Dunlop, on 
Maxwell's Wharf, and laid waste the most of the commercial part 
of the town. Five hundred and fifty houses were destroyed, be- 
sides five vessels, and some lives were lost. The loss amounted to 
more than $250,000. The citizens of Richmond called a meeting 
at Bell Tavern February 29 and took steps to raise money for the 
sufferers. In a short while $3,009 was sent to the mayor of 
Norfolk. 

The citizens were alert in pushing forward internal improve- 
ments. A company was chartered June 24 to open a turnpike road 
from Richmond to Columbia, and also one to open a road to Deep 



60 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1804 

Eun coal pits, called DuVal's coal pits, in Henrico county. Last 
year the Argus, a new paper, was started, and this year, May 9, 
Thomas Eitchie started the Enquirer, a semi-monthly, which was 
destined to be one of Eichraond's leading papers. The Westham 
Iron Foundry, James Dunlop proprietor, was in a flourishing con- 
dition. Major William DuVal was on April 9 elected to represent 
Eichmond in the General Assembly. A masquerade ball was held 
at Hay Market Garden. Being the first held in Eichmond, it 
aroused a good deal of opposition. On account of the recent dis- 
astrous fires, the Mutual Assurance Society refused risks on wooden 
buildings in towns and in the country. James Madison, D.D., 
chairman of the commissioners for the lottery of William and 
Mary College, announced the time of drawing. July of this year 
the first volume of John Marshall's Life of Washington appeared. 
The Richmond Gazette and Advertiser of July 21 was in mourn- 
ing, and its announcement brought sorrow to every heart, especially 
to the Federalists. The letter that brought the sad news was dated 
Hoboken, N. J., July 11, 1804: 

"The greatest man in America has this morning fallen in a duel. 
General Alexander Hamilton. Yes, Hamilton, the pride of every true 
American, is by this time no more. Early this morning he and Col. 
Burr settled an affair of honor at Hoboken. Hamilton fell at the first 
shot without touching his antagonist, though they fired nearly at the 
same moment. General Hamilton was brought over to Col. Bayard's 
place at Greenwich, where an hour since it was supposed he was 
breathing his last. He was shot just under the ribs and the ball 
lodged in his body. He bled profusely, both from the wound and from 
the mouth. He did not speak until nearly half over the river, when 
in a very faint tone of voice he said he could not live and expressed 
a wish to see his family. Judge Pendleton was General Hamilton's 
second and Dr. Hosack his physician. W. P. Van Ness was Col. 
Burr's second. General Hamilton fell on the same ground on which 
his son was killed some time since." 

General Hamilton was president of the Society of Cincinnati. 
The standing committee of the Virginia branch met at the Capi- 
tol and passed resolutions expressing their grief at his untimely 
death. A short while after the duel a man named Hallom came 
to Eichmond with a representation in wax figures of the duel. 



1805] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 61 

They were exhibited at Washington Tavern, opposite Capitol 
Square, at 50 cents admission. 

The Eepublieans, or Democratic Republicans, as they were 
called, gave two dinners March 4, 1805, one at Washington Tavern, 
with Governor Page as president, and one at Eagle Tavern, Dr. 
Foushee president, to celebrate the inauguration of Thomas Jef- 
ferson for a second term as President of the United States. As 
was the custom, many toasts were offered praising the govern- 
ment and endorsing the administration of Mr. Jefferson. 

The officers chosen this year were William DuVal, mayor; 
Edward Carrington, recorder, and Lewis Harvie to represent the 
city in the legislature. Abraham B. Venable and Wilson C. 
Nicholas were appointed United States Senators from Virginia, 
and, strange to say, Mr. Venable resigned to accept the position 
of president of the Bank of Virginia and Mr. Nicholas to become 
collector of the port of Norfolk. 

The spirit of hero-worship has always been a characteristic of 
the people of Richmond, and whenever opportunity offers it dis- 
plays itself. September 13th of this year afforded such an oppor- 
tunity, when Captain Bainbridge, commander of the United States 
Frigate Philadelphia; Jacob Jones, second lieutenant; Keith 
Spenee, purser; James Gibbons, Daniel T. Patterson, promoted 
lieutenants, and James Biddle, midshipman, reached the city. 
These men had been taken prisoners at Tripoli and there was 
grave fear lest the barbarians would murder them. Tripoli de- 
clared war against the United States June 10, 1801, because the 
United States refused to increase its payment for immunity from 
the depredations of the Tripolitan pirates. In anticipation of this 
event, our government had already sent a squadron to the Mediter- 
ranean. In October, 1803, the frigate Philadelphia, Captain 
Bainbridge, while chasing a piratical ship in the harbor of Tripoli, 
struck a rock and was captured by the Tripolitans and her men 
imprisoned. Commodore Preble attacked the fortifications in 
1804, and June 4, 1805, a land expedition under General William 
Eaton forced Tripoli to conclude a treaty of peace and liberate 
our men. These were the heroes who came to Richmond. On the 
following Monday a public dinner was given them at Eagle Tavern. 
Later, in November, when General Eaton reached the city, a public 



52 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1806 

dinner was also given him at the Eagle Tavern. Chief Justice 
John Marshall presided. Toasts praising the heroic deeds of these 
men, and also of Decatur, for burning the Philadelphia, were 
offered. A public dinner was also given Stephen Decatur the fol- 
lowing January. 

At this time there was among many of the people a strong 
desire for sport; cock-fights at $50 a round were not infrequent. 
We have mentioned the fever for lotteries, and when spring 
opened the races began at Fairfield and Broad Rock tracks and 
were well patronized. 

The only event of special interest during the year 1806 is a 
melancholy one. On Sunday morning, June 8th, after a brief 
illness, the aged and venerable chancellor, George Wythe, departed 
this life at his home on Grace street near Fifth, where the house, 
503 E. Grace, now stands. When the news of his death was 
known the bells of the city were set a- tolling and continued all 
Sunday and Monday until the corpse was carried to the place of 
interment. 

The Executive Council assembled in their chamber Sunday, and, 
after passing suitable resolutions, determined on the following 
order of procession : 

"Preparation for the interment of George Wythe, Late Judge of the 
High Court of Chancery for the Richmond District — A funeral oration 
will be delivered by William Munford at the Capitol, in the House 
of Delegates, at 4 o'clock P. M. Monday, after which the procession 
will proceed in the following order: Clergy & Orator of the Day, 
Corpse, Physicians, Executor and Relatives of the deceased. Judges 
and members of the Bar, Officers of the High Court of Chancery, 
Governor and Council, other officers of the Government, Mayor, Alder- 
men and Councilmen of the City, Citizens." 

He was buried in St. Johns Cemetery. A great concourse of 
citizens turned out to honor the memory of this great man, and 
well they may have, for few had done greater service for their 
country. A patriot, philosopher and philanthropist, he had not 
only himself done a great service for his country in helping to lay 
the foundations of her government and to build thereon, but he 
had fitted others to do the same. While teaching law at William 
and Mary College, among others he had trained in that science 



1806] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 63 

were Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Marshall, and George Mason, Jef- 
ferson said of him: 

"He was my antient master, my earliest and best friend: and to 
him I am indebted for the first impressions, which have had the most 
salutary influence on the course of my life." 

Before he died he exclaimed: "Let me die the death of the 
righteous." Well might Virginia honor her great son. 

A letter written hy Henry Clay May 3, 1851, telling of his 
acquaintance with Chancellor Wythe, giving his appreciation of 
him, and relating the circumstances of his death will be of in- 
tense interest. He says: 

"My acquaintance with Chancellor Wythe commenced in the year 
1793, in my sixteenth year, when I was a clerk in the office of the 
Court over which he presided, and when I think he must have passed 
the age of three-score years and ten. I served him as amanuensis for 
several years, his right hand being so affected with ghout or rheuma- 
tism that he could not write. Upon his dictation I wrote the report 
of many of his leading cases; I remember it cost me a good deal of 
labor, not understanding a single Greek character, to write some cita- 
tions from Greek authors which he wished inserted in copies of his 
reports sent to Mr. Jefferson and to Mr. Samuel Adams, of Boston, 
and to one or two other persons. I copied them by imitating each 
character as I found them in the original word. Mr. Wythe's personal 
appearance and his personal habits were plain, simple and unosten- 
tatious. His countenance was full of blandness and benevolence, and 
I think he made in his salutation of others the most graceful bow 
I ever witnessed. A little bent with age, he generally wore a grey 
coating and when walking carried a cane. He was one of the purest, 
best, and most learned men in classical lore that I ever knew. 

"It is painful and melancholy to reflect that a man so pure, so 
upright, so virtuous, so learned, so distinguished and beloved, should 
have met with an unnatural death. The event did not occur until 
several years after I emigrated from Richmond to the State of Ken- 
tucky, and of course I am not able of personal knowledge to relate 
any of the circumstances which attended it. Of these, however, I 
have obtained such authentic information as to leave no doubt in 
my mind as to the manner of its occurrence. He had a grand nephew, 
a youth scarcely, I believe, of mature age, to whom by his last will 
and testament, written by me upon his dictation before my departure 
from Richmond, after emancipating his slaves, he devised the greater 
part of his estate. That youth poisoned him and others, black mem- 



64 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1807 

bers of his household, by putting arsenic into a pot in which coffee was 
preparing for breakfast. The paper which had contained the arsenic 
was found on the floor of the liitchen. The coffee having been drank 
by the Chancellor and his servants, the poison developed its usual 
effects. The Chancellor lived long enough to send for his neighbor, 
Maj. Wm. Du Val, and get him to write another will for him dis- 
inheriting the ungrateful and guilty grand nephew and making other 
disposition of his estate. An old negro woman, his cook, also died 
under the operation of the poison, but I believe that his other servants 
recovered. After the Chancellor's death it was discovered that the 
atrocious author of it had also forged bank checks in the name of his 
great uncle, and he was subsequently, I understand, prosecuted for 
forgery, convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary. To no man 
was I more indebted by his instruction, his advice & his example, 
for the little intellectual improvement which I made up to the period 
when, in my twenty-first year, I finally left the city of Richmond. 
The immortal Wythe, the patron of my youth, like Cato wise, like 
Aristotle just." 

x\t the beginning of 1807 the Virginia Armory, or Manufactory 
of Arms, located on the basin in Eichmond, reported that during 
the past year there had been manufactured 1,265 muskets with 
bayonets, 205 without, 579 pistols, 852 cavalry swords, 444 polished 
iron scabbards, 164 artillery swords, 158 sword tips, and 84 rifles. 

A sad event occurred February 4th when John McCredie, a 
leading merchant, a partner of William Brown & Co., was killed. 
He was at supper when the bell at the barracks rang the alarm 
of fire. Being a member of the fire brigade, he snatched his fire 
bucket and ran to the lire. A guard with a musket halted him, 
but being eager to get to the fire he did not stop. A young man 
with him called his name, but notwithstanding this, the guard 
shot him dead. There was much indignation over the rash act, 
and at one time trouble was feared. 

The year 1807 was marked by two events of great importance. 
The first began March 24th, when the stage from the South 
arrived bringing Aaron Burr, former Vice-President of the 
United States, a prisoner under strong guard. He w^as carried to 
Eagle Tavern, where he was expected to remain until Monday 
30th and then to be taken to jail. He was captured near Natchez, 
charged with (1) treason in levying war against the United 
States; (2) preparing an expedition against the colonies of 






iirW 



'^4 




1807] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 65 

Spain, a nation with whom the United States was at peace. 
Burr had started down the Ohio river with ten or more boats 
with men and ammunition, it was charged, with the purpose of 
attacking New Orleans and then going to Mexico. In November 
his boats had been stopped at Marietta by the militia, and he was 
tried for treason by a jury in Kentucky and discharged. He was 
also indicted in Mississippi and acquitted. Monday Burr was 
taken before Judge Marshall for examination in a room in Eagle 
Tavern. Edmund Eandolph and John Wickham were counsel 
for the prisoner, and Caesar A. Eodney and George Hay for the 
prosecution. Objection was made to the private examination, so 
Judge Marshall adjourned it to the Capitol March 31st. There 
the crowd was so great that he had to adjourn again from the 
court-room to the hall of the House of Delegates, and even then 
only a small portion of the people could gain admission. George 
Hay, United States District Attorney, opened for the prosecution, 
and Wickham and Eandolph on behalf of Burr. Burr spoke ten min- 
utes in his own behalf. He said that he had been acquitted in 
Kentucky and discharged in Mississippi when tried for the offence 
charged; that his designs were honorable and would have been 
useful to the United States; that he wanted to assist the United 
States in case of war with Spain to settle the Ouachita Grant. 
Eodney, the Attorney-General of the United States, closed for 
the prosecution. Judge Marshall stated that he desired to give 
his opinion in writing and would therefore adjourn the court 
until the following day, April 1st. Early the next day an im- 
mense crowd gathered at the Capitol to hear the learned judge's 
opinion, either freeing Burr or committing him for trial. Judge 
Marshall, in a lengthy opinion, took up the two charges and the 
points of law raised and discussed them. His conclusion was 
that it was suspected that a treasonable design was entertained 
by the prisoner but it was not proved, and hence he must dismiss 
that charge. There was sufficient evidence to hold the prisoner 
on the second charge of setting on foot and providing means for 
an expedition against the territory of a nation at peace with the 
United States, and that he would insert this charge in the com- 
mitment. He admitted Burr to bail of $10,000, with Thomas 



(5g RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1807 

Taylor, John G. Gamble, John Hopkins, Henry Heth, and M. 
Langhorne as securities. 

Sliortly after this examination Judge Marshall dined with Burr 
at John Wickham's, and that act created a great deal of comment 
among the enemies of Burr. 

This case, which proved to be one of the greatest legal battles 
ever fought in America, was taken up May 22d. Chief J u^tice Mar- 
shall presided and delivered the opinions on the various questions 
of law raised, for they were many. Jutlge Griffin, of the United 
States Circuit Court, sat with him a part of the time. In addi- 
tion to the counsel already mentioned, William Wirt, Benjamin 
Botis, and Luther Martin appeared for the prisoner, and Alex. 
McEae for prosecution. After a great deal of discussion the fol- 
lowing men were selected to compose the grand jury: John 
Eandolph, foreman; John Eggleston, Littleton W. Tazewell, Eob- 
ert Taylor, William Daniel, Jr., John Mercer, Edward Pegram, 
Munford Beverly, John Ambler, Thomas Harrison, Joseph C. 
Cabell, James Pleasants, Jr., John Brockenbrough, Alex. Shep- 
herd, James Barbour, and James M. Garnett. Judge Marshall 
delivered the charged to the jury. Among the witnesses sent be- 
fore this jury were Generals Wilkinson and Eaton. June 13th 
Burr requested that the President of the United States be sum- 
moned to appear before the jury and the process was served on 
the President. Then the question arose whether a court could 
compel the President to attend as a witness. Nearly a week 
elapsed and there was no answer. Burr insisted that the process 
be enforced. Jefferson replied by letter June 17th. saying: 

"To comply with such calls would leave the nation without an 
executive head, whose agency is understood to be constantly neces- 
sary; that it is the sole office which the Constitution requires to be 
always in function; that as to his personal attendance at Richmond, 
the court was sensible that paramount duties to the nation at large 
control the obligation of compliance with the summons in this case, 
and that he would answer through the Secretary of the Navy or the 
Secretary of War." 

Then Burr applied for an attachment against General Wilkin- 
son for destruction of his property. 



180:] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 67 

The investigation continued until June 24th, when, at 3 P. M., 
the grand jury reported "An indictment against Aaron Burr for 
high treason — a true bill ; an indictment against Aaron Burr for 
misdemeanor — a true bill." They also found a true bill against 
Blennerhassett, Burr's associate, on similar charges. Burr's coun- 
sel asked for bail, but Hay opposed it and asked that he be com- 
mitted for high treason. The judge refused bail and Burr was 
carried to the public jail, which was then back of the market-house, 
and put into the debtor's apartment and sentinels were placed 
about the jail 

The next day he was brought before the court and Mr. BottB, 
his attorney, stated that the prison in Eichm'ond was a disgrace 
to humanity; that Burr was in a room 10x10 feet; that a man 
and his wife were in the same room, and that it was infested 
with vermin. Mr. Wickham stated that Col. Burr's suffering 
in that place was intolerable and asked that he be assigned to the 
marshal for safe keeping. 

Burr pled not guilty to the indictment. 

The marshal stated that he thought Burr would be safe in a 
furnished room if he had a guard of seven men and two deputy 
marshals. The court placed him in the custody of the marshal, and 
for two days he was kept in a house on Broad street near Ninth. 
June 27th he was again brought into court and was ordered to 
be kept in a room on the second floor of the penitentiary until the 
trial, which was set for August 2d. 

Court opened Monday, August 3d. Judge Marshall sat alone 
until the 7th, when Judge Griffin joined him. Every inch of 
ground was fouglit and opinion after opinion was delivered by the 
chief justice in writing. The jury was completed on the 17th, 
which was as follows: Ed. Carrington, David Lambert, Richard 
E. Parker, Hugh Mercer, Christopher Anthony, James Sheppard, 
Reuben Blakey, Benjamin Graves, Miles Botts, Henry Coleman, 
J. M. Sheppard, and Richard Curd. Mr. Hay opened for the 
United States, and was followed by counsel for the prisoner. The 
trial proceeded day after day, and great crowds continued to 
attend. Tuesday, September 1st, the trial on the indictment for 
treason was completed. The jury retired and in twenty minutes 
returned this verdict: "We, of the jury, find that Aaron Burr is 



Qg RICHMOISrD; HER PAST AND PRESENT [1807 

not proved to be guilty under the indictment by any evidence 
submitted to us. We therefore find him not guilty." Counsel 
for Burr objected to the verdict on the ground that it should be 
simply "Not guilty." The court refused to order it changed 
and it stood. 

Burr was again bailed in the sum of $5,000 for his appearance 
September 7th to answer the indictment for misdemeanor. Then 
began his trial for misdemeanor, in that he fitted out an expedition 
against the territory of a nation at peace with the United States. 
On the ninth the jury was completed and the trial began. 
There were more great speeches and great questions of law pro- 
pounded. There was a failure to convict. Then Mr. Hay, the 
United States attorney, asked that Burr be committed. This 
great battle continued until September 26th, when Judge Mar- 
shall took the motion under advisement. He gave a long opinion 
October 20th, stating that there was sufficient evidence to com- 
mit Aaron Burr and Herman Blennerhassett, and that they be 
sent where the misdemeanor was committed and that there they 
could be indicted for treason; that they should be sent to the 
State of Ohio for trial. The trial here was based on their conduct 
near New Orleans. Each was admitted to bail in the sum of 
$2,000. Thus closed the celebrated trial in Richmond and one 
of the most notable legal contests in the United States. 

The second important event of this year which stirred Eichmond 
and the whole country was more exciting than the trial of Burr. 
Monday, June 23d, the United States Frigate Chesapeake, Cap- 
tain Gordon, under Commander James Barron, put out from 
Norfolk to sea. When she was nine leagues out from the /capes 
she sighted the British sloop Leopard, Captain Humphrey. The 
Chesapeake fired a friendly gun. Captain Humphrey sent a letter 
to Commander Barron stating that he had orders from Admiral 
Berkley to demand of the captain of the Chesapeake four British 
seamen on board that ship, and that if they were not delivered by 
fair means he would use force. Commander Barron replied that 
he had orders from his government forbidding him to permit his 
vessel to be searched or to deliver a man from her. When the 
message was received aboard the Leopard a shot was fired ahead 
and astern the Chesapeake. This was followed in quick succession 



18071 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 69 

by six broadsides from the Leopard. The United States ship was 
totally unprepared, no men were at quarters, and some ofiBcers were 
at dinner. Commander Barron hailed the Leopard repeatedly 
without effect. He then ordered the colors down and a surrender 
of the ship. When British officers boarded the Chesapeake her 
officers tendered their SAvords, but they were refused; the British 
said that they only wanted the four seamen. They accordingly 
demanded the muster roll and had four hundred American sailors 
mustered on deck and took the four men. The Chesapeake was 
greatly injured by the attack, and she had three men killed and 
sixteen wounded. 

When the alarming news reached Richmond the spirit of 1776 
returned with renewed power and the patriotic city began to get 
ready for war. A meeting of the citizens of Eichmond and Man- 
chester was called at the Capitol June 27th. Judge Spencer Roane, 
of the Court of Appeals, was chairman, and Thomas Ritchie was 
secretary. A committee, consisting of Alexander McRae, Lieu- 
tenant Governor; Creed Taylor, Chancellor: John Payne, George 
Ha}'^, William Foushee, William Wirt, and Peyton Randolph, was 
appointed to bring in suitable resoidtions. They reported con- 
demning the outrage, thanking the citizens of Norfolk for their 
prompt action in the matter, and, though opposed to war, calling 
upon the government to avenge the wrong, pledging their lives 
and their fortunes to the defense of their country, and calling upon 
rne other States to bestir themselves and prepare for the worst. 
A copy was sent to the President of the United States, the Gov- 
ernor, and the principal officers of the militia. 

July 2d the President issued a proclamation ordering all armed 
British vessels at once to leave the waters of the United States and 
forbade all persons from furnishing them supplies or in any way 
lending them aid. A call was also made for 100,000 men, and 
Virginia prepared to furnish her quota. Everywhere the call was 
"To Arms ! To Arms !" and every day the Capitol Square was 
made a parade ground. The British squadron refused to leave 
Hampton Roads, so the troops were ordered to Hampton and 
Norfolk to repel an invasion. Governor Cabell ordered the Rich- 
mond Cavalry. Captain Sheppard, to Hampton; the Richmond 
Light Infantry, Captain Richardson, and the Republican Blues, 



70 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1808 

Captain Randolph, to take up their march at once to Norfolk. 
The companies remained until July 38th, when the British left, 
and then returned home. The immediate danger seemed to be 
passed, but the war spirit was increasing day by day. 

The war scare had a good effect upon the city. Until this time 
Richmond had been depending upon England for almost all of 
her manufactured goods, but now she began to make herself inde- 
pendent of foreign goods. June, 1808, another meeting was called 
at the Capitol to promote domestic manufactures. James Monroe, 
Edward Carrington, Alexander McRae, D. Bullock, Creed Taylor, 
William Foushee, Abraham Yenable, Robert Gamble, James Brown, 
Norborne Nicholas, George Hay, Thomas Ladd, John Brocken- 
brough, Peyton Randolph, William Wirt, Ben Tate, Samuel 
Adams, Joseph Gallego, John Cunningham, John Clark, and Wil- 
liam H. Cabell were appointed by Governor Cabell, who was in 
the chair, to devise a plan of operations. James Monroe, the chair- 
man, reported, recommending that The Richmond Manufacturing 
Company, with a capital of $500,000, be started as soon as the 
stock was taken, and that this company enter upon the manufacture 
of cotton, wool, and hemp, also dyeing and fulling cloth, carding and 
spinning cotton, and such other manufactures as were necessary, 
with the latest improved labor-saving machinery. The subscrip- 
tion books to the capital stock were opened August 1st in Rich- 
mond and other parts of the State, but the probability of war 
deterred the people and the stock was not taken. 

Richmond's water supply at this time was largely derived from 
public wells at street corners and private wells and springs, with 
the additional supply from a spring near Libby Hill, carried by 
means of wooden pipes to the market-house. Samuel Adams, the 
mayor, June 25, 1808, made application for use of the springs at 
the Capitol. He says in his letter : 

"I have obtained from the proprietors the use of the water from, 
four springs on Shockoe Hill for the purpose of watering by means 
of pipes sunk so low as to keep the water perfectly cool that part of 
the town between Mr. Graham's lot on the Main street and the Market 
Bridge, but am apprehensive that these springs will not be sufficient. 
Could I procure the use of the water from the two at the Capitol I 
think there would be little doubt of having a sufficient quantity. Will 



1808] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 71 

you be good enough to mention it to tlie Governor & Council of State 
and know of them if their consent can be obtained, that I may have the 
use of the surplus water from the two springs after supplying the Capi- 
tol & Barracks, and if I shall enter into bond and security to erect and 
keep in repair, so long as I may wish to use the water from said 
springs, a Reservoir, to be water proof, on the publick lands between 
the Capitol & the Bank of Virginia, to be used in case of fire for either 
of those buildings, whether they will suffer me to make use of the 
stone, &c., which forms the present Reservoirs. The one to be erected 
to be at least 20 feet square." 

This was tlie beginning of the public water utilities west of 
Shockoe creek. 

The 4th of July was celebrated this year with great enthusiasm. 
The military companies paraded, and at night a great dinner was 
given at Hay Market Garden, and many patriotic toasts were re- 
sponded to. A novel feature of this year's celebration was that 
by agreement Governor Cabell and the other officials, the militia 
and the citizens, dressed in homespun to show their independence 
of English goods. It was rumored that there was yellow fever in 
the city, and that somewhat marred the celebration, but Mayor 
David Bullock assured the people that there were only a few 
cases of bilious fever in one locality. 

This was the year for the presid*-ntial election, but the prospect 
of war seemed to obscure political questions. The Eepublican mem- 
bers of Congress had already, as was their custom, nominated 
James Madison, and tlie Federalists James Monroe; Madison and 
Clinton were elected. Richmond gave Madison 110 votes and 
Monroe 70. 

Governor Cabell, in response to the call of the President, issued 
a proclamation calling for 10,000 men to march at a moment's 
notice. In addition to the companies which had marched to Hamp- 
ton and Xorfolk, the Eichmond Eifle Volunteers, Captain George 
Turner, and the Washington and Jefferson Artillery, Captain J. F. 
Price, offered their services to the Governor. 

In December the Legislature elected John Tyler Governor in 
place of Cabell. At this time metallic pens were recommended to 
the citizen? to replace the accustomed quills, but the people were 
slow to adopt the new invention. In Febniary, 1809, the Rich- 
mond Librarv Society was organized, with John Lynch as 



72 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1809 

librarian, and an effort was made to establish a public library. 
It was on a small scale, but it proved a benefit to the city. Two 
new papers appeared, The Virginian, edited by Girard Banks, and 
The Virginia Argus, neither of which continued long. 

Ex-President John Tyler, in the following interesting letter, 
gives us a view of Eichmond at this time : 

"I speak of Richmond as I first knew it, when, at the age of eighteen, 
I joined my venerated father, who was at the time Governor of Vir- 
ginia. The population of the city did not exceed 5,000 in 1808. The 
surface on which the city stood was untamed and unbroken. Almost 
inaccessible heights & deep ravines everywhere prevailed. The Capitol 
Square was venda indigesta que moles & was but rudely if at all 
inclosed. The ascent to the building was painfully laborious. The 
two now beautiful valleys were then unsightly gullies, which threat- 
ened, unless soon arrested, to extend themselves across the street 
north so as to require a bridge to span it. If a tree had sprung in 
the ground, it obtained but a scanty subsistence from the sterile 
earth. Soil there was little or none. The street west of the Square 
was impassable for much of the way, except by a foot path. 

The Governor's house, at that time called the palace, was a building 
(frame) that neither aspired to architectural taste in its construction 
or consulted the comfort of its occupants in its interior arrangements. 
A wooden enclosure separated it from the commons. It was some years 
afterward removed to make way for the present edifice. The brick 
row on what was known as Main street, which terminated at the cross 
street below the American, & had its origin near the market-place, 
was the chief pride of the city. The streets were unimproved & 
often impassable except on horseback. Dr. John Adams, whose name 
should ever be held in grateful remembrance by the people of Rich- 
mond, during his mayoralty, graduated the streets, regulated the 
ascents to its beautiful hills, and in many particulars embellished & 
adorned the city." 

Commerce between this country and Great Britain was re- 
newed, at least for a while. This was hailed as an omen of peace, 
and the citizens of Richmond celebrated it by a public dinner at 
the Bell Tavern. Eobert Mitchell presided. The responses to the 
toasts were to the effect that the act would prove beneficial and 
that it would bring peace and happiness to both nations. 

The city was called to mourn the death of another distinguished 
citizen. Judge Peter Lyons, president of the Court of Appeals, 



]809] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 73 

died at his county seat in Hanover August 30th in his seventy- 
fifth year. For nearly thirty years he had been a judge of the 
General Court and the Court of Appeals. 

Thursday afternoon, October 19th, a carriage stopped before 
Swan Tavern, which stood on Broad street not far from Tenth. 
Its occupant alighted and went in; his distinguished appearance 
attracted attention; it was Thomas Jefferson. He had finished his 
two terms as President of the United States March 4th and had 
come to Richmond on some private business. The news rapidly 
spread over the city and some of the leading citizens came together 
to arrange for a public reception for the distinguished visitor. The 
meeting was held at the Capitol — Dr. William Foushee, president, 
and William Munford, secretary — at which a public address to 
Jefferson was prepared, expressing the appreciation of the 
citizens of his high character and great talents, and commending 
his wise administration as President. He replied to this address 
by letter. The officers of the Nineteenth Eegiment gave him a 
dinner at Swan Tavern. Governor Tyler, Drs. Hare and James, 
of the Council, Colonel Monroe, Colonel Skipwith, Mr. Thweat, and 
Mr. Baker escorted him to the table. On Saturday a public dinner 
was given him by the citizens at Eagle Tavern. Governor Tyler 
presided. Among the toasts were "Our Government," "The Presi- 
dent," "The Memory of Washington," and "The Freedom of the 
Seas," responded to by Jefferson. Jefferson retired and Governor 
Tyler responded to the toast "Thomas Jefferson." When Mr. Jef- 
ferson returned the Governor retired, and William Wirt responded 
to the toast "Governor Tyler." On October 23d Mr. Jefferson re- 
turned to Monticello. During his visit to Richmond cannon were 
placed on Main street and several salutes were fired. About eighty 
or ninety panes of glass in the houses were broken, and the Federal- 
ists were anxious to know of the Republicans who would pay for 
them. The friends of Jefferson were so enthusiastic that they would 
have paid three times the amount of damage to any except their 
political enemies, the Federalists. 



74 RICHMOND: HHR PAST AND PRHSENT [1810 



CHAPTER III 

This decade was destined to be the most memorable in the 
early history of the city, and it was a blessing that the sorrows 
which were to come were veiled from the eyes of those who looked 
to the future, else even the courageous hearts might have failed. 

The ^pulation of Richmond was rapidly increasing, being in 
1810 9,735. During the year there were no notable events, but 
there were occurrences that showed the customs of the people and 
indicated the progress of the city. Early in the year Eev. R. B. 
Semple preached a charity sermon at the Baptist meeting-house for 
the benefit of the Female Orphan School, and later Rev. Lattimore 
preached at the Methodist meeting-house for the same purpose. 
Andrew Stephenson was elected in April to represent Richmond 
in the Legislature, and the same month Col. Robert Gamble, a 
leading citizen, died from the effect of a fall from a horse. In July 
the James River Navigation Company made a contract with Captain 
Ariel Cooley, of Springfield, Mass., to communicate the basin with 
tide water, building thirteen locks inclusive of the water lock. He 
was to be paid $50,000, ten thousand of which was to be paid as 
soon as the work was begun, and it was to be finished by May. 1812. 
It was at this time that Rev. R. B. Semple advertised his History 
of the Virginia Baptists. 

Mann S. Valentine, superintendent, opened a new penitentiary 
store on Shockoe Hill, in M^hich were sold the articles manufactured 
at the penitentiary. Some of the things advertised were cut nails, 
springs, wrouglit nails, cut brads, axes, hatchets, liammers, mats, 
chains, horse collars, harness, fire buckets, seines, Virginia cloth 
and yams, and boots and shoes. At that time the convicts made 
a large number of useful articles, but they could not be said to be 
in competition with honest labor, for there were few skilled laborers. 

In his message this year Governor Tyler called the attention of 
the General Assemblv to the bad condition of the Governor's house 



1811] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 75 

and asked that steps be taken to improve it. It was an old two- 
story frame building that had never been painted, with only two 
rooms on the first floor and two on the second, and partly enclosed 
with a cheap wooden fence. "The Palace," as it was called, had out- 
lived its day. Governor Tyler, however, did not occupy the house 
long after he wrote his message; he was appointed judge of the 
United States Court for the District of Virginia in place of Judge 
Cyrus Griffin, deceased, and resigned the office of Governor to 
accept it. The Legislature, January, 1811, elected James Monroe 
Governor and G. W. Smith Lieutenant Governor, and planned to 
make the Governor more comfortable. An act was passed February 
13, 1811, appropriating $12,000 to build a new Governor's man- 
sion, and Matthew Cheatham, Nathaniel Selden, Da\dd Bullock, 
William McKim, Abraham R. Venable, William Wirt, and Roheit 
Greenbow were appointed commissioners to superintend the building 
of the house on the site of the old building. The appropriation 
was not sufficient, so February 18, 1812, $3,000 was granted to com- 
plete it, and $5,000 for outhouses and enclosures. The next year, 
1813, $3,000 was appropriated to buy the "standing furniture" for 
the Governor's house. The present "mansion" was thus completed 
and has been in use a century. 

This year the Richmond Hill Academy was opened, with J. D. 
Blair president, and John Buchanan. Col. Richard Adams, Lieu- 
tenant Governor G. W. Smith, and Samuel Pleasants trustees. 
Educational progress was needed in the city, and civil improvements 
were also demanded. At this time the streets of Richmond were 
only muddy roads, and in bad weather some of these roads were 
impassable. Urgent requests were made for better streets, and in 
March of this year the Common Hall took up the question of paving 
a few of the principal streets with river rocks, or, as they were 
called later, cobble-stones. Benjamin Tate, the mayor, urged that 
immediate steps be taken to begin the work, and during the year the 
work of paving was begun. 

The Episcopal Convention met in the city in May. Bishop James 
Madison presided. He was also president of William and Mary 
College. The following June the Society of Friends of the Revolu- 
tion was formed to celebrate July 4th and keep alive the spirit of 
'76. Dr. William Foushee was president, Lieutenant Gorernor 



76 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1811 

George W. Smith, vice-president and William Robertson secretary. 
Many of the veterans of the Revolutionary War took an active part 
in the work of this Society. 

One of the sensations of the year was on October 22d^ when Pres- 
ton Smith;, chief clerk of the State treasurer's office, came to the 
office and found the door locked from within. This office was on 
the northwestern side of the Capitol. He began to investigate, and 
found a hole in the wall large enough for a man to get through. On 
entering the office he found the iron chest forced open and the 
key gone, and upon examination he discovered that $17,000 had 
been stolen. The whole city was startled by this big and bold rob- 
bery. Lieutenant Governor Smith offered $500 for the capture of 
the thief, and State Treasurer John Preston offered $2,000 reward. 
Five days after the robbery John McCaul was arrested charged with 
the crime, and two women as accessories. About $6,500 of the 
amount stolen was recovered from the women. McCaul was tried 
and sentenced to five years in the penitentiary. An appeal was 
taken because the sheriff did not keep the jury together. A new 
trial was granted and he was acquitted. 

James Monroe, in April of this year, was appointed by President 
Madison Secretary of State. He immediately resigned his office of 
Governor and Lieutenant Governor George W. Smith acted Gov- 
ernor until December 7th, when he was elected by the joint ballot 
of both houses of the Legislature over James Barbour. 

It was customary at this time to give performances at the Rich- 
mond Theatre for the benefit of individuals, especially popular 
actors. There appeared December 24th the following notice, which, 
under ordinary circumstances, would not be worth tlie while to 
consider : 

"The new play, entitled "The Father, or Family Feuds," intended to 
have been performed for the benefit of Mr. Placide on last evening, 
Monday 23d, owing to his indisposition, added to the badness of the 
weather, has been deferred until Thursday evening next, Dec. 26th, 
at which time the performance will positively take place. For the 
characters in the play and the description of the after-piece, 'The 
Bleeding Nun,' see Bills." 

When the night arrived crowds of the leading people of the 
city were at the theatre. There were six hundred people, the 



1811] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 77 

largest house of the season, to witness the new play and the new 
after-piece. The play was presented without a hitch, and the 
audience, already happy because of the Christmas season, gave 
their hearty approval to the humorous and well-acted piece. Dur- 
ing the intermission the gayly dressed and delighted crowd 
laughed and talked merrily together. At length the curtain rose 
on the after-piece, a pantomime entitled ''Eaymond and Agnes, or 
The Bleeding Nun." The first act represented the home of the 
robber Baptist, in which was a chandelier with two oil lights. 
When the first act was over a boy on the stage was ordered to 
draw the chandelier up among the hanging scenes to get it out of 
the way. Only one of the lamps had been put out, and for that 
reason lie hesitated to raise it, but being again ordered to draw 
it up he did so without further hesitation. When he began to 
draw it up the rope got hung in the pulley and he Jerked it, thus 
causing the chandelier to swing to and fro. It struck one of the 
hanging scenes and set fire to it. In the mean time the curtain 
rose on the second act; the orchestra was in full chorus. Mr. 
West came forward to open the scene, when sparks began to fall 
on the back part of the stage. Mr. Eobertson rushed to the front 
of the stage, and with the most distressing voice uttered 
the appalling words, "The house is on fire !" In a moment pan- 
demonium reigned. The cry of fire went from mouth to mouth; 
the people rushed from their seats to the narrow lobbies and 
stairs. The frantic screams of women and children for help, and 
the loud voices of the men trying to direct their friends and loved 
ones to a place of safety, combined with the awful crackle and 
roar of the fast devouring flames, made the former scene of 
beauty and mirth one of indescribable horror. The rushing crowd, 
crazed with fright, soon blocked the narrow stairway and lobbies, 
then those who found themselves shut within the seething cauldron 
of fire trod upon others in their frantic efforts to escape. Many 
jumped from th.e windows and were either killed or injured. The 
flame? seized upon the building witli an incredible rapidity. In 
less than ten minutes after the scenes caught the whole building 
was on fire. There was no ceiling on the house, only the pine 
boards of the roof on which the shingles were nailed, and these 
were dry and covered with rosin. In front of the house, which was 



78 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1811 

of brick, in the roof, was a bull's-eye window . This formed a kind 
of furnace as the flames swept up from the stage along the roof 
and out of this window. J^early all of those in the pit escaped, 
but those in the boxes who did not jump into the pit were killed. 
Most of the colored people in the gallery escaped because they 
had a separate entrance. The scene outside of the building was 
as terrible as that within : women, with pale faces and dishevelled 
hair, were shrieking for some one to save their children or loved 
ones in the building; strong-hearted men were yelling like 
maniacs trying to save a wife or child or friend; the groans of the 
wounded and the dying were heard on every side as they were being 
borne to a place of safety, and many who had escaped from the 
building, not finding their companions and children, rushed in 
again to save them and were themselves lost. Governor Smith 
escaped and went back to save his child and was burned. The thea- 
tre and all of its contents was burned and the house next to it. In 
this awful fire, besides many wounded, seventy-two lost their lives. 
The list is as follows : Governor George W. Smith, Sophia Tronin, 
Cecelia Tronin, Joseph Jacobs, Elizabeth Jacobs, his daughter ; Cyp- 
j ian Marks, wife of M. Marks ; Charlotte Eaphiel, Adeline Bausman, 
Ann Craig, Nuttal, a carpenter; Abraham B. Venable, former 
United States Senator and president Bank of Virginia; "William 
Southgate, Benjamin Botts and wife, Anania Hunter, May Whit* 
lock, Julianna Harvey, Mrs. Heron, Mrs. Girardin and child, 
Mrs. Eobert Greenhow, Mrs. Moss, Borack Judas's child, Mrs. 
Lesslie, Ed. Wanton, George Dixon, Mr. Patterson, John Welch, 
a stranger; Margaret Copland, Margaret Anderson, Sally Gate- 
wood, Mary Clary, Lucy Gwathmey, Louisa Mayo, Mrs. Gerard, 
Mrs. Gibson, Miss Green, Mary Davis, Thomas Frazier, Jane Wade, 
Mr. William Cook and daughter, Elizabeth Stevenson, Mrs. Convert 
and child, Patsey Griffin, Miss Elvira Coutts, Mrs. Picket, Miss 
Littlepage, Jean Baptiste Rozie, Thomas Le Croix, Robert Terrell, 
Mrs. Jane Bosher, Jane Harvie, Mrs. Taylor Braxton, Mrs. Eliza- 
beth Page, Mrs, Jerrod, James Waldon, Miss Ellett, from New 
Kent; Mrs. Gallego, Miss Congers, Lieutenant James Gibbons, 
Mrs. Thomas Wilson, Miss Maria Nelson, Miss Mary Page, Mrs. 
La Forest, Mrs. Alma Marshall, Pleasants, a mulatto woman; 
Nancy Patters, Tommy Goff, Betsy Johnson, Philadelphia, Nanty 




The Burning Theatre, Showing the First Baptist Church to the Right. 




A View of Richmond in 1817. 



1811] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 79 

Patterson^ women of color. Not one life from Manchester was 
lost. 

The city was paralyzed in the presence of this overwhelming 
calamity, and everywhere there were signs of unutterable woe. 
The Council met the next day, December 27th, at 11 o'clock and 
passed an ordinance appointing Dr. Adams, W. Hay, Mr. Ealston, 
and Mr. Gamble a committee to attend to collecting and deposit- 
ing in such urns, coffins, or other suitable enclosures all remains 
which are not claimed by relatives and cause the same to be re- 
moved to the public burying ground with all proper respect and 
solemnity, after giving timely notice, and to erect such tomb or 
tombs with such inscription as may appear best calculated to 
record the mielaneholy and affecting event. The citizens were re- 
quested to keep their places of business closed for 48 hours after 
the passage of the ordinance, and no person was permitted to have 
a show, spectacle, or dancing assembly for four months under 
penalty of $6.66 for every hour. The citizens held a meeting at 
the Capitol, Mayor Ben Tate in the chair. A committee of three 
from each ward was appointed to get the names of those lost in 
the fire and report to the mayor. The following Wednesday was 
set as a day of fasting and prayer; the time and order of the 
funeral procession was agreed upon. Eevs. J. Buchanan and John 
Blair were appointed to prepare a funeral oration to be delivered 
at the church on Richmond Hill, St. Johns; the citizens were 
to wear crape for one month, and a committee consisting of John 
Marshall, Thomas Taylor, James Marx, William Fenewick, and 
Benjamin Hatcher was appointed to receive subscriptions and to 
make arrangement for the erection of a suitable memorial. Thomas 
Ritchie, William Marshall, and Samuel G. Adams were appointed 
to investigate the cause of the fire and report. 

Arrangements were made for the citizens to assemble at the 
Baptist meeting-house, across Thirteenth street from the theatre, 
at 1 o'clock, December 28th, and to march from there to the public 
burying ground, but this had to be changed because it was found 
impossible to gather the remains of those who were burned in the 
building so as to remove them. 

The Council met again on this day to change the former 
ordinance and to pass another. The new ordinance stated that as 



80 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1811 

it was not convenient to move some of the bodies, and as others 
were so far consumed that they had fallen to ashes and that it was 
more satisfactory to the relatives that the remains be interred on 
the spot where they perished, and that the theatre be consecrated 
as a sacred deposit of the bones and ashes, the committee appointed 
was therefore authorized to purchase from the owners all the ground 
within the walls of the theatre and to enclose it with a suitable 
brick wall of at least five feet high and that the cost be paid 
by the city. 

In view of the change of plans the procession began on Main 
street at Mr. Trent's, where the remains of Mrs. Patterson lay, 
and taking up the various corpses proceeded up Capitol Hill to the 
theatre. Eev. J. Buchanan read the burial service and the bodies 
were interred in one grave, which was made where the pit was. 
"Wednesday, January 1st, was the clay of humiliation and prayer. 
The whole city attended worship and mourned the common loss. 
Rev. John Blair preached at St. Johns Church. Eev. Spence at 
the Capitol in the morning and Rev. Logan in the evening, Rev. 
Bryce and Rev. Gregg at the Baptist meeting-house. Rev. Courtney 
at the new Methodist meeting-house on Shockoe Hill, and Rev. 
Ballieu and Rev. Moore at the old Methodist meeting-house. 

The theatre stood near where the old frame Academy, which 
was turned into a theatre, stood, and which was also burned. The 
new building was of brick, but it was a veritable death-trap, and 
it had often been remarked, "If this house caught fire what would 
we do?" As stated above, the roof was not plastered or sealed, 
only the sheathing of pine planks; there were few doors and they 
were so narrow that two could scarcely walk abreast; the stairways 
were narrow and winding, and the passage leading to the upper 
and lower boxes were angular and narrow. There were thirty-four 
hemp-painted scenes hanging where the chandelier was lifted and 
lowered. One of the actors said it was the worst constructed 
theatre he had ever been in. 

As soon as the news of the disaster was received the whole 
country expressed their sympathy for Richmond by resolutions 
and many individuals sent subscriptions for the monument to 
William Dandridge, cashier of the Bank of Virginia, the treasurer. 

On March 7, 1812, following, the Council again changed its 



1812] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 81 

plan for a monument. In view of an arrangement made with 
"The Association for Building a Church on Shockoe Hill," whereby 
it was proposed to unite all the sums of money for the erection of 
a monument with the funds of this association, and the aggregate 
to be applied to the purchase of the whole lot of land on which 
the theatre stood and the erection thereon of a Monumental Church 
under direction and control of persons who had been made known 
to the Public Hall as acceptable to all parties, it was ordered that 
Dr. John Brockenbrough, Michael W. Hancock, and John G. 
Gamble be authorized to draw on the city chamberlain for $5,000, 
which, with the sum raised by the association, was to be used in 
buying the lot on which was the theatre and any adjacent lot 
necessary; that a building be erected thereon suitable to commemo- 
rate the melancholy event, and that when the building is com- 
pleted the commissioners shall convey the lot and building to 
"The Association for Building a Church on Shockoe Hill," to be 
by them and their successors kept sacred for the purposes of divine 
worship and for no other purpose. 

The cornersf/5ne of this Monumental Church was laid Saturday, 
August 1, 1813, under the direction of Robert Mills, the architect. 
The original design was different from the present church, having 
a tall steeple on one side. The first subscription list for the new 
church is of interest, which is given below : 

"We, the subscribers, anxious for tlie erection of a convenient house 
of public worship on Shockoe Hill, in the City of Richmond, for the 
use of the Protestant Episcopal Church, do hereby bind ourselves, 
our executors and administrators, to pay into the hands of Edward 
Carrington and Robert Pollard the sums respectively annexed to our 
names for the purpose of purchasing ground and erecting such build- 
ings; the moneys so received shall be deposited in the Bank of Virginia 
until called for for the intended object. The sums subscribed to be paid 
for in three instalments, the first at the time of subscribing, the 
second six months after, and the third within twelve months. The pews 
in the said church to be sold or rented for the express purpose of pro- 
ducing a salary for the minister, and the same to be applied to the 
object above designated, under the directions of the vestry. 

(Signed) J. Marshall, $200, provided there be twenty five as high; 
E. Carrington, $200, provided there be twenty five as high; John 
Buchanan. $333 1-3; J. Ambler. $200; Geo. Pickett, $200; Joseph 
Gallego, $200, conditioned as above; John Wilkin, $200, on like con- 



82 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1812 

dition; Thos. Gilliat, $200, on the above condition; William Marshall, 
$200; John Graham, $50, besides subscribing for an organ; Thos. 
Rutherford, $200; Thos. Taylor, $200; Charles Copeland now sub- 
scribes what he always said he would subscribe and no more. He 
does not trammel his subscription by annexing any conditions. This 
expression will not be taken (as it is not intended) to blame any 
one for annexing a condition to their subscription, fifty pounds; John 
Prosser, $100; John Lesslie, $100; James McClurg, do.; F. D. F. 
Taylor, $200." 

The smoke of this terrible fire iiad scarcely died away when 
another broke out, which threatened the business section of 
the city. Tuesday, January 13th, a store on Main street near 
Fifteenth, opposite the Bell Tavern, caught fire. It was about 
forty minutes before the water line to pass buckets could be formed, 
and in that time the fire gained such headway that five frame 
tenements were destroyed. No one was killed, but the property 
loss was large. 

The first meeting of the Virginia Conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church was held at the meeting-house, Franklin and 
Nineteenth streets, February 30th. Bishop Francis Asbury pre- 
sided, and there were about seventy-five ministers present. The 
Confeience then included Virginia east of the Blue Ridge and a 
large part of North Carolina. 

One of the first services held by the Roman Catholics in the 
city Avas March 1st. This notice appeared : 

"Divine services will be performed by a Roman X^atholic clergyman 
next Sunday at about 10 o'clock in Mr. Doyle's school-room in the 
Cross Street back of Mr. Leslie's. Roman Catholics who wish to con- 
verse with the clergyman previously may see him at Mr. Tromins, in 
Cary Street, near the bridge." 

The first place of worship used/by the Catholics was the old 
Presbyterian church near Main and Twenty-seventh street^s, called 
the Rocketts Church, afterwards llardgrove's tobacco factory. Tlie 
Presbyterians sold it in 1S15. and it was leased by the Catholics. 
Later they rented a room on the east side of Eleventh street, be- 
tween Broad and Capitol. 

It was announced May 8th that Rev. John H. Rice would preach 
at Masons' Hall and would continue in the hall until the Pres- 



1812] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 83 

byterian churcli, which was in a way of soon being finished for 
him, should be ready for occupancy. Rev. John D. Blair, a Pres- 
byterian preacher who taught school here, had been preaching in 
the Capitol and in St. Johns Church. 

The Rt. Rev. James Madison, the first Protestant Episcopal 
Bishop of Virginia and president of William and Mary College, 
died March 6th. Deputies of the church met in Richmond May 
13th and appointed Rev. John Bracken bishop in liis place, but for 
some reason it seemed that he was never ordained. 

The Bank of Virginia had been paying a net dividend of 12 
per cent, on stock quoted at 1331/3. This success aroused the desire 
for a new "Mother Bank," as it was called, with branches in 
"N'orfolk, Petersburg, Lynchburg, and other places, so the Legis- 
lature chartered the Farmers Bank of Virginia at Richmond, with 
branches, at a capitalization of $2,000,000. The subscription 
books were opened at the Capitol April 6th and Richmond's quota 
of the stock was soon subscribed. The State, as in the case of 
the Bank of Virginia, took $300,000 of stock. August 3d the 
stockholders of Richmond met at the Capitol and named six direc- 
tors for the city: Joseph Marx. J. G. Camble. Robert Graham, 
John Cunningham. .John Ambler, J. W. Winfree. Governor Bar- 
bour named nine to represent the State : Benjamin Hatcher, 
Robert Pollard, A. McRae, Christopher Tompkins, Ben Tate, Fred 
Pleasants, J. L. Harris, W. C. Williams. The directors elected 
Benjamin Hatcher president and William Xekervis cashier. The 
organization having been completed, the bank soon started upon a 
successful career. 

The indignity offered the United States by Great Britain when 
the Chesapeake was fired into had not been forgotten, and other 
acts of similar kind had aroused the American people. France 
also had been interfering with American commerce. The people 
were calling for letters of marque and reprisal against France 
and war with England. An enthusiastic meeting of the citizens 
of Richmond was held at the Capitol, May 30th. Govern^., James 
Barbour was chairman and William Munford secretary. The 
chairman appointed the following committee to bring in a report 
expressing the sentiment of the meeting on the present state of 
public affairs. Alex. McRae, Philip N. Nicholas, Robert Green- 



84 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1812 

how, William Foushee, Thomas Ritchie, George Hay, William 
Wirt, Samuel Pleasants, Peyton Randolph, P. F. Smith, John 
Brockenbrough, James Wood, Peter V. Daniel, Gervas Storrs, 
T. N. Prosser, and William Brown. The committee reported that 
the aggravations of Great Britain against the United States had 
been many and serious; she had tried to wrest from us our rights 
of person and property by interfering with oilr commerce, by 
blockading our harbors with her ships of war, and by tearing our 
sailors from our ships and country; that the government had 
remonstrated without avail, and all means had been tried to avert 
the extremity of war, and that while peace was dear, the honor 
of our country was dearer; therefore a prompt, open and vigorous 
war against Great Britain was urged as the only course left to 
save the sinking honor of our nation ; and further, that remember- 
ing the various wrongs of France against us, especially the 
indignities offered our ships on the high seas by her armed 
squadron, it was demanded that unless the pending negotiations 
brought about an adjustment the same be meted out to France. 
A copy of these resolutions was sent to the President and the 
Speaker of both houses of Congress. 

War was declared against Great Britain June 18, 1812, and 
the President called for 100,000 volunteers. Governor Barbour 
called for Virginia's quota to be ready, and Richmond at once re- 
sponded. The young men of the city met at Bell Tavern and 
enlisted, forming the Rifle Volunteers, Richard Booker, captain. 
The Washington and Jefferson Artillery, Captain J. F. Price; the 
Tiight Infantry Mechanics, Captain Wrenn, and the Riflemen, Cap- 
tain Taylor, were drilling almost daily and preparing to march at 
a moment's notice. There was no thought but of war, and every 
occasion seemed to inspire patriotism, especially the celebration 
of the 4th of July. The military companies, the Friends of the 
Revolution, and the citizens met on the Capitol grounds. The 
Governor, in uniform, addressed them; the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence was read, and President Madison's message recommending 
war. At night ever}' house in the city was illuminated. In August 
the troops began to move, the Bedford Artillery, Captain Mark 
Anthony, on their way to Norfolk, stopped in the city. They were 
given a public dinner, and when they left they were escorted to 



1812] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 85 

Rocketts by the city military companies. The Twentieth Regi- 
ment, with two Richmond companies. Captain Branch's and 
Captain Taylor's, was ordered to Albany, N. Y., to protect the 
northern and western frontier from the Indians and English. The 
Capitol grounds presented a busy scene; crowds of citizens were 
there preparing tents, knapsacks, and other things for the soldiers. 
September 5th, in the Capitol, the citizens came together to raise 
funds for equipping the army. Governor Barbour presided and 
William Munford was secretary. More than $5,700 was raised. 

There were several powder mills near Richmond which were 
working overtime to supply powder for the army. On September 
9th the mill owned by Page, Brown & Burr, east of the city, blew 
up and killed fifteen men. When the explosion came it shook 
the buildings in Richmond and caused many to think that the 
British ships were firing upon the city. 

Amid all the excitement of war the presidential election was 
held in November. Richmond gave James Madison 114 votes and 
Rufus King 41. Madison was elected to serve his second tei-m. 

The news of the war came slowly, as it had to be brought 
either by passengers on the stage or by letters. There was great 
rejoicing in the city December 12th, when a letter announced the 
victory of Commodore Decatur in the frigate United States over 
the British frigate Macedonia. After about seventeen minutes' 
close fight he captured her and brought her into the port of New 
London. 

The rejoicing was scarcely over when the news came that the 
British fleet was threatening Norfolk and would probably come on 
to Richmond. All was excitement now. The Governor ordered 
the Nineteenth Regiment to Norfolk, in which were Captain 
Gamble's Richmond Cavalry and Captain Taylor's Riflemen, alo 
the Manchester Cavalry, Captain Heth. Special efforts were made 
to guard Richmond, and the Volunteer Association of Cavalry, Dr. 
William Foushee, captain; William Wirt, first lieutenant, consist- 
ing largely of soldiers of the Revolution, was formed for that pur- 
pose. As another precaution, about forty or fifty aliens, as the 
British subjects in Richmond were called, were ordered to Lynch- 
burg or some other place in the upper country. 

Because of the danger threatening Norfolk from the British 



86 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1813 

fleet in tlio bay. a large number of citizens were compelled to leave 
their liomes and seek an asylum in Richmond. In view of this the 
Council met March 15, 1813, and appointed John xidams, Joshua 
West, and Rev. J. D. Blair a committee to find suitable houses 
for the refugees and to employ, at the expense of the city, all 
licensed carts and wagons to transfer their goods from Rocketts 
to the places provided for their accommodation. 

Richmond was made a rendezvous for all the troops coming 
from the western part of the State and going to Ha,mpton, Nor- 
folk, and other places. The country beyond the city was a great 
camp, the fields were covered with tents. There were more soldiers 
than had been seen since the Revolution. The whole country was 
aroused by the war and Richmond, fired with patriotism, was doing 
her part to furnish men and means for carrying it to a successful 
issue. 

Every one was bent on doing his utmost to defend the city 
against the British. An enthusiastic public meeting was held in 
the Capitol June 26, 1813, and after many patriotic speeches that 
rekindled the fires of '76, the following were appointed a vigilance 
committee to look after the defense of the city: Dr. William 
Foushee, Sr., Maj. James Gibbons, Hon. John Marshall, Col. Wil- 
liam Campbell, Maj. William Price, Maj. Archibald Denham, 
William Wirt, Philip ^t. Nicholas, Thomas Ritchie, William C. 
Williams, Benjamin Tate, J. G. Smith, and Alexander McRae. 
Three days later the Common Hall met and appropriated $20,000 
for the defense of the city, which amount was to be raised by loan 
from banks and private citizens. William Foushee, W. C. Williams, 
Philip N. Nicholas, and William Wirt were appointed to see after 
raising and expending the money. 

The latter part of June the city was stirred more than ever 
before when the news came that the British had attacked Craney 
Island and had been repulsed, but had occupied Hampton, and 
later that they had evacuated Hampton and were on their way to 
Smithfield and in a few days would come up the river to Richmond. 
Many of the citizens were living who were here when the traitor 
Arnold invaded and burnt the city in 1781, and they knew what 
to expect. Every citizen who could bear arms was called into ser- 
vice. The Flying Artillery, Captain Wirt, was organized, and 



1813] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 87 

several companies of infantry and cavalry. The two forts below the 
city, Fort Powhatan and Fort Malvern Hill, were garrisoned with 
about 4,000 men. The enemy would not find it so easy to occupy 
the Capitol as traitor Arnold did, for the city was now prepared 
to give them a warm reception of shot and shell. When the 
enemy learned at Sandy l*oint that all things were ready for 
them, the commander thought it better to drop down the river 
and seek a more vulnerable point, so the six frigates went back to 
the bay. *^ 

Notwithstanding the excitement of the war, Eichmond was 
moving forward. A public library was established October, 1812, 
called the Christian Library, John Seabrook, librarian. 

March 16, 1813, the Marine Insurance Company of Richmond 
was organized, and it was needed now, especially for war ships. 
The following May The Daily Compiler, Anderson & DuVal, pro- 
prietors, made its appearance. This was Eichmond's first daily 
paper. l)ut it did not last long, and in July The Virginia Bible 
Society was organized with the following managers : John Buch- 
anan. John D. Blair, Jacob Gregg. J. H. Rice, William Munford, 
Samuel Greenhow, Archibald Blair, William Mayo, Eobert Quarles, 
George Watt, John Bryce, William Fenwick, and Alexander Malone. 
This society has continued from that time until now doing its 
good work. 

Another camp was established near Richmond for its protection, 
Camp Holly Springs, Gen. J. X. Cocke commanding it. The 
citizens were depressed because of the continual bad news that 
had been received of the success of the Indians and British in the 
N^orthwest and of the British ships on the sea, but the Enquirer 
of September 21st changed the whole situation by the glorious 
news it published, which was in the form of two letters, which were 

as follows : 

"U. S. Brig Niagara, Sept. 10, 1813. 

Off Western Sister, Head of Lake Erie. 
"To Secretary of the Navy. Hon. Wm. Jones: 

It has pleased the Almighty to give the arms of the United States a 
signal victory over their enemies on this Lake. The British Squadron, 
consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop, have this 



SS RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1813 

moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp 
conflict. 

I have the honor to be. 

Sir, Very Respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

O. H. Perry." 
"To Maj. (General Harrison: 
We have met the enemy, and they are ours. Perry." 

To give thanks for this great victory, the mayor of the city 
set apart September 26th as a special day of thanksgiving and 
sermons were preached by Eev. J. D. Blair at the Capitol and by 
Hev. Jacob Gregg at the Baptist meeting-honse. 

Two new enterprises were started in Eichmond at the close of 
the year 1813, which are interesting because they show us the 
method of traveling in those days. A stage from Washington to 
Richmond was to leave every morning, arriving at Dumfries that 
night, the next day at Bowling Green, and the next day at Rich- 
mond; returning the same way. A line was also established to 
Lynchburg, leaving Richmond Thursday at 2 P. M., reaching 
Lynchburg Saturday at 6 P. M., and returning leave Lynchburg 
Tuesday at 6 A. M., arriving at Richmond Thursday at 10 A. M. 

The continued war had so affected the prices of articles that 
Robert Greenhow, the mayor, had to issue a proclamation calling 
upon the citizens of Richmond, by every possible means, to sup- 
press the boundless spirit of speculation, which pervaded not only 
this city but the whole country. The prices of necessary articles 
were so advanced "by the detestable practice of monopolies" that 
the poor were deprived of them because they could not pay the 
exorbitant prices. 

The indignation of the papers and people of Richmond against 
a sister State is especially worthy of note to the Southern people. 
The article in the Enquirer began : 

"Rebellion Foiled and Union Stronger. — Mar. 9, 1814. — The legisla- 
ture of Massachusetts have struck their tents and gone home. Massa- 
chusetts threatened to secede and thus destroy the Union because the 
war with England was not brought to an end. How unlike Virginia, 
who flew to the aid of Massachusetts when in '76 the British made 
their attack upon Boston." 



1814] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 89 

The disastrous fire of December 26, 1811, was still fresh in the 
minds of the people, and the monument to commemorate it was 
now completed. Monumental Church was opened for the first 
time Wednesday, May 4, 1814. Services were conducted by the 
Rev. John Buchanan of St. Johns, and the sermon was preached 
by the Rev. Mr. Wilmer. Thursday services were conducted by 
Rev, Mr. Meade, afterwards bishop, and the sermon was preached 
by the Rev. Mr. Norris. The vestry met and appointed Rev. 
Richard Channing Moore, of New York City, rector, at a salary of 
$2,500, to be raised by an assessment of 15 per cent, on the first cost 
of the pews. Robert Pollard and Robert Greenhow were the first 
wardens, and C. J. Macmurdo the first treasurer. The Episcopal 
Convention was in session in Richmond at this time and it elected 
Dr. Moore bishop of the Diocese of Virginia, which position he 
filled in connection with that of rector of Monumental Chuich. 
The amount necessary to build the church as a monument to those 
who perished in the memorable fire was largely over-subscribed, 
so on April 26th the trustees of the Association for Building a 
Church on Shockoe Hill announced to the members that one-half 
of their subscription money would be returned upon application 
at the Bank of Virginia. 

There had been a distressing drought this summer, which was 
broken by a continued downpour of rain, so that on July 28th 
there was one of the worst freshets ever known in James river. 
Mayo's bridge was swept away and great damage was done along 
the river front. But this trouble was soon overshadowed by a 
greater one — a fresh alarm of war was sounded. The news came that 
the British were invading Virginia again and were now desolating 
the Northern Neck. Then came the startling news that our 
troops had retreated and the enemy had entered Washington 
Wednesday, August 24th, and burned the Capitol and President's 
house, with other buildings, and would soon take up their march 
to Richmond. To arms ! To arms ! To arms ! was the cry every- 
where. Captain Stevenson's artillery was ordered to take the 
field and Captain Taylor's Richmond Rifles and Captain Murphy's 
Richmond Light Infantry were called into service. Governor 
Barbour issued a general call for volunteers to protect Richmond. 
Soon the patriotic sons of Old Virginia began to flock to the 



90 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1815 

city — the mountaineer with his rifle, the fisherman with his gun, 
and the citizen with liis arms. The city was surrounded with 
troops. Col. B. G. Chamberlayne, with the First Brigade, and 
(^ol. B. G. Cooke, with the Fourth, were here. A special session 
of tlie Legislature was called to devise means for further protec- 
tion. In September it was learned that the enemy had passed 
Alexandria, but Richmond was now fully protected, so there was 
no fear. The city was closely guarded until December, when it 
was learned that negotiations with the British were pending at 
Ghent. 

Again there was rejoicing in the city February 1, 1815, and a 
grand Federal salute was fired when the mail arrived bringing 
the news of General Andrew Jackson's great victory over the 
Indian and British forces before New Orleans January 8th. But 
later there was a greater rejoicing when, February 17th, the Senate 
ratified the treaty of Ghent, signed December 24th. establisiiing 
peace between the United States and Great Britain, and the Presi- 
dent proclaimed it the 18th. Thus "free trade and sailors' rights" 
had been victorious. Mayor Thomas Wilson, acting on a proclama- 
tion of the Governor, ordered that there be a great parade and 
that all the houses in the city be illuminated March 1st to cele- 
brate the return of peace. Richmond had never before witnessed 
such a sight; the Capitol and every house was illuminated, and the 
procession with soldiers and citizens bearing transparencies, 
stretched a mile or more. 

Now that the war was over and the soldiers had returned horaje, 
the people began to turn their attention to internal improvements. 
A meeting was called at the Merchants' Coffee House June 22d 
of all the citizens who were disposed to promote the establishment 
of a steamboat to ply between Richmond and Norfolk. The 
meeting was a success and the company was organized. The paper 
of July 1st gives this notice: 

"The Steamboat moved down the river June 30th to Warwick's with 
a party of ladies and gentlemen. With wind and tide she moved at 
a rate of four miles an hour, but on her trip back at 2 miles an hour. 
She turns, she runs backward as well as forward with wonderful ease. 
All those who saw the splendid stranger hailed her with enthusiasm." 



1815] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 91 

Richmond again was called upon to sympathize with a sister 
city in her dire calamity. Sunday night, July 10th, about 9 
o'clock, the cry of fire aroused the city of Petersburg. The frame 
dwelling of John Walker, on BoUingbrook street, was afire. The 
flames quickly spread from one frame building to another until 
nearly every house to the west side of Sycamore street and on to the 
river was destroyed, except a new brick building of John B. Read. 
Not more than twelve stores of any size escaped, and several lives 
were lost. About two-tliirds of the town was in ruins, and prop- 
erty amounting to nearly a million and a half of dollars had been 
destroyed. Many were reduced to beggary, and numbers were 
in dire distress. It was the worst fire that had ever afflicted a town 
in Virginia. The citizens met and the Common Hall took imme- 
diate steps to relieve the sufferers. In a short time more than 
$5,000 was sent to Petersburg. Until this time the greatest loss 
the Mutual Assurance Society of Richmond had to pay was 
$114,000 on account of the Norfolk fire, but the loss in Petersburg 
would be greater. James Rawlings, the president, announced that 
the society would be able to meet her obligations. 

Richmond had a hand pump (called an engine), a hose, and a 
hook-and-ladder truck, and a bucket brigade, but no adequate pro- 
tection against fire. In view of this a meeting of the citizens was 
called at Washington Tavern August 28th to form an association 
better to protect the city against fire, and plans were adopted fur 
this purpose. 

There was no money of small denominations, so to meet this 
situation the city had been flooded with small private due-bills 
issued by individuals to supply the place of small change. This 
was very troublesome, and the time had come to rescue the city 
from "mushroom, deposed and debasing currency." The Common 
Hall prepared to issue $5,000 against the credit of the city in 
money of eight demoninations, not less than five cents nor more 
than seventy-five cents. This was to be issued on bank paper 
through the city chamberlain. The experiment proved such a 
success that later $25,000 in like money was issued. 

The first effort of the city for a public school was made when 
William Munford. Andrew Stevenson, and Thomas Ritchie called 
a meetinw at Washinsrton Tavern October 14th to establish a Lan- 



92 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1816 

casterian school or schools. The movement was launched and a 
subsequent meeting was held at Bell Tavern. A committee of four 
in each ward was appointed to solicit funds, and it was not long 
before $3,500 was subscribed by the citizens. The following 
January the Common Hall endowed the school with $600 a year, 
allowed it as much land as was necessary north of J street and west 
of Fifteenth, and granted $5,000 for a building. There were 
twelve trustees, of whom Dr. William Foushee was chairman. 
The first session of the school was held in a room over the old 
market-house May, 1816. The 27th of the following June the 
cornerstone of the new building was laid by Worshipful Samuel 
JoneSj Master of Lodge 30. J. D. Blair conducted the religious 
exercises and William Munford spoke. The inscription on the 
stone was : 

"The Lancasterian School is dedicated to the elementary principles 
of education, 'To teach the young idea how to shoot,' and is erected 
by the munificences of the Corporate Body of Richmond and many 
worthy liberal citizens thereof. The children of the wealthy are 
taught at the most reasonable rates and the children of poor gratis." 

E. W. Trent applied to the Legislature at the beginning of 
1816 for a charter for another bridge across the river at Eichmond. 
Colonel Mayo objected, on the ground that there was not traffic 
enough to support two bridges, and as he had spent a good deal 
of money on his, the property ought not to be depreciated. The 
Legislature took a different view, and granted the charter, and 
during the year the second bridge was built. 

Great consternation was caused by the sheriff of Henrico county 
closing the Bank of Virginia at Eichmond January 15, 1816. The 
action developed a peculiar case. The bank was entirely solvent. 
George Fisher, of Eichmond, called on the bank for the pa}Tnent 
of ten of its notes of $100 each in specie and the bank declined. 
Fisher took out a summons against the bank in the Superior 
Court of the county. Sheriff Prosser served the process and Dr. 
Brockenbrough, the president, refusing to obey it peaceably, was 
led by the arm out of the bank. The sheriff then closed the books, 
locked the vault, and gave the key to the cashier and closed the 
doors of the bank and put the key in his pocket. The Bank of 



1816] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 93 

Vir^nia claimed that it could not pay out specie without the 
cooperation of the other banks. The bank was opened the next 
day, but in the mean time it had instituted suit against Fisher 
and Prosser for $10,000 each for damages. This was one example 
of the question of specie payment that not only held the attention 
of the city but of the State and of the United Staes. 

In the Legislature February 12, 1816, C. F. Mercer introduced 
a joint resolution that was of especial interest to tho pO'^-ple of 
Richmond. It requested Judge Bushrod Washington to permit 
the remains of General Washington to be removed to Uichmond 
and placed beneath a suitable monument to be erected at the 
public expense, each city, town and county to help, and no indir 
vidual to be allowed to subscribe over $10. The Governor was 
to appoint five commissioners to choose i design and to arrange 
a suitable ceremony for the removal of the precious dust from 
Mt. Vernon to Richmond. Governor Nicholas transmitted the 
request to Judge Washington February 21st. He replied Marcii 
18th, stating his high appreciation of the offer and saying that 
he was sorry he was forced to decline it, because his uncle had 
directed in his last will and testament that his body be placed in 
the tomb at Mt. Vernon, and that he must l:eep inviolable this 
sacred obligation. Notwithstanding the remains of Washing ion 
could not be removed to this city, the commissioners CDntinued to 
receive subscriptions to the monument which the grateful citizens 
intended to erect. 

Special attention was given in 1816 to river improvements. In 
February the Legislature passed a bill to open the river from 
Rocketts to Colonel Mayo's bridge and to admit vessels to Shockoe 
creek and as high up the river as Haxall's Mill. It was also 
intended to improve the river from Rocketts to Warwick, and to 
build a dock in the city. The books were opened for subscriptions 
to the stock of these companies. The Common Hall took one 
thousand shares of the Richmond Dock Company at $50 a share. 

This year there were several interesting events in the history of 
some of the churches of Richmond. Sunday, March 34th, the 
venerable itinerant preacher. Bishop Francis Asbury, who for 
more than a quarter of a century had been traveling on horse- 
back from Maine to Georgia and through the West every year, 



94 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1816 

preaching and superintending the work of the Methodist Church, 
was carried in a carriage from his stopping place to the old 
Methodist meeting-house, corner Franklin and Nineteenth streets, 
and was taken in the church in a chair which was placed upon a 
table. Sitting there the heroic old man preached his last sermon 
from Rom. 9 :20. The scene was very affecting, and the large 
congregation was melted to tears. He left Richmond the follow- 
ing Tuesday for Baltimore, but died Sunday, the 31st, at George 
Arnold's, in Spotsylvania. 

The Protestant Episcopal Convention met in Richmond May 
21st and Bishop Richard Channing Moore presided. There were 
twenty-seven lay and sixteen clerical -delegates. 

The new Presbyterian churcli to the south of Shockoe creek 
was consecrated July 28th by Rev. J. H. Rice. "It was built witli 
much simplicity, neatness and taste." This was known as the 
Pineapple Church, from a peculiar ornament on the tower. 

Two wonderful things happened this year — one in the realm 
of nature, the other in the realm of art. This was the year without 
a summer. In August the thermometer stood at 54 and fires 
and blankets were comfortable. There was frost every month 
in the year and a prolonged drought, and the crops were a failure. 
No such prodigy had ever occurred before in the memory of the 
oldest inhabitant. The other event was brought to the attention 
of the people by this editorial in the Enquirer: 

"We are on the eve of one of the greatest experiments which has 
been undertaken during the present age; a steamboat . about to brave 
the Atlantic and cross from New York to Russia. The consequence 
of this enterprise who can predict? It may open a new era in the 
art of navigation. It may dispense with the logging and variable 
agency of the winds and waves. It may bring the two worlds together; 
it may shorten the passage about fifteen or twenty-five days. This 
first experiment, who does not wish it success? One of the greatest 
difficulties is as to the transportation of fuel. Can they carry enough 
of it?" 

We can but wonder when we compare this experiment with one 
of our great ocean liners of to-day. 

At the presidential election in November Richmond cast all of 
her votes for James Monroe for President and D. D. Tompkins 
for Vice President. 



18i;] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 95 

On the 2d of the same month tlie citizens met at Bell Tavern 
to consult on the expediency of asking for a branch in Richmond 
of the National Bank, wliich was about to be established. The 
citizens had already subscribed largely to the stock. Their request 
was granted, and the first national bank in the State was opened 
here in May, ISK : W. C. Nicholas, president; J. B. Dandridge, 
cashier, and W. C. Nicholas, Francis Corbin, S. Stevenson, S. 
Meyers, J. B. Harvie, J. G. Gamble, Dabney Morris, Robert Pol- 
lard, R. Anderson, S. G. Adams, Charles Ellis, Thomas Ruther- 
ford, P. N. Nicholas, directors. 

General Winfield Scott arrived in Richmond December 10th, 
and on the 14th was given a public dinner at the Eagle Tavern. 
Among those who responded to toasts were Thomas Wilson, mayor; 
P. N. Nicholas, attorney-general; Mr. Watts, Speaker of Senate, 
and Stevenson of the House; Governor James P. Preston. Judges 
Marshall and Roane. General Scott was so much pleased with 
Richmond that he decided to tie himself closer to her, so on 
March 11th he was married to Miss Maria D. Mayo, daughter of 
Col. John Mayo. This was one of the most notable social events 
in the history of the city to that time. The marriage took place 
at the Hermitage, the Mayo home. 

July 6th an ordinance was passed to establish Shockoe Hill 
Market at Sixth and T. streets, and Dr. William Foushee, Ben 
Wolfe, Mann S. Valentine, John G. Gamble, and Alexander Mc- 
Rae were appointed commissioners to build it. They did their 
work well, and January 15. 1817, the market was opened. This 
same month another institution was opened. The Legislature, 
February, 1816, granted to James Worrell permission to erect a 
museum on Capitol Square on T\velfth street, facing F. He at 
once started the building, which was of cheap construction, and 
this month he opened the museum, which was stocked with all 
kinds of curious things that he could secure. The admission was 
fifty cents. It continued for several years and was then closed. 

Interest in the Washington monument was revived April 4th 
when Lieutenant Governor Linah Minis issued a proclamation 
calling for subscriptions and appointing as commissioners for Rich- 
mond Judge John Marshall, chairman; Judge^^pencer Roane, 
Col. Wilson C. Nicholas, Maj. James Gibbons, Judge William 



96 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1818 

Brockenbrough, Maj. Robert Gamble, Alexander McRae, and Dr. 
John Adams. The books were opened May 13th, and only cash 
subscriptions were received. The following February the Legis- 
lature autliorized the Governor to procure the model of a monu- 
ment which, wlien completed, would not cost more than $100,000. 
An enterprise in the State was begun this year which was of great 
interest to Richmond, and to which her citizens contributed. 
February 17, 1816 Mr. Jefferson wrote to the Legislature on the 
importance of public education and urged them to establish an 
academy or college in "'my neighborhood." In accordance with 
tiis wishes a bill was passed at that session establishing Central 
College. The site of the institution was designated July 19, 1817, 
in the presence of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Gen. J. JST. 
Cocke, to be established one mile beyond Charlottesville. A private 
subscription of sixteen or eighteen thousand dollars was secured. 
At the head of the list, giving a thousand dollars each, were 
Thomas Jefferson, J. N". Cocke, J. C. Cabell. George Divers, Wilson 
C. Nicholas, John Patterson, and Madison and Monroe were 
expected to contribute the same amount. The first stone was laid 
October 6th, in the presence of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. 
Few schools have been started in the presence of two ex-Presi- 
dents and one President of the United States. The visitors were 
James Monroe, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, David R, 
Watson, J. N. Cocke, and Joseph C. Cabell. The following 
February, at the instance of Jefferson, the Legislature passed 
a bill to establish a university and appointed commissioners to 
locate it. The commissioners met at Rock Fish Gap August 2, 
1818, and voted on a site. Jefferson was present and offered 
Central College. The vote stood 16 for Charlottesville, 3 for Lex- 
ington, 2 for Staunton. January 19, 1819, the Legislature, by 
a large majorit}^, passed the University Bill as outlined by Mr. 
Jefferson, locating it at Central College, near Charlottesville. And 
in February following Governor Preston appointed the following 
board of visitors of the University of Virginia : Thomas Jefferson, 
James Madison, Chapman Johnson, John C. Cabell, K. B. Taylor, 
James Breckenridge, and John ]S'. Cocke. Jefferson was 
made rector and work on the plans for a magnificent school was 
at once begun. Some complained that the plans called for too 



1819] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT ^f 

large an outlay of money, but Jefferson's purpose to build well 
for the days to come was carried out. The work was carried for- 
ward, but not without difficulty, and March 7, 1825, the university 
was opened and put into actual operation with forty students 
enrolled. Jefferson as rector made his annual report to the Got- 
ernor, which was transmitted to the Legislature. 

There were several deaths of leading citizens in 1818. Thomas 
Wilson, mayor of the city, died May 3d; E. W. Trent, who built 
the second bridge across the river, died May 19 th, and Col. John 
Mayo, who built the first bridge, died May 27th. Five died during 
the year from hydrophobia. 

The year 1819 was one of the dullest in the history of Eich- 
mond : times were hard and money scarce. It was claimed that 
the reduction of the circulating medium had produced the dis- 
tresses of the times. This year there was much discussion of a 
question that was destined to figure in the history of the State — 
State's Rights. This question was now being discussed in rela- 
tion to national banks and national lotteries as against the State 
institutions. At this time the stock of the National Bank was 
quoted at 104, while the stock of the State banks was 78. 

Since the burning of the theatre in 1811 no theatre had been 
opened in Richmond, although vain attempts had been made. More 
than a year before the building of a new theatre was begun and thia 
year it was opened to the public. The memory of the great disaster 
was so fresh in the minds of the people that it was some time 
before many would again venture into the treatre. 



98 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1820 



CHAPTER IV 

The census of 1820 showed that Richmond had a population 
of 12,046, of which 6,407 were whites, 4,393 slaves, and 1,246 
free negroes. 

A few years before Richmond gave Commodore Stephen Decatur 
a public dinner in recognition of Ms great achievements in the 
Navy; now she mourned his untimely death, which took place 
March 23d. On that day he and Commodore Janies Barron, of 
Hampton, met between Washington and Brandensburg and fought 
a duel. They stood eight paces apart, face to face, and at the 
word both fired. Barron was slightly wounded, but Decatur was 
mortally, and died shortly afterward. 

The presidential election was held this year, but there was 
little interest; only seventeen votes were cast and they were for 
James Monroe for President and D. D. Tompkins for Vice Presi- 
dent. 

The Presbyterians, as has been stated, built their first church on 
Main street, between Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth, and organ- 
ized it June 18, 1812. In 1815 they sold this church and the Catho- 
lics occupied it. Later it became Hardgrove's tobacco factory. They 
built another church on the south side of Grace street between 
Seventeenth and Eighteenth in 1816. This was called the "Pine- 
apple" Church. Then in 1821 they moved to Shockoe Hill, where on 
the north side of Franklin street between Thirteenth and Four- 
teenth they erected a building. Times were hard and they had 
trouble in raising the money to pay for it. A liberal gentleman, 
however, advanced the money and the building was completed. 

This year Norfolk was again afflicted by an epidemic of yellow 
fever, and many of her people came to Richmond as a place of 
refuge. The citizens with their usual hospitality received them, 
and did what they could to arrange homes for them. 

A meeting of the citizens was held at the Merchants' Cojffee 
House January 12, 1822, John Adams (mayor), chairman, to 



1822] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 99 

petition Congress against its proposed action in reference to 
British vessels. In order to bring about reciprocity with Great 
Britain her vessels were forbidden to bring her products into our 
ports and to carry ours out. The citizens sent Andrew SLevenson to 
Congress with their protest, which stated that the act was unequal 
and oppressive, and was hurtful alike to agriculture, commerce, 
and manufactures. 

The stage brought to Richmond, January 28th, two distinguished 
visitors — Henry Clay and George M. Bibb. They came as com- 
missioners from Kentucky to appear before the Legislature relative 
to the meaning and execution of an act of 1789 entitled '"The 
erection of the District of Kentucky into a separate State." It 
seems that the title of a good deal of land was involved in the 
construction of the act. These gentlemen appeared before a 
joint session February 7, and a great crowd of citizens attended 
to hear Clay speak. He spoke for three hours and was followed 
by Bibb. A public dinner in their honor was given at the Eagle 
Hotel February 9th. Col. Linn Banks, Speaker of the House, 
presided, and W. H. Fitzhugh, of the Senate, was vice president. 
Clay responded to the toast "The State of Virginia: the ancient 
domain," Bibb to "The Memory of Patrick Henry." Among 
the others who spoke were James Madison, Judge Spencer Roane, 
William Munford, and Colonel Lee. ~ ~~~'~ 

This was Judge Roane's last appearance in public. He died 
September 4th. The Rev. John Buchanan, rector of St. Johns 
Church, who for 40 years was connected with the city of Rich- 
mond, died December 18th, and was buried in the old church at the 
right of the altar. He was intimately associated with Rev. J. D. 
Blair, a Presbyterian minister, who taught school in Richmond 
and preached at the Capitol and St. Johns Church, and during the 
last year was in charge of the Presbyterian church on Shockoe 
Hill. Blair followed his companion to the grave January 10, 1822. 
These two faithful ministers were beloved in Richmond and their 
death was mourned by the whole city. 

For a long time the people had been anxiously awaiting the 
opening of the dock. At last the day arrived, December 23d. The 
weather was bad, but a large crowd assembled to see two schooners 



lOa RICHMOND: HBR PAST AND PRESENT [1833 

towed through the locks, and when they were within the dock there 
was great cheering and discharging of cannon. 

A great freshet of January 20 marked the beginning of 1833. 
Mayo's bridge was partly swept away and Trent's bridge was 
covered with water, and a great deal of damage was done to prop- 
erty near the river. 

On the same day a petition from Frederick, Augusta, and some 
other western counties was presented to the Legislature, which if 
favorably acted upon would have proved a fatal calamity to Rich- 
mond. It was to remove the seat of government to another part 
of the State more readily reached by the western counties. In 
the House Baldwin and Shannon spoke in favor of the measure, 
but, need it be said, it was not passed. 

The first Baptist General Association of Virginia met in the 
Second Baptist Church in Richmond May 17. Representatives 
of nineteen associations in Virginia and three associations partly 
in Virginia were present. Among other things the association 
appointed a committee of twenty-one to carry out its plans of 
operation in the State. This year the question of the James River 
and the Kanawha Canal was discussed, both by its fiiends and 
by its foes. One side saw in it a great enterprise for opening up the 
resources of the State and building up Richmond, while the other 
claimed that it would be a useless expenditure of money. 

The night of Friday, August 8, 1833, was one never to be for- 
gotten by the inhabitants of the little city. About midnight the 
cry of fire was heard, quickly followed by the ringing of the bells. 
The penitentiary was on fire ! The guard from the armory, the 
fire company, and nearly all the citizens hastened to the scene. 
Governor Pleasants was soon there giving orders. There were 
two hundred and forty-four convicts in the institution. The 
most of these, almost frantic with fear, were released and grouped 
together in front of the building, guarded by the Public Guard 
and unarmed citizens. There was great excitement when it became 
known that some of the prisoners were still locked in their cells, 
and because of the intense heat there was no way to get to them. 
Then began the task of cutting through the walls to release them. 
Momentarily it was expected that they would make a break for 
liberty and that there would be a desperate and bloody fight. N"o 



1824] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT IQl 

trouble occurred, however, and the prisoners were marched to the 
portico of the Capitol, where they were counted and it was found 
that all were present. They remained there under guard until 
day, when the men were marched to the armory and the women 
to the barracks for safe keeping. A special guard was em- 
ployed to watch them until the buildings could be made ready for 
their return. Nearly all the buildings, except some of the celle, 
the dining room, and kitchen, were burned. It was thought that 
one of the "trusties," who was not locked in his cell that night, 
set fire to the shoe shop, but it could never be proved. 

As early as this the negro question was causing serious and 
anxious thought, both as to the slaves and as to the free negroes. 
A plan was formed of securing a country in Africa and trans- 
porting them thither. A meeting of the citizens of Richmond 
was held November 4th in the Hall of the House of Delegates to 
form a Colonization Society as an auxiliary of the American 
Society, to provide homes for the free negroes on the eastern 
coast of Africa. John Marshall, chief justice of the United States, 
was elected president; Governor James Pleasants, Jr., vice presi- 
dent, and James Gibbons, second vice president. The society con- 
tinued in existence some years, and within that time many negroes 
were enabled to find homes in their native land. 

With the year 1824 started a new semi-weekly paper in Rich- 
mond, The Constitutional Whig, John D. Pleasants and Joseph 
Butler, proprietors. This paper was destined to have a long and 
interesting career. 

The method of agitating public questions at this time was by 
means of a public meeting of the citizens, so that almost every 
cause of public interest was brought before the people in this way. 
Another meeting of this kind was held January 30, with Linn 
Banks, Speaker of the House, president, and Thomas Ritchie, pro- 
prietor of The Enquirer, secretary. The object of the meeting 
was to help the Greeks gain their freedom from the despotism 
and assassinations of the unspeakable Turks. Resolutions of sym- 
pathy for this noble people in their struggle for the rights of man 
were passed, and a committee of the Legislature and of each ward 
in the city was appointed to raise funds for the cause. The people 



102 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [18M 

were inspired by the interest taken in the Greeks by the poet Lord 
Byron. 

There were two deaths of prominent citizens this year. Judge 
Fleming, president of the Court of Appeals, died in February, 
and Dabney Carr was elected in his place. Dr. William Foushee, 
for whom a street in the city is named, died August 21. He was 
one of Richmond's most public-spirited citizens. He was for some 
years a member of the Legislature and of the Executive Council, 
president of the James River Company, president of the Common 
Hall, and postmaster. There was no movement of public interest 
with which he was not connected. 

This year Richmond had the greatest civic and social affair in 
her history : General LaFayette visited the city. As early as July 
the volunteer companies of the city met and proposed to give him 
a reception at Yorktown October 19 th, and to invite all the troops 
of the State to join them. All (if the companies of the State 
responded, and a great meeting, commemorating the victory of 
American independence, was arranged. The Richmond Light 
Infantry Blues, the Artillery Company, the Rifle Rangers, the 
Governor and his council, the Chief Justice of the United States, 
the judges of the Court of Appeals, and the citizens set out on the 
16th for Yorktown. In the mean time several public meetings had 
been held and extensive arrangements were made for the gen- 
ral's visit to Richmond. Governor Pleasants offered the mansion 
for his reception, but it was thought best to secure a suite of fine 
rooms for the party, and twenty rooms for the officers of the Revo- 
lutionary War at the Eagle Hotel. Great preparation was made 
for the distinguished visitor ; the city was decorated, at the Capitol 
Square there were three triumphal arches at the three upper 
gates—one to General LaFayette, one to General N"elson, and one 
to General Green. Inside the grounds there was a four-fronted 
arch to Generals Washington, Montgomery, Morgan, and Wayne, 
and a tall obelisk containing the names of all the living Virginia 
officers of the Revolution. These officers and all the Virginia sol- 
diers of the Revolution were invited to be the city's guests. Jef- 
ferson, Madison, and Monroe were especially invited, but neither 
of them could attend. Mayor John Adams was chosen to make the 
address of welcome on the arrival of General LaFayette in the 



1824] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 103 

city, and Judge John Marshall was selected to make the principal 
address at the Capitol. The ball was to be at the Eagle Hotel. 
For this purpose the large yard was covered with a floor and 
canopied with canvass, so as to accommodate eight hundred or a 
thousand people. The place was handsomely decorated and bril- 
liantly lighted, so that it looked almost like fairyland. 

The day for the arrival of the distinguished guest, October 26th, 
came. It was a cold, rainy day. A great crowd was at the 
wharf in Eocketts and on the streets to get a sight of General 
LaFayette and his son, George Washington LaFayette. At 2 
o'clock he arrived from Norfolk on the steamer Peters- 
burg. When he put his foot on shore the artillery on the 
hill fired a salute, and this was taken up by the company on Capi- 
tol Square. The procession was formed and marched up B 
street (the streets east and west were called after the letters of 
the alphabet, Main street was E and Broad H) to the Eagle Hotel, 
corner Twelfth. Here the ladies had erected a beautiful arch. 
Crowds of people lined the way from the wharf to the hotel, and 
there forty officers of the Revolution awaited him. The parade 
was postponed until the following day, so at 5 o'clock P. M. the 
party sat down to a public dinner. Judge Leigh presided. On his 
right were General LaFayette, Chief Justice Marshall, and John 
C. Calhoun: on his left Judge Brooke and Governor Pleasants. 
Among the toasts were "The Memory of Washington," Judge Leigh, 
all standing; "Health to our great friend and beloved guest," 
"The State of Virginia: the City of Eichmond," by General 
LaFayette; "The State of Virginia," by Governor Pleasants; 
"Rational Liberty the Cause of Mankind," Judge Marshall ; "The 
Cause of '76," John C. Calhoun. Generals Macomb and Cocke, 
Com. Barron. Colonel Preston, and many others responded to 
toasts. The dinner, which was the greatest ever given in Rich- \ 
mond, lasted until 11 o'clock, — ^ 

By sunrise the 27th the city was astir making preparations for 
the great public welcome to be accorded General LaFayette. At 
10 o'clock the procession formed at Henrico Courthouse in the 
following order: The mayor. Court of Hustings, president and 
members of Council, Major General LaFayette in barouche, the 
General's suite, members of Society of Cincinnati and officers of the 



104 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1824 

Revolution, the Governor and members of the Executive Council, 
judges of the Court of Appeals and Superior Court, clergy of all 
denominations, Major General Taylor and aids, brigadier generals 
and aids, adjutant generals, majors, State officers and officers of 
banks, officers of United States army and navy and militia, La- 
Fayette Artillery, Lieutenant Richardson; Light Infantry Blues, 
Captain Murphy ; Rifle Rangers, Captain Brooke ; LaFayette Guard, 
Captain Nelson; Morgan's Legion, citizens and strangers on foot, 
citizens and strangers in carriages. All business vras suspended and 
people from many places in the State came. As the parade passed 
the most rapturous applause burst from every spectator. The line 
of march was up E (Main) street to Fifth, down Fifth to H 
(Broad), down H to City Hall. Here they halted and the mayor 
delivered an address of welcome, which was responded to by the 
General. Then they marched to the Capitol, where Chief Justice 
Marshall delivered an oration on behalf of the officers of the Revo- 
lution. General LaFayette also responded to this. After the 
speaking he was conducted to the great tent or marque to meet the 
ladies, and for more than an hour he shook hands with the richly 
clad women of the city and State. At night the whole city was 
illuminated and fireworks were set off. The marque was open 
to the people for refreshments, and General LaFayette attended 
the theatre. 

The next day the General received the pupils of the Sabbath 
schools, about 500, under the marque. He then attended the races 
and dined with the Jockey Club. At night the grand ball was given 
under the canopy at the Eagle Hotel. 

On the 29th he went to Petersburg, and on the 30th he attended 
a Masonic dinner at Masons' Hall. Right Worshipful Chief Justice 
Marshall presided. Sunday the General attended worship at 
Monumental Church. Bishop Moore conducted the services. He 
dined with some friends, and Tuesday he left the city for Gooch- 
land and Monticello, and was escorted to Powell's Tavern by the 
mayor and the military companies. 

The people were delighted with their guest, and they were per- 
suaded that such were his high moral qualities that the nearer 
you approached him the more you loved him, and the more you 
knew of the civil polished gentleman of rare common sense, with 



1825] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 105 

mind richly stored, and a soldier brave, true, and strong, the 
more you admired him. 

The first time General LaFayette visited Eichmond was in the 
fall of 1781, just 43 years before. The circumstances of that 
visit were very different. He reached Richmond by a forced march 
with 2,500 of the best troops selected by Washington, Cornwallis 
and Phillips had joined in Petersburg and intended to attack 
Richmond. The British marched to Manchester, but when Gen- 
eral LaFayette drew up his troops to attack them as they crossed 
the river, they withdrew to Petersburg and then to Westover. 
General LaFayette, with 3,000 militia under General Nelson, 
retreated through Henrico, Hanover, Louisa, and Orange to join 
General Wajoie. They then marched back to James river and 
attacked the British at Green Springs, defeating them' and march- 
ing on towards Yorktown. 

An interesting occurrence during the reception of LaFayette 
was on the 28th, when all the surviving Virginia officers of the 
Revolution dined together for the last time. 

General LaFayette again visited Richmond, upon the invitation 
of the Legislature, January 25, 1825, and was entertained at din- 
ner at the Union Hotel by that body. At night a ball was given in 
his honor at the Eagle and he left the next day. 

The election for President came off in JSTovember. Richmond 
gave W. N. Crawford, of Georgia, 110 votes; John Q. Adams, 79; 
Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay, none. The election was thrown 
into Congress, and no one was elected until March 1st. It had 
been predicted that Clay would throw his strength to John Q. 
Adams, who would be elected, and Clay would be Secretary of 
State. This occurred, and the 'Tsargain," as it was called, was 
severely scored by the Republican press. John C. Calhoun was 
elected Vice President. 

In the year 1825 Richmond lost two of her most prominent 
citizens. William Munford died June 21, and in him the city 
lost one of her best, most useful, and most benevolent citizens. 
June 24 Dr. John Adams, mayor of the city, died. He was a man 
of great kindness and was deeply interested in the welfare of 
the city. Adams street was named in honor of him. 

Already the question of slavery was being agitated and anti- 



106 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1836 

slavery societies were sending their literature to the negroes. The 
opinion of the people was : 

"We see the evil, but where is the remedy?" 

Eichmond and the whole country was greatly aroused by a bill 
passed by the Legislature February, 1826. It was to authorize 
Thomas Jefferson to dispose of his property by lottery. He was 
greatly embarrassed by debt and asked this last privilege of the 
Legislature to relieve himself in his declining years. It must be 
kept in mind that this was the day of lotteries. The public mind 
had not been awakened on the subject. There were lotteries for 
public works, lotteries for schools and colleges, and lotteries even 
for some churches. The March following Jefferson wrote the fol- 
lowing letter in explanation of his request : 

"I knew that my property, if a fair market could be obtained, was 
far beyond the amount of my debts, & sufficient after paying them 
to leave me at ease. I knew at the same time that under the present 
abject prostration of agricultural industry in this country, no market 
exists for that form of property. A long succession of unfruitful 
years, long continued low prices, heavy tariffs levied on this and 
other branches, to maintain that of manufactures, calamitous fluc- 
tuations in the value of our circulating medium, and in my case, a 
want of skill in the management of our land and labor, those cir- 
cumstances had been long undermining the state of agriculture, had 
been breaking up the landholders and land market here, while draw- 
ing off its bidders to people the western country. Under such circum- 
stances agricultural property had become no resource for the payment 
of debts. To obtain a fair market was all I wanted, and this the only 
means of obtaining it. The idea was perhaps more familiar to me 
than to younger people, because so commonly practiced before the 
Revolution. It had no connection with morality, although it had with 
expediency. Instead of being suppressed, therefore, with mere games 
of chance, lotteries had been placed under the discretion of the Leg- 
islature as a means of sometimes effecting purposes, desirable, while 
left voluntary. Whether my case was within the range of that discre- 
tion they were to judge, and in the integrity of that judgement I had 
the most perfect confidence. The necessity which dictated this ex- 
pedient cost me, in its early stage, unspeakable mortification. The 
turn it has taken, so much beyond what I could have expected, has 
countervailed all I suffered & become a source of felicity which I 
should otherwise never have known." 




I 



1826] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 107 

The people throughout the country took the position that it 
was a shame for the United States to allow Thomas Jefferson to 
be in need, a man who had devoted his time and talents to the 
public service to the neglect of his own private affairs, so they 
began to take public subscriptions to raise the amount necessary. 
The citizens of Eichmond met at the Capitol June 5. Governor 
John Tyler was chairman and Thomas Ritchie was secretary. It 
was resolved to appoint a committee of twenty-four to receive sub- 
scriptions, none of which should be over five dollars, and to for- 
ward the amount to Jefferson, and to call upon all the cities, towns, 
and counties of the State and United States to help. Chief Jus- 
tice Marshall was made chairman of the committee. 

It was thought proper to appoint July 4th as the day for 
making the subscriptions, as the people came together to cele- 
brate the day, and it was a day especially suited to call to mind 
Jefferson's great work. The next paper that came out was July 
7th. Instead of announcing the results of the efforts to raise 
money, it came with the marks of deep mourning and announced 
the death of Thomas Jefferson. He died at Monticello July 4th at 
12:50, the very day and hour on which the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence was read fifty years before. The news which plunged the 
whole country into mourning was not received here until the night 
of July 6th. The Capitol was draped in mourning, and all next 
day the bells tolled and minute guns were fired from sunrise to 
sunset. Again the citizens of Eichmond were called to meet in 
the Hall of the House of Delegates. Joseph Tate, the mayor, was 
called to the chair. The hall was crowded with citizens who had 
come to do the great man honor. Andrew Stevenson addressed 
the meeting on the life and labors of Jefferson. Tuesday, July 
11, was set apart as a day of public mourning. The following 
committee of arrangements was appointed: Andrew Stevenson, 
Judge Marshall, Judge Cabell, General Harvie, Peter V. Daniel, 
James Tate, James Lyons, William Eowlett, J. Baker, G. jST. 
Bacchus, William Brockenbrough, S. Sublet, B. Peyton, T. and 
Dr. John Brockenbrough, E. G. Scott, H. Clarke, Eobert Stanard. 
John Enders, L. Ellett, Thomas Eitchie, J. Cosby, Robert Green- 
how, J. H. Eustace, John Eutherford, John Robertson, P. N. 
Nicholas, James Eawlings, C. J. Nicholas, J. H. Pleasants, Cap- 



108 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1826 

tain Nelson, Captain Johnson, G. Meyers, B. L. "Wallace, J. G. Wil- 
liams, John Campbell, George Watson, Samuel Taylor, and Col- 
onel Lambert. 

When the day arrived the bells were tolled and the minute guns 
again were fired from sunrise till sunset. All the stores were closed 
and business was suspended. The funeral procession started at 
10 o'clock in the following order: Governor and Council and 
officers of State, officers and soldiers of the Revolution and mem- 
bers of the Society of Cincinnati, clergy and relatives of the 
deceased, judges. Federal and State Committee of Arrangements, 
mayor and corporate authorities of Eichmond, citizens of Rich- 
mond, and military. The line of march was from Henrico Court- 
house up E street to Fifth, thence to H, down H to the Capitol. 
Bishop Moore opened the impressive exercises with prayer. Gov- 
ernor John Tyler delivered the oration and Rev. Mr. Kerr, of the 
Baptist Church, closed with prayer. 

In a letter to Judge A. B. Woodward, dated April 3, 1825, 
Jefferson said: 

"The Bill of Rights and the Constitution of Virginia were originally 
drawn by George Mason, one of our really great men of the first 
order of greatness. I drew the Declaration of Independence. * * • 
Withdrawn by age from all other public service and attention to 
public things, I am closing the last scenes of life by fostering and 
fashioning an establishment for the instruction of those who are to 
come after us, I hope its influence on their virtue, freedom, fame, and 
happiness will be salutary and permanent." 

Those near Mr. Jefferson when he died said : "During his illness 
and to the moment of his death his same serene, decisive and cheer- 
ful temper which had marked his life continued.'' He gave direc- 
tions ,for his funeral, forbidding all pomp and parade, and asked, 
*T)o you think I fear to die? Do not imagine for a moment that 
I feel the smallest solicitude as to the results." 

A few days before Mr. Jefferson's death he was in need of 
money. At that time notice came that New York had put $7,000 
to his credit, which greatly pleased him. The question arose as 
to what to do with the money raised after his death, and it was 
proposed to purchase Monticello and give it to his heirs. The lot- 
tery wae advertised, but it was never consummated. The amount 



1827] RICHMOND: HBR PAST AND PRESENT 109 

of his debts was $107,000, on which $35,000 was paid. July, 1828, 
his land in Bedford and Campbell, and Monticello and Shadwell 
Mills was advertised for sale by his executor. 

Before the preparations for Jefferson's funeral arrange- 
ments in Richmond were complete, the news was received that 
another statesman, patriot of the Revolution and ex-President, had 
died July 4th — John Adams. The citizens passed suitable resolu- 
tions bemourning his death. 

W. B, Giles was elected Governor February, 1827, to succeed 
John Tyler, who was elected to the United States Senate, defeat- 
ing John Randolph of Roanoke. The friends of Tyler gave him 
a public dinner at the Union Hotel March 3d. William C. Holt, 
Speaker of the Senate, presided. The friends of John Randolph of 
Roanoke gave him a public dinner at the Eagle Hotel, and Linn 
Banks, Speaker of the House of Delegates, presided. 

Friday, August 17, 1827, Richmond had what may well be 
called the Carnival of Death. Three Spaniards, Pepe, Couro, and 
Felix, were tried here in the United States Court for piracy and 
murder committed on the brig Crawford, bound from Matanzas, 
Cuba. They were found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. This 
was the day on which they were to die. They were taken from 
Henrico jail at 11 o'clock A. M., in the presence of thousands of 
people. Clothed in purple gowns with hoods over their heads 
and ropes around their necks, they started to the gallows seated 
on their coffins in a wagon and guarded by the military com- 
panies. All seemed to be enjoying the occasion except the three 
culprits; it was rather distasteful to them. They were conducted 
along the whole extent of E or Main street to the gallows, which 
stood in a valley at the north end of the penitentiary outside of 
the enclosure. The procession extended nearly the whole length 
of the city. Here was a great multitude of people, estimated at 
seven thousand, on the hills surrounding the gallows. When they 
reached the place the prisoners ascended the platform and a priest 
ministered to them; then a Protestant minister, through an 
interpreter, for none of them could speak English. They asked 
the people to pray for their souls and requested that their bodies 
be buried and not taken up. After the ropes around their necks 
were fastened to the cross beam of the gallows, the officer pulled the 



no RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1827 

cord which dropped the platform. Felix was left hanging in the 
air, hut the ropes holding Pepe and Couro broke, and they fell 
strangling and struggling to the ground. A chill of horror went 
through the great multitude. There were loud screams, and 
many thinking that their friends had come to rescue them (they 
had no friends), ran home in great dismay. The officer took 
them up and again conducted them to the platform by the side 
of their dead comrade. He then adjusted the rope and again 
dropped the platform. Their bodies shot down, but the ropes held 
and they were strangled to death. Their bodies were allowed 
to hang there in full gaze of the morbid multitude for one hour. 
They were then taken down and buried in one grave on the hill 
near the penitentiary. After some hours they were disinterred 
and taken to the armory, where they were experimented upon with 
galvanism, as the electric current was then called. They were not 
brought back to life as some thought the wonderful power would 
do, so they were reinterred and remain even to this day in the 
one grave, probably under the house of some citizen who lives 
on the hill. Such were the public executions of that time, the 
Carnival of Death. 

The citizens were much interested in the presidential election 
although it was more than a year later. However, October 24, 
1827, a large number met at the Capitol to express their disapproba- 
tion of Gen. Andrew Jackson for President. W. H. Cabell was 
chairman. Eev. John Kerr, of the Baptist Church, opened with 
prayer. After passing resolutions of disapproval of General Jack- 
son, Eev. John Kerr, Chapman Johnson, and Daniel Call were 
elected delegates to the State convention to be held in Eichmond 
January 8, 1828. This convention was held in the House of Dele- 
gates at the appointed time, and every section of the State was 
represented. Judge Francis T. Brooke, president of the Court 
of Appeals, was elected president and J. H. Pleasants secretary. 
There was also a meeting held in favor of General Jackson. P. N. 
Nicholas, P. V. Daniel, Thomas Eitchie, William Selden, George 
W. Munford were of the central committee. When the election 
took place Eichmond gave Jackson 107 votes and John Q. Adams 
199, although Virginia gave Jackson 14,651 majority. 

The great question before the people of Eichmond and of the 



1829] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT HI 

whole State was the question of internal improvement. They 
knew of the vast resources of the State, but there was no way to 
get the produce and the raw material to market, or the manufac- 
tured goods to the people of the upper country, except over bad 
roads. The plan was to improve the river navigation and to build 
canals or railroads, for there were neither in the State at that time. 
A meeting was called at the Capitol May 26, 1828. The mayor, 
Joseph Tate, was chairman. Great interest in the enterprise was 
manifested, and the following were elected delegates to the State 
Convention for Internal Improvement, which was to meet at Char- 
lottesville July 14th : Judge John Marshall, Dr. John Brocken- 
brough, Benjamin W. Leigh, Eobert Stanard, Joseph Moore, Gen. 
J. B. Harvie, and John Allen. 

One of the memorable days in the history of Eichmond, a day 
that has dawned but three times in nearly a century and a half, 
was Monday, October 8, 1829. It was a day that anxiously had 
been looked forward to. As early as April 10, 1824, the citizens 
held a meeting at the Capitol and resolved that the present State 
Constitution was defective and required amendments; that the 
representation in the Legislature was not proportionate, and the 
executive machinery was cumbersome. They also resolved to take 
a poll of the city on the subject of a Constitutional Convention, 
which resulted in 133 votes for the convention and 136 against. 
The friends of the measure presented a memorial to the Legisla- 
ture praying that the question of calling a convention be sub- 
mitted to the voters of the State. After discussion this was de- 
feated. May 20, 1825, another public meeting was held in the 
Capitol with William Munford, one of the most ardent conven- 
tion men, as chairman (he died shortly after this meeting), at 
which delegates were elected to the State Convention held at 
Staunton July 25th to memorialize the Legislature to submit the 
question of calling a convention to the voters of the State. The 
memorial of the great convention at St<iunton was presented io 
the House and the proposition was defeated, 94 to 101. The com- 
mittee reported that "it was inexpedient to afford the facility 
asked for." The question was agitated more than ever hefor.i, 
public meetings were held, and arrangements were made to bring 
the matter up again before the next Legislature which was elected 



112 RICHMOND: HBR PAST AND PRESENT [1829 

on this issue — they were elected and met once a year. The House 
passed the bill December 13, 1827, and the Senate passed it Jan- 
uary 31, 1828. The preamble read: 

"Whereas, it is represented to this General Assembly that a portion 
of the good people of this Commonwealth are in favor of amending 
the Constitution of this State, and this Assembly feels that it is their 
duty to ascertain the wishes of the people thereon, Be it therefore 
enacted, &c." 

The poll was taken in May. Richmond cast 81 Totea for the 
convention and 90 against, but the State gave a majority of 5,230 
for the convention. The Convention bill was passed by the Legis- 
lature February 10, 1829. It provided for the apportioning of 
delegates and for the submission of the Constitution when com- 
pleted to the people for ratification. 

The Richmond district, which included the city, Henrico, War- 
wick, York, Elizabeth City, New Kent, Charles City, James City, 
and Williamsburg, was entitled to four delegates. The non-free- 
holders, who could not vote, met and demanded their right to 
vote for delegates to the convention, and determined that if they 
were denied their right they would vote separately, and they did. 
The delegates elected were Judge John Marshall, John Tyler, 
P. N. Nicholas, and John B. Clopton. 

On the memorable Monday the delegates assembled in the Hall 
of the House of Delegates. When the convention was called to 
order the venerable James Madison, the only delegate who was 
a member of the Legislature of 1776 which adopted the first Con- 
stitution of the State of Virginia and the only one who was a 
member of the convention which framed the Constitution of the 
United States, arose and was the first to speak. How appropriate 
that he who had taken part in making two great Constitutions 
should be first to speak in the convention of '29. 

He nominated as President of the convention James Monroe, 
who was unanimously elected. Mr. Madison and Judge Marshall 
escorted the President to the chair, who on assuming it delivered 
an able and impressive address. George W. Munford, of Richmond, 
was elected clerk. The clergy of all denominations took it by 
turns in opening the convention with prayer for a week consecu- 



1829] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 113 

tively. It was not long, however, before Mr. Monroe, on account 
of his health, was forced to resign his honorable position and P. P. 
Barbour was elected president in his place. Day after day each 
section was gone over and debated and the new section adopted- 
Many memorials from various sections were presented; one was 
a memorial asking for equal suffrage for women. 

At length the great work was completed and the Constitution 
was adopted January 14, 1830, and the convention adjourned the 
next day. In the spring elections it was submitted to the people for 
ratification. Richmond cast 301 votes for the Constitution and 
19 against. The State ratified it by 10,492 votes. The next 
Legislature passed such laws as were required by the new Constitu- 
tion. An eye-witness thus describes the convention : 

"I attended the debates of this body a fortnight. There were 
several men of distinction — Madison, Monroe, Giles, Marshall, Ran- 
dolph, Leigh, Tazewell. Madison sat on the left of the speaker, 
Monroe on the right. Madison spoke once for half an hour, but 
although a pin might have been heard to drop, so low was his tone 
that from the gallery I could distinguish only one word and that was 
'Constitution.' He stood not more than six feet from the speaker. 
When he rose a great part of the members left their seats and clus- 
tered around the aged statesman thick as a swarm of bees. Madison 
was a small man, of ample forehead, and some obliquity of vision. 
I thought the effect probably of age his eyes appearing to be slightly 
introverted. His dress was plain; his overcoat a faded brown surtout, 
Monroe was very wrinkled and weather-beaten — ungraceful in atti- 
tude and gesture and his speeches only commonplace. Giles wore a 
crutch — was then Governor of the State. His style of delivery was 
perfectly conversational — no gesture, no effort; but in ease, fluency, 
and tact, surely he had not there his equal; his words were like honey 
pouring from an eastern rock. Judge Marshall, whenever he spoke, 
which was seldom and only for a short time, attracted great attention. 
His appearance was revolutionary and patriarchal. Tall, in a long 
surtout of blue, with a face of genius and an eye of fire, his mind 
possessed the rare faculty of condensation; he distilled an argument 
down to its essence. There were two parties in the house — the west- 
em or radical, and the eastern or conservative. Judge Marshall pro- 
posed something in the nature of a compromise. John Randolph was 
remarkably deliberate, distinct, and emphatic. He articulated ex- 
cellently and gave the happiest effect to all he said. His person was 
frail and uncommon, his face pale and withered, but his eye radiant 



114 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1829 

as a diamond. He owed perhaps more to his manner than to his 
matter; and his mind was rather poetical than logical. Yet in his own 
peculiar vein he was superior to any of his contemporaries. 

Benjamin Watkins Leigh cut a distinguished figure in the conven- 
tion as the leader of the lowland party. His diction was clear, correct, 
elegant, and might be safely committed to print just as spoken. Yet 
high as he stands, he is not perhaps in the highest rank of speakers. 
He never lightens, never thunders; he can charm, he can convince; 
but he can hardly overwhelm. Mr. Tazewell I never saw up but once, 
for a moment, on a point of order; a tall, fine-looking man. P. P. Bar- 
bour presided over the body with great dignity and ease." 



1830] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 115 



CHAPTER V 

The city of Eichmoiid was steadily growing; the past ten years 
showed an increase in population of 331/3 per cent. The census 
of 1830 showed that there were 7,755 whites, 6,345 slaves, and 
1,960 free negroes, making a total of 16,060. 

This period was marked by the spirit of internal improvement. 
As early as February 13th a new enterprise was started; it was a 
boat line on the river connecting Richmond and Lynchburg. Sat- 
urday morning the packet-boat Constitution left Lynchburg with 
twenty ladies and gentlemen for Richmond. It arrived at Rich- 
mond Tuesday at 9 P. M., and was hailed with joy. It was 
thought that after it was once commenced the service would im- 
prove as it advanced and would furnish increased accommodation 
to the passengers. 

This same month the State Library was opened with a great 
number of books. 

An enterprise of great importance to the city was begun the 
fall of this year in pursuance of an ordinance passed by the Common 
Hall. At this time Richmond's water supply consisted of public 
wells at the street corners and several public hydrants with water 
conveyed in wooden pipes from a spring near Chimborazo Hill, 
and from one in the Capitol Square. Joseph Mayo and others 
had earnestly advocated building a reservoir and establishing a 
pump. This year this was done, and Albert Stein, a government 
engineer, was instructed to prepare the plans. W. C. Allen did 
the brick work and Gen. J. B. Harvie the work of construction. 
The work was completed September, 1832, at a cost of $95,000. 
The original pump-house was a small house with a door and two 
windows in front. The capacity of the pump, which was run by 
water-power, was 400,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. The 
reservoir held four million gallons. There were twelve miles of 
pipe from one and one-half to ten inches. The first private 
hydrant was erected March 5, 1832, in the yard of Corbin War- 



116 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1831 

wick, on Grace between Fifth and Sixth streets. With the other 
work Stein undertook to establish a filter so as to give the city 
clear water, but as the following generation can testify, this badly 
failed, and the city had to wait three-quarters of a century before 
she could have clear water except when the river was clear. 

The news of the French Revolution, that the King had fled, and 
that General LaFayette was again at the head of the National 
Guards of France, was received in Richmond with great joy. A 
meeting of the citizens was called at the Capitol September 7th 
to testify their admiration for the glorious struggle for liberty in 
France. Thomas Ritchie was chairman and J. H. Pleasants secre- 
tary. It was decided to set Saturday, September 11th, for a 
public celebration in honor of the event. Most of the stores closed 
during the procession, which started at 10 A. M. up E or Main to 
Fifth, down Fifth to H, and thence to the Capitol. Here Wynd- 
ham Robertson, a member of the Executive Council, delivered a 
suitable address, after which a national salute was fired. At night 
the city was illuminated and Main street blazed with light. 

A notable hero of the Revolution, noted for his great courage 
and his extraordinary strength, Peter Francisco, sergeant-at-arms 
of the House of Delegates, died in Richmond Sunday, January 16, 
1831. The House voted to honor him with a public funeral and 
bury him with the honors of war. It passed suitable resolutions, 
appointed Messrs. Yancey, Barbour, Epps, and Wood a committee 
of arrangements, and adjourned from Monday to Wednesday in his 
honor. The funeral took place Tuesday. All the volunteer com- 
panies of the city took part — the Light Infantry Blues, Captain 
Munf ord ; LaFayette Artillery, Captain Richardson ; Dragoons, Cap- 
tain Harrison; Public Guard, Captain Boiling. The Governor and 
his council, members of the Legislature, and many citizens and 
strangers were in the procession. The services were conducted in 
the House of Delegates by Bishop Moore, who also delivered a 
discourse on the life of the soldier. The body was then borne to 
tiie new burying ground, Shockoe Cemetery, where it was buried 
with military honors. 

Richmond was very much concerned about a railroad. The 
first to be built in the State was the B. & 0. to Harper's Ferry in 
1830, and this inspired Richmond to greater efforts. The State 



1831] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 117 

decided, March, 1831, to take two-fifths of the stock of the Peters- 
burg Railroad Company. Even this met with opposition. Mr. 
Maxwell, a senator, contended that the railroad was not a State 
improvement; that it did not aid nature but sought to turn com- 
merce from its natural channel. He expressed the belief that the 
work would prove nugatory and pernicious rather than beneficial; 
that the river was the best outlet for the produce of the interior 
and would always retain its superiority. Notwithstanding such 
talk as this, the people wanted railroads. The first railroad to 
Richmond was the Chesterfield Railroad, from the coal pits to the - 
river, which was completed June 15, 1831. The loaded cars ran 
down an incline, and by means of a revolving drum the empties 
were drawn up. .^ 

A largely attended meeting of the citizens was held at the 
Capitol June 14th to consider the question of internal improve- 
ment, especially to survey James river so as to make suitable con- 
nection at Lynchburg and to assist in building the Lynchburg and 
New River Railroad. Judge John Marshall was made chairman 
of a committee of thirteen to raise funds and arrange for the neces- 
sary survey. The desire of the citizens was to connect Richmond 
with the western waters of the State. -^ 

Richmond was again called to mourning. Another officer of the 
Revolution and ex-President of the United States died July 4^ 
1831 — Col. James Monroe. The news was received July 8th, and 
according to the admirable and meaningful custom of the city, a 
meeting of the citizens was called for July 9th at the Capitol to 
arrange for a public manifestation of sorrow. Judge Marshall, J. 
P. Preston, P. V. Daniel, J. Gibbon, J, B. Harvie, A. Stevenson, 
W. Brockenbrough, P. N. Nicholas, R, Greenhow, J. G. Williams, 
G. W. Munford, R. Harrison, Jr., J. B. Richardson, Joseph Tate, 
R. Anderson, John Brockenbrough, C. Ellis, J. Allen, John Ruth- 
erford, W. Lambert, R. Pollard, B. W. Leigh, John Robinson were 
appointed to arrange for the funeral. Judge Marshall, chairman 
of the committee, reported appointing July 25th as the day, and 
requesting Robert Stanard to deliver the funeral oration. On the 
appointed day the bells tolled and minute guns were fired from 
sunrise until sunset. The procession, with General Harvie as chief 
marshal, formed at Henrico Courthouse and marched up E street to 



118 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1831 

Fifth, thence to H, down H to the Capitol. At the northeast end 
of the Capitol a great awning was stretched and under this the 
exercises were held. Bishop Moore opened with prayer, Eobert 
Stanard spoke on the life and character of Colonel Monroe, and 
Rev. Armstrong, of the Presbyterian Church, closed the exer- 
cises with prayer. All business was suspended and the whole city 
turned out to honor this soldier and statesman. 

Richmond was thrown into a fever of excitement by the news 
received Tuesday, August 23, 1831. A letter came to the Gov- 
ernor stating that there was an insurrection among the negroes in 
Southampton county; that a number of white people had been 
murdered, and that he must send arms and ammunition at once. 
Governor Floyd was out of the city, so the Lieutenant Governor 
immediately ordered the Richmond Dragoons, Capt. Randolph 
Harrison; the LaFayette Artillery, Capt. J. B. Richardson, to em- 
bark at once for Smithfield, and he dispatched arms and ammu- 
nition in wagons. Sunday night, August 21st, about fifty or a 
hundred negroes, led by a negro preacher, Nat Turner, set out from 
a camp-meeting to murder all the whites in the county. Turner 
was owned by Mr. Travis, who lived near Cross Keys, about 15 
miles above Jerusalem. Here the negroes began their butchery. 
At 12 o'clock at night Turner entered the house by an upper window 
and then opened the door to let the members of his gang in. He 
then took a hatchet and killed his master and mistress, and the 
other negroes murdered all the children and other members of the 
household. After this they went from house to house murdering 
all the occupants. At some places the men heard of their murderous 
deeds and prepared for resisting them. The negroes continued their 
bloody work until Tuesday, murdering in all sixty-four white 
people, mostly women and children. By that time the white people 
had gathered together and troops from Norfolk and Petersburg 
had arrived on the scene. Forty-eight negroes were taken or killed, 
fifteen were hanged, and nine boys were reprieved. The leader, 
Nat Turner, escaped and Governor Floyd offered a reward of $500 
for his capture. October 30th he was captured by Ben Phipps in 
Southampton in a cave near his house and was hanged Novem- 
ber 11th. 

Richmond remembered her experience in 1800 when the negroes 



1831] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 119 

under "General" Gabriel planned to kill the whites and was pre- 
vented by rain, and she was alarmed for fear that there was a 
widespread plot to murder the white people, so while the military 
companies were away the citizens organized a guard and patrolled 
the streets at night. 

The mayor of the city found in the house of a free negro after 
his death a pamphlet printed in Boston addressed to the negroes 
and urging them to insurrection. Mayor Tate handed it to Gov- 
ernor Floyd and he sent it to the Legislature with a special mes- 
sage January 28, 1830. The House held a secret session to con- 
sider the matter. No further action was taken until after the 
Nat Turner insurrection. January, 1832, it was proposed in the 
House of Delegates to free the slaves and send them and the free 
negroes back to Africa. The proposition was debated day after 
day, and many memorials came urging the passage of the bill. 
Crowds flocked to the Capitol to hear the debate. Finally the 
report of the committee was adopted, which was : "That it was 
inexpedient for the present Legislature to make any legislative 
enactment for the abolition of slavery, but that it should wait 
for a more definite development of public opinion." 

Richmond sent Col. J. P. Preston, J. H. Eustice, and Wyndham 
Robertson to represent her at the convention held at Abingdon 
August 25th, 1831, to plan for a railroad from Lynchburg to some 
point in Tennessee. Colonel Preston was made president of the 
convention. The following November the books were opened in 
Richmond for subscriptions to the stock and a large amount was 
taken here. 

The Anti-Masons held a convention in Baltimore in September 
and nominated "William Wirt for President of the United States. 
The Enquirer said: "Mr. Wirt is a man of too high a character 
to tamper with the Anti-Masons." Another item of interest at the 
close of 1831 was the meeting at the Capitol, December 29th, to 
organize the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society. Gov- 
ernor Floyd was chairman and J. H. Pleasants secretary. A con- 
stitution, which was proposed by Professor Tucker of the Univer- 
sity, was adopted and the following officers were elected for the 
year: John Marshall, president; Governor Floyd, first vice presi- 
dent; Professor Gushing of Hampden Sidney College, second vice 



L 



120 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1832 

president; John B. Clopton, corresponding secretary; J. E. Heath, 
recording secretary; Conway Robinson, treasurer. James Madi- 
son was elected an honorary member. The society has proved of 
great service to the State in getting and preserving historical 
matter. 

The one hundredth anniversary of the birth of George Wash- 
ington was celebrated in Richmond with a great parade February 
22, 1832, At daybreak cannon were fired and a long procession 
formed at the new courthouse and marched up E or Main street 
to Fifth and thence to H to the First Baptist Church. Bishop 
Moore opened the meeting with prayer. General Cabell read Wash- 
ington's valedictory address. Rev. John Kerr of the Baptist church 
closed the service. The military companies returned to the Square 
and fired a salute; this was followed by a public dinner, and at 
night there was a ball at the Eagle Hotel. 

A great enterprise was launched in Richmond March 16, 1832. 
The Legislature had granted a charter to The James River and 
Kanawha Company, authorizing them to connect the tide water of 
James river with the navigable waters of the Ohio either by a 
canal or railroad. The fourteen commissioners, of whom John 
Marshall was chairman, opened the books in Richmond on the 
above date for subscriptions to the stock. May 30th a meeting was 
held at the Capitol with Judge Marshall as chairman. This meet- 
ing expressed their appreciation of the charter, urged the people to 
Bubscribe to the stock, and appointed a committee of seven to 
devise means for securing more subscribers. The committee was 
John Marshall, Chapman Johnson, James Marx, Richard Anderson, 
Robert Stanard, J. G. Williams, Thomas Rutherford, and Lewis 
Webb. The books closed June 11th and Richmond had taken 
10,024 shares. The following January the Common Hall took 
$400,000 of the stock for the city, and the next month the Bank 
of Virginia took $500,000 of stock. 

A dire calamity befell Richmond this year. The Asiatic 
cholera raged in New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, and other places. 
Richmond took precautionary measures and escaped it until Sep- 
tember, when a negro boy was taken with it and died. It spread 
rapidly among the negroes. A panic ensued, and all who could left 
the city. September 24th it was in its third week and was attack- 



1833] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 121 

ing all classes and conditions of men. All parts of the city were 
affected, the homes of the poor and of the rich as well. Seventy 
and eighty cases were reported a day, and as many as forty or 
fifty died in one day. A hospital was established in Jefferson 
ward, and the old academy on Gary street was also turned into a 
hospital. In the burying ground at the Poor House alone twenty 
or thirty poor whites and negroes were buried. The physicians 
and ministers refused to flee, but stayed at their posts ministering 
to tlie sick and dying. Business was paralyzed and almost nothing 
was done until the latter part of October, when the cold weather 
checked the plague. Hundreds of people died, the majority of 
whom were negroes, for it was more fatal with them than with 
white people. 

At the presidential election in November the people had not 
sufficiently recovered from the cholera scare to give much attention 
to politics. Andrew Jackson received 40 votes more than Henry 
Clay, and William Wirt received very few in the city. Jackson 
was reelected by a large majority. 

Virginia was very much concerned over the threatened secession 
of one of her sister States. South Carolina had so bitterly opposed 
the high tariff that at her convention in November she adopted 
the Nullification Act. The Eichmond papers entreated forbear- 
ance, fearing lest the President would use force and thus bring 
about the secession of South Carolina. The whole country was 
stirred. Richmond at a public meeting had already protested 
against the tariff, but she had not undertaken drastic measures. 
The act was to take effect February 1, 1833. The Legislature 
sent Banjamin W. Leigh of Richmond to South Carolina January 
28th with resolutions adopted by the State on the subject of Fed- 
eral Relations, entreating South Carolina to rescind her ordinance 
and postpone any action until the close of the first session of 
next Congress, also asking Congress to reduce the tariff to the 
necessary wants of the government, and urging both Congress and 
South Carolina to abstain from hostilities. Leigh reached Charles- 
ton before the act took effect and laid the Virginia resolutions 
before the Governor. He showed him every courtesy, and as a 
mark of his appreciation of Virginia's intervention, he called the 
convention to meet in March to consider the proposal. The act of 



122 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1833 

nullification and the threatened secession of South Carolina stirred 
the whole country and started anew the discussion of State's 
Eights. In Congress Henry Clay proposed a compromise on the 
tariff question that at least settled it for the time. 

There were a number of interesting events that occurred at this 
time that must be mentioned. The Eev. John Kerr, of the First 
Baptist Church, had been trying to teach a number of young men 
preparing for the Baptist ministry. He with others established 
in 1832 the Seminary of the Virginia Baptist Education Society 
in sight of Brook turnpike at Spring Farm, five miles in Henrico. 
Eobert Eyland took charge July 4th with fourteen students. J. B. 
Taylor was recording secretary and E. C. Wortham treasurer of the 
society. The next year, in December, it was moved nearer Eich- 
mond on the Haxall estate, called "Columbia," and named after 
that place. The main building stands on the Eichmond College 
campus now; it is the house long occupied by Professor Harris. 
From this academy Eichmond College was later established. 

The first independent Christian church in the city was organ- 
ized February, 1833, with Eev. J. B. Pitkin pastor. The Virginia 
Temperance Society held its meeting in the Presbyterian church 
on Shockoe Hill April 29th. A public dinner to a private individual 
was unprecedented until May 31st, when the admirers thus honored 
the noted physician. Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, of Philadelphia. 

The remains of John Eandolph of Eoanoke, who died in Phila- 
delphia, arrived in Eichmond the night of May 28th. The corpse 
was taken to the boarding house of Mrs. Duval, where the next 
day Eev. Mr. Lee, of the Episcopal Church, conducted the funeral 
services. Immediately after the remains were taken to Charlotte. 
A great crowd followed them to Mayo's bridge and minute 
guns were fired until the procession was out of sight. A meeting 
was held July 7th at the First Presbyterian Church for the purpose 
of establishing Sunday schools in the South. Gen. W. H. Brod- 
nax, president of the Virginia Sunday School Union, presided, 
and Eev. J. E. Welch, agent of the American Sunday School 
Union, and others, spoke. The city was very much excited over 
the news that Sunday, October 13th, the northern stage to Fred- 
ericksburg was robbed two miles from Eichmond. Two trunks were 
cut off the stage; one contained woman's apparel, the other bank 



1833] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 123 

notes to the amount of $28,880. Of this amount $13,800 was 
found near Carrington's Mills and $200 was found buried in the 
garden of a negro in the city. Two days after the stage to 
Richmond was robbed of $1,500 about twenty miles from the city. 
Despite the efforts put forth the thieves were not caught. The 
Daily Compiler, largely a commercial paper and Richmond's first 
daily, was waging a fierce war on faro tables and professional 
gamblers in the city, of which there seemed to be a large number. 
A public meeting was held at the Capitol October 29th, Capt. 
Thomas Nelson chairman. A great crowd attended and resolu- 
tions against the evil were passed and a committee of twenty-four 
was appointed to take steps to suppress it. Tuesday night, November 
13, 1833, there was one of the most wonderful phenomena which 
ever appeared. About 12 o'clock a number of meteors were seen 
darting through the sky. These increased until about three hours 
before day, when a heavy meteoric shower commenced and con- 
tinued until day. It was seen from all quarters of the sky, but 
especially in the north. Those who saw it declared it was the 
most brilliant spectacle mortal eye ever looked upon. The ignorant 
thought that it was the end of the world and that judgment day was 
at hand. Many who had not prayed for years spent hours in that 
exercise. The negroes were especially alarmed, saying that it 
was "snowing fire." 

It was the day after the meteoric shower that Richmond was 
threatened with mob violence. Lieut. R. B. Randolph, retired, of 
the Navy, had suddenly thrust himself before the public by an 
attack upon President Andrew Jackson at Alexandria, April, 1833, 
for what he claimed was a public insult. Several unsuccessful 
efforts were made to arrest him on this charge. He was arrested 
in Richmond November 12th on the charge of being indebted to 
the United States Treasury to the amount of $25,000 and was 
imprisoned in the Henrico jail. His friends offered to go on his 
bail bond, but he decided to remain in jail, however unjust and 
tyrannical were the proceedings. It was rumored that an organ- 
ized movement would be made to attack the jail and release the 
prisoner. Governor John Floyd ordered the Richmond Cavalry 
to hold themselves in readiness with ball cartridges to move at 
a moment's command. No attempt, however, was made. Habeas 



*JJ 



1^ RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1834 

eorpns proceedings were brought before the United States Circuit 
Court December 17th, Chief Justice Marshall and Judge P. P. 
Barbour on the bench. B. W. Leigh and James Eobertson appeared 
for the prisoner and P. N. Nicholas for the government. The 
opinion was delivered by Judge Barbour December 21st, concurred 
in by Judge Marshall, that the agent of the United States Treasury 
had exceeded the authority given him by law, and consequently 
Randolph was illegally imprisoned. Thus the case was settled 
without an appeal to mob violence. 

The citizens were having more trouble with the slaves; a large 
number of them were running away, or "eloping," as it was 
called. A meeting was held at the Capitol November 30th, Dr. 
John Brockenbrough chairman, to take steps to stop the trouble. 
P. N. Nicholas moved that a committee of fifteen be appointed to 
organize an Anti-Elopement Societ}', and call upon all the people 
to aid in counteracting the loss of their slave property by such 
abuses. 

The most serious financial panic Richmond and the whole 
country had experienced began at the close of the year 1833 and 
continued through 1834. President Andrew Jackson became indig- 
nant at what he considered the abuses of the United States Bank 
and withdrew all the public funds. The bank, with a capital of 
about thirty million, with a branch in Richmond, Norfolk, and 
other places, was thought to be on the verge of failure. This im- 
pending danger spread consternation over the whole country. A 
meeting of the citizens was held at the Capitol December 26th. 
Chapman Johnson was chairman. B. W. Leigh offered resolutions 
etating that the withdrawing and the withholding of the deposits 
of the United States from the bank rendered it unsafe for deposi- 
tors, and that this act of President Jackson was a palpable breach 
of the public faith solemnly plighted to the institution by the char- 
ter. Richmond, it will be remembered, had a large amount of 
money invested in the stock of the bank as well as heavy deposits 
in it. The Legislature, February 11, 1834, passed a resolution 
instructing the Senators and requesting the Representatives of 
Virginia to procure from Congress the proper measure for return- 
ing the public moneys to the bank. ^^Hien the resolutions were 
received Senator W. C. Rives resigned his seat because he could 



1834] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 135 

not comply with them. B. W. Leigh, of Richmond, was elected 
Senator from Virginia in his place. Andrew Stevenson, also of 
Richmond, who had been Speaker of the House for seven years, 
refused the request of the Legislature, and June 2d he resigned 
and John Robertson of this city was elected in his place. The 
controversy grew warmer and warmer; the Whigs stood for the 
bank, and the Republicans, or Democrats, as they would be called 
now, opposed the bank, holding that it was unconstitutional and 
should be put out of business. The bank did not go down; its 
charter expired in 1836, and it was renewed in Pennsylvania, so the 
country began to recover from the great panic. 

Out of this withdrawal of public funds from the bank developed 
two great questions that were discussed both for and against by 
the citizens of the whole country: The right of the Legislature 
of a State to instruct her Senators and Representatives in Con- 
gress. Virginia decided it twice in favor of instructing, and each 
time by the opposite party. The Wliig Legislature instructed the 
Senators and Representatives to vote to have the money put back 
in the bank. Later the Republican Legislature instructed the 
Senators to vote to expunge the Senate Journal in which it was 
stated that the President of the United States in the late executive 
proceedings about public revenues had assumed upon himself 
authority and power not conferred by the Constitution and laws, 
but in derogation of both. This brought up the second great ques- 
tion, that of the right of expunging public records. When these 
instructions came John Tyler, Senator from Virginia, resigned, 
and W. C. Rives was elected March 3, 1836. In December B. W. 
Leigh, a Whig, also resigned and Judge R. E. Parker was elected 
in his place. 

The "Harris Building" on E street near Twelfth, caught fire 
January 24, 1834. This is worthy of notice because it was stated 
that it was "the most remarkable building in Richmond on account 
of its great height, being four stories high." This sounds strange 
in the presence of our skyscrapers of to-day. 

The news was received that William Wirt, who for a long time 
was a citizen of Richmond, died in Washington February 18th. He 
was a lawyer of distinction and a writer of ability, among his 
works being the Life of Patrick Henry. He was a Christian of 



126 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1834 

exalted character, a scholar, and a gentleman. A meeting of the 
bar and of the judges and officers of the Supreme Court of the United 
States was held at Washington the day of his death. Daniel Web- 
ster submitted resolutions and addressed the meeting on the life 
and character of Wirt. Judge Marshall made a suitable reply, stat- 
ing that the court would wear crape during the term. 

The Third Baptist Church was dedicated this year, Rev. Keeling 
pastor. The Roman Catholic Church on G (Grace) street, the first 
in the city, "a new classic chapel," was dedicated May 25th. The 
services were conducted by Archbishop Whitfield, of Baltimore, as- 
sisted by Bishop Eccleston his coadjutor, and Rev. Meledy, president 
of Georgetown College. Rev. O'Brien, the Catholic priest of the 
city, also assisted. It was under his auspices and by his exer- 
tions that the church was built. Another service was held at 4 
P. M., and the church was again crowded. 

The papers of Richmond appeared in mourning June 34th. The 
friend of liberty throughout the world, LaFayette, was dead. He 
died in Paris May 20th, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. The 
news was received in the city late Saturday evening. Sunday the 
LaFayette Artillery and the Light Infantry Blues appeared in 
uniform and a salute of 24 guns was fired. A meeting of the 
volunteer companies was held at the Eagle Hotel June 24th, and the 
citizens met at the Capitol the 26th. Monday, June 30th, was the 
day agreed upon for paying a public tribute to the memory of the 
great man. Chief Justice Marshall was asked to make the address 
of the occasion, but he was unable to do so. The procession formed 
at Union Hotel and marched up E street to Fifth, and then to 
H to the First Baptist Church. It was a long and imposing line 
with the Dragoons, hearse, clergy, French consul, and citizens, with 
a tricolored flag. Revolutionary officers and soldiers, military, State 
officers. Masons, citizens on foot and in carriages. General Lam- 
bert was chief marshal. At the church Bishop Moore opened the 
exercises. Rev. Stephen Taylor delivered an oration on the life 
and work of LaFayette. After prayer by the Rev. Hunter, pastor 
of the church, the Masons concluded the service. As usual on such 
occasions the bells tolled and the minute guns were fired from sun- 
rise until sunset. 

A celebrated magazine made its appearance in Richmond August, 



1834] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 127 

1834, The Southern Literary Messenger, devoted to every depart- 
ment of literature and fine arts, published in Eichmond by T. W. 
White, every fortnight, $5 per annum. The first issue of this 
magazine was of such a high literary order as to set the standard for 
the excellence which was to follow. The second issue did not 
appear until October. 

In the summer of 1833 a railroad from Richmond to Potomac 
creek was proposed, but little was done until May 16, 1834, when 
the following commissioners, under the act of incorporation of the 
Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad, J. H. Eustace, 
Fleming Jones, Lewis "Webb, Joseph A. Lancaster, James Bosher, 
R. C. Wortham, Conway Robinson, Wilson Allen, Fayette John- 
son, W. S. Blackford, J. L. Marye, John Dickerson, and J. M. 
Sheppard, announced that the subscription books in Richmond 
would be opened June 2d. They stated that it would be necessary 
for $420,000 in stock to be taken so that the State would sub- 
scribe the remaining two-fifths. The books were opened June 2d 
at the Merchants' Coffee House, and by the 13th $300,000 of the 
stock was taken. In August $114,800 was still lacking to make 
the necessary three-fifths to be subscribed. The commissioners 
offered this amount to the corporation of the city of Richmond, 
but the Common Hall refused to take it. A survey of the road 
was made in October and two lines were marked out, one passing 
over the Pamunkey below the junction of the North and South 
Anna, and by Bowling Green, the other crossing the Pamunkey and 
running west of Bowling Green. The second route was the 
shorter, so it was chosen. When the bill came up in the House pro- 
viding for the State to take two-fifths of the stock of the road it 
was defeated January 3, 1835, 57 to 54. The vote was recon- 
sidered January 17th and the bill was passed &Q to 55. The Senate 
passed the bill January 23, 19 to 16. The remaining amount of 
the stock was taken by Northern capitalists. The first meeting of 
the stockholders was held at City Hall June 20th ; John A. Lancas- 
ter was elected president, Nicholas Mills, Conway Robinson, James 
Bosher, Richard B. Haxall, Joe M. Sheppard, directors. The 
directors elected J. M. Sheppard treasurer and clerk and Moncure 
Robinson chief engineer. Work was begun on the road in Decem- 
ber and an aarent was sent to England to buv iron and two locom.o- 



128 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1834 

tives and tenders. The work progressed steadily, and Saturday, 
February 13, 1836, the first railway train ever out of Eichmond 
started. It went twenty miles, within one-half mile of the South 
Anna. Six handsome passenger cars and a baggage car set out from 
the depot on Eighth and H (Broad) streets, and '"were drawn up H 
street in a striking procession by the locomotive, a splendid steamer 
which was built in Liverpool at $6,000." Flags were flying and 
there was a band of music. An immense crowd lined the track for 
nearly a mile to see the wonderful sight. There were one hundred 
and fifty passengers, many of whom were members of the Senate and 
House. Politics for the while were forgotten, and Whigs were no 
longer bitter against Republicans nor Eepublicans against Wliigs; 
they were citizens uniting in the progress of their country. At the 
point where the train stopped a great barbecue was given the pas- 
sengers. They said the road was rough, but it only took one hour 
and thirty-one and a half minutes to go out and an hour and twelve 
and a half minutes to return. One describing it said : ''We, too, 
have seen tlie light of the age burst upon us; we, too, have seen a 
railroad which has pierced our city and is open to the public 
service." 

The other great enterprise that Richmond was so much interested 
in has already been mentioned — the James River and Kanawha 
Company. The Farmers Bank refused to take 5,000 shares July, 

1833, and a public meeting was held at the Capitol to devise means 
for disposing of more of the stock. The charter of the company 
was extended from December 31, 1833, to December 31, 1834, and 
the friends of the enterprise continued to work. December 10, 

1834, came and still all the stock was not taken. Some became 
doubtful. Another meeting was called at the Capitol. Chief 
Justice Marshall nominated Joseph Tate, mayor, as chairman. It 
was reported that 25,528 shares had been taken. Of this number 
the citizens of Richmond and Henrico had taken 10,722, the city 
of Richmond 4,000, the Bank of Virginia 5,000; total 19,722. 
The cry was: "It must not fail. Let us never despair of this 
great work." It was resolved to ask the city of Richmond to take 
7,500 additional shares. The Council expressed its approval, say- 
ing that the prosperity of the city was deeply involved in this 
enterprise, and agreeing to submit it to the approval of the free- 



1835] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 129 

holders. This was done December 29th, and the vote stood for 
the subscription 330, against 88. The House passed the bill allow- 
ing the city of Richmond to subscribe to the additional amount. 
January 26, 1835, the Senate passed a substitute bill providing 
for the State to take 5,000 shares more and Richmond to take 2,500. 
When this was learned there was great rejoicing in the city and 
a salute was fired in honor of the occasion which made sure the 
great enterprise. In 1837 the State had taken $1,990,800 of 
stock in the company. The amount of stock necessary to secure 
the charter having been subscribed, a meeting of the stockholders 
was held at the Capitol May 25, 1835. The following were ap- 
pointed a committee on organization : Chapman Johnson, John 
Rutherford, John Early, S. Marx, Joseph C. Cabell, J. N. Cocke, 
Randolph Harrison, Richard Sampson, Hugh Caperton. The char- 
ter authorized them to connect the tide water of James river with 
the Kanawha and Ohio rivers either by rail or by canal. The com- 
mittee reported on the 26th, recommending that the lower James 
river canal be continued to some point not lower than Lynchburg, 
and that from there they proceed by rail or otherwise to the Greai 
Kanawha and thence to the Ohio. The canal to be 35 feet wide at 
bottom, 50 feet wide at surface, five feet deep, with suitable tow- 
path and general locks, the locks to be 85 feet between the gates 
and 45 feet wide. The present canal, Richmond to Maidens Ad- 
venture, was to be enlarged. 

Philip N. Nicholas and AYyndham Robertson opposed the plan 
of the committee, taking the position that the president and direc- 
tors of the company should first investigate to ascertain whether 
a railroad or a canal would be most advantageous; that the com- 
pany should not be committed to any specified plan at that time. 
Looking upon the proceedings from to-day we can but notice the 
great wisdom of Nicholas' and Robertson's proposition. The mat- 
ter was debated during several meetings. At the meeting held at 
5 P. M. on the 2Tth the matter was taken up again and at 7 P. M, 
the vote was taken, resulting in 450 ayes for the Nicholas sub- 
stitute and 6,820 against it. The original report of the com- 
mittee was then adopted. Joseph C. Cabell, a great friend of the 
enterprise, was elected president of the company; S. S. Baxter and 
Samuel Marx, of Richmond; Richard Sampson, Goochland; Ran- 



130 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1835 

dolph Harrison, Climberland; J. X. Cocke, Sr., Fluvanna; John 
Early, Lynchburg; Hugh Caperton, Monroe, directors. The direc- 
tors elected Judge Benjamin Wright of N^ew York chief engineer; 
Charles Ellett, Daniel Liverniore, and S. W. Wright were assistant 
engineers. Preparations were made to begin the work at once. 

A disastrous fire occurred about 3 o'clock Saturday morning, 
June 20, 1835, which burned a number of houses on F street be- 
tween Fourteenth and Fifteenth. One was Trinity Methodist 
Church. The congregation worshipping at Nineteenth and Frank- 
lin began this church in 1827. completing it the following year. 
The first pastor was William Hammet. The fire started in the 
basement of the church. Dr. L. M. Lee was pastor at the time. 
Although there was a debt on the church of $5,000. the Methodists 
began rebuilding at once. While the work of rebuilding was going 
on Dr. W. S. Plumer, who was pastor of the First Presbyterian 
Church, which stood on F street where the Eandolph Paper Box 
Factory now stands, not only offered his church to the Trinity 
congregation, but appealed to his congregation for aid to assist 
in building the new church. The new building was dedicated 
August 28, 1836, by the pastor. Dr. W. A. Smith. 

Maj. James Gibbon, an officer of the Revolution, collector of the 
port, and a leading citizen, died June 30, 1835. The city paid 
him honor and a long procession followed the remains to the grave. 

The papers of July 9, 1835, have the marks of the deepest 
mourning; Eichmond's most illustrious son was dead. Chief Jus- 
tice John Marshall died in Philadelphia in the boarding house 
of Mrs. Crion, Walnut street below Fourth, Monday, July 6th, at 
6 P. M. Dr. John Brockenbrough received a letter the 8th from 
Dr. Nathaniel Chapman announcing the sad event. He retained 
his faculties to the last and met his fate with fortitude and 
Christian resignation. 

Another sad incident in connection with his death was the effort 
of his oldest son, Thomas Marshall, a member of the House of 
Delegates from Fauquier, to reach his bedside. He had gotten as 
far as Baltimore when a storm overtook him. He went into the 
courthouse to seek shelter and the wind blew a chimney down which 
fell on him and killed him instantly. 

There was no citizen in Richmond who took so much interest in 



1835] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 131 

everything that made for the advancement of the city as Judge V/ 
Marshall; he was on every committee and had part in every good 
enterprise. His fellow citizens appreciated him as one of the great- 
est men this country had ever produced. Born in Virginia Sep- 
tember 24, 1755, when the fight for liberty came he shouldered 
his gun. He was lieutenant of a company of minute men at the 
battle of Great Bridge, and was also at Brandywine, Germantown, 
and Monmouth, 1780. He practiced law, 1782; in State Legisla- 
ture, 1783; member of the Governor's Council, 1788 to 1791. He 
represented the city of Eichmond in the Legislature. General 
Washington wanted to appoint him Minister to Fi-ance but he de- 
clined, 1799. He represented this district in Congress; 1800 was 
Secretary of War; January 31, 1801, he was made Chief Justice 
of the United States Supreme Court, which position he held with 
great ability until his death. He was a member of the convention 
to adopt the Federal Constitution and of the Convention of 1829. 
News traveled slowly at that time, so there was not much time* 
between the announcement of his death and the arrival of his 
remains in Eichmond, which took place Thursday, July 9th, on the 
steamer Kentucky. At a meeting of the citizens on the 9th arrange- 
ments were hurriedly made for the funeral. The citizens and 
military assembled at Henrico Courthouse at 4 o'clock and marched 
to the wharf, where they met the body, accompanied from Phila- 
delphia by Gen. Winfield Scott, Judge Baldwin, of the Supreme 
Court; John Sergeant, Eichard Peters, E. D. Ingraham, and Wil- 
liam Bawle. The procession, which was the longest and most 
solemn ever had in Eichmond to that time, was in this order;. 
Military, judiciary, corpse, pallbearers, viz. : H. St. George Tu«.ker,. 
John B. Clopton, Thomas Eutherford, Charles Copeland, Eobert 
Pollard. Chapman Johnson, Eobert Stanard, E. G. Scott, W. D. 
Wren; family of deceased and mourners, Governor Tazewell and 
members of Executive Council, Masons, officers and soldiers of the 
Eevolution, officers of the Army and Navy of the United States, 
members of City Hall and courts, citizens on foot, horseback, and 
in carriages. Generals Lambert and Peyton and Colonels Carring- 
ton and Armistead were marshals. All flags were at half mast, 
the bells were tolled, and minute guns fired. The procession 
marched up Main to Fifth, then to H, and down H to Ninth to I 



132 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1835 

street to the late home of Judge Marshall, into which the body 
was carried at his request. From there the remains were borne 
to the new burying ground, Shoekoe Cemetery, where, after religi- 
ous services conducted by Bishop Moore, his rector, they were laid 
to rest by the side of his wife. In the memory of the oldest 
inhabitant there had not been such a crowd of people as thronged 
the streets this calm, solemn July afternoon. They wanted to 
Kv^honor the great man, characterized by simplicity and kindness. 

By order of the Council and at the request of the mayor, Joseph 
Tate, the citizens met at the Capitol at 5 P. M. July 10th to 
further honor the memory of Judge Marshall. Mayor Tate was 
chairman and Wyndham Eobertson was secretary. Judge B. W. 
Leigh addressed the meeting, and after paying a splendid tribute 
to Judge Marshall, offered a preamble and resolutions, which were 
unanimously adopted. Eesolutions were offered over the whole 
country, but none meant so much as these, which I give as indi- 
cating the veneration and love which the people of his own home 
had for him : 

"The people of the City of Richmond, feeling in common, as they 
well believe with their fellow citizens throughout the nation, the pro- 
foundest veneration for the memory of the late John Marshall, Chief 
Justice of the United States — having united during his life in the 
universal sentiment of admiration of his great abilities, respected for 
his exalted public virtues, confidence in his wisdom, and gratitude for 
his services in so many honorable and important stations throughout 
his long and useful life, and especially in the high judicial office which 
he filled for more than thirty-four years — and knowing from their 
closer intercourse with him. better than any other community can 
know, the virtues that adorned his private character, the amiable 
simplicity of his manners, his unaffected modesty, his cheerful and 
happy temper, his habits of self-denial, his warm benevolence towards 
all men, his active beneficence and unbounded charity, not only prompt 
when sought but ever seeking objects of kindness. Feeling, therefore, 
that though this whole nation may join with them in equal veneration 
of this wise statesman, the just Judge, and the blameless patriot, 
none can have felt such love for the man as they have felt, or can 
mourn his loss as they mourn it, — and being desirous to erect some 
lasting monument of their sentiments — 

Resolved, therefore, by the citizens of Richmond, now in general 
meeting assembled. That the Common Council be requested, in com- 
pliance with the unanimous wish of the whole people of the city, to 



1835] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 133 

cause a monument to be erected, at the expense of the city, over the 
remains of John Marshall, in the public burying-ground, with a suitable 
inscription commemorative of his merits and their sense of them. 

Resolved, further, That this meeting, sensible that their fleeting 
language and perishable acts are wholly inadequate to the merits of 
Buch a man, trust, as they may most confidently trust, to history alone 
to render due honors to his memory, by a faithful and immortal 
record of his wisdom, his virtues and his services. 

Resolved, That these resolutions be communicated to the family 
of the late Chief Justice Marshall with the expression of the deep 
sympathy of their fellow-citizens." 

How fortunate is Eichmond that she preserved from despoiling 
hands the simple home of this great man ! Let her secure it 
against the decay of time and the ravages of fire, that it may be 
to coming generations a constant reminder of the character and 
ability of Virginia's distinguished son. 

Eichmond was experiencing more trouble from the hot aboli- 
tions of the North, who were called "Incendiaries," They were 
sending literature to the slaves urging them to desperate deeds. 
A pile of these pamphlets was publicly burned in front of the 
postoffice. There had been a serious insurrection in Mississippi 
and Eichmond was uneasy. A vigilance committee met at the Capi- 
tol August 12th, Samuel Saunders chairman. The merchants, 
mechanics, and traders of the city and county were urged to meet 
together and determine neither directly or indirectly to trade with 
the abolitionists of the ISTorth who, by their wicked devices, were 
trying to destroy the peace and harmony of the country, and the 
clergy was urged to discontinue preaching to the blacks separate 
from the whites and to employ all proper methods of discounte- 
nancing the methods of the "Incendiaries." The police were 
strengthened and the soldiers were in readiness for fear of a mob. 
Some had started the report that the Eoman Catholics were opposed 
to slavery^ and wanted to liberate the slaves. There was fear 
of mob violence. The Catholics held a meeting August 30, 1835, 
and passed resolutions condemning the interference by the abolition- 
ists and upholding the Constitution. Eev. T. O'Brien, rector of 
the church, was chairman of the committee. The Protestant 
clergymen met the 28th and passed similar resolutions. There 
were present P. Courtney, John Kerr, Ethelbert Drake, J. B. Tay- 



134 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1836 

lor, H. Keeling, S. Converse, G. Woodbridge, S. Mebane, Robert 
Ryland, L. M. Lee, J. Riddick, C. A. Forley, J. Woodcock, and W. 
B. Timberlake. It may be added that in Boston, New York, and 
many other Northern cities public meetings were held condemning 
the "Incendiaries." 

In the Legislature January, 1836, the question of abolition was 
again discussed. Resolutions were passed stating that the State 
had a right to manage as it saw fit this matter, and warned the 
North, for the peace of the country, to regard, the rights of the 
States. The Whig members wanted to authorize the Governor 
to correspond with other States with a view of forming a Southern 
Confederacy, words which became familiar in later days. 

The Colonization Society, John Tyler, president ; James Madison, 
vice president, was doing a good work in colonizing the free negroes 
in Africa. They held their annual meeting every January. 

Politics were hot and bitter between the Democratic Republicans 
and the WTiigs. Some Republicans proposed a third term for 
Andrew Jackson and it raised a storm of protest. Friends of the 
administration and those opposed were holding meetings. A public 
dinner was given at the Eagle Hotel by the Whigs to John Tyler and 
B. W. Leigh, Senators, March 19th. General Lamhert was 
president and Gen. Peyton vice president. 

Notwithstanding politics, Richmond was doing well her part 
for internal improvements. Now the books were opened at the 
Eagle Hotel for subscriptions to the stock of the Richmond and 
Petersburg Railroad, and by May 5th 3,000 shares were taken. 
The company was organized with W. H. Macfarland president, 
Moncure Robinson chief engineer, and Charles 0. Sanford assistant. 
This enterprise was scarcely organized before the books were 
opened for the Richmond and Louisa Railroad. This stock was 
also rapidly taken and the company was organized with Frederick 
Harris president and J. N. Hopkins and James Hunter engineers. 

The fever for building railroads had seized the city. August 
31st a meeting was held at the Capitol and delegates were sent to 
Charlotte Courthouse to a convention September 3d, in interest 
of a railroad to run from Farmville to Danville and thence to 
Lynchburg. Gen, J. B. Harvie, James Gray, James Caskie, Thomas 
James, General Lambert, and James Wiekham were appointed a 



1836] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 135 

committee to raise funds to survey a railroal from Richmond to 
Farmville and theuee to Lynchburg. 

Richmond laid aside business and ceased her activity to give 
herself to mourning. The solemn announcement was made in the 
paper of July 5, 1836, that James Madison was no more. The 
great statesman died at his home, Montpelier, June 28tli, at 6 :30 
P. M. The citizens held a meeting at the Capitol July 6th and on 
mjotion of R, C. Nicholas a committee of thirteen was appointed 
to prepare a suitable mode of offering a public testimony to the 
memory of the distinguished citizen. The committee appointed 
Monday, July 25th, as the day of public mourning, and W. H. Mac- 
farland to deliver the oration. On that day the minute guns began 
firing and the bells began tolling at daybreak and continued until 
sundown. Business was suspended and all the people turned out 
to honor their country in honoring her great son. The procession 
was formed at the Union Hotel at 10 A. M. Among the many 
organizations which joined it were the constantly thinning lines 
of officers and soldiers of the Revolution, and the teachers and 
school children. The line of march was up E to Ninth, thence to 
H, to Capitol Square. Bishop Moore conducted the opening exer- 
cises, W. H. Macfarland delivered an oration worthy of the subject, 
and Rev. J. B. Taylor, of the Second Baptist Church, closed. 

About August 25th there was a heavy freshet in different parts 
of the country which did a good deal of damage to the canal and 
railroads under construction. The route to Washington was by 
train nearly to Fredericksburg and by stage from there to Potomac 
creek, and thence to Washington by boat. The fare from Richmond 
to Washington was $6 when boats could run and $10 when no 
boats. The rains and freshet had greatly interfered with travel. 

Politics were always warm, and interesting in these early days. 
Thomas Ritchie, of The Enquirer, represented the Democratic 
Republicans, and J. H. Pleasants, of The Whig, and J. A. Cowardin 
and W. H. Davis, of The Daily Compiler, the Whigs. At the presi- 
dential election Richmond gave Van Buren, the Democratic 
nominee, 138. and General Harrison, the Whig, 455. Virginia 
gave Van Buren 4,548 majority. 

Judge Dabney Carr, of the Court of Appeals, died January 7, 
1837. Philip N. Nicholas was elected judge of Richmond and 



136 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1837 

Henrico circuit. Judge Parker resigned his seat in the United 
States Senate gind W. H. Eoane, of Richmond, was elected March, 
1837. A public dinner was given W. C. Rives at the Eagle Hotel 
March 21st. Speakers Linn Banks of the House and W. H. Parker 
of the Senate presided, assisted by .Tudges P. V. Daniel and P. 1^. 
Nicholas. 

A great deal of money had been subscribed by the State, cor- 
porations, and individuals for canals, railroads, and other enter- 
prises, and paper money had been plentiful; but the daj of settle- 
ment for the fictitious millions was at hand and who was able to 
abide it? The banks began to suspend specie payment and a great 
financial panic ensued. A public meeting was held at the Eagle 
Hotel to take action on the money question. Thomas Rutherford, 
chairman, appointed 0. Williams, R. B. Haxall, James Scott, 
Mann S. Valentine, James Lyons, and James Caskie a committee 
to bring suitable resolution. They recommended that as the banks 
of New York, Philadelphia, and other places had suspended specie 
payment, the Richmond banks, as a matter of precaution, should 
do likewise; that they had confidence in the banks; that in the 
present state of affairs the citizens must do what they could to 
allay the excitement, and that they pledge themselves to sustain 
the banks. The resolution carried, but nevertheless the financial 
storm raged. Governor David Campbell called an extra session of 
the Legislature for June 12th. They met and remained twelve 
days, during which time an act for the relief of the banks was 
passed, also one to stay the proceedings of executions in cases of 
refusal to receive bank notes. Still the panic increased and hard 
times became harder. Another public meeting was held to relieve 
the retail dealers on account of the lack of specie payment. The 
meeting requested the Council to issue small notes, but they re- 
plied that they were prohibited by law, so on went the financial 
scourge. Banks, banks, specie payment was the sole topic for 
writers and speakers. A convention of bankers was held in New 
York to consider the question of the resumption of specie pay- 
ment. Richmond sent a delegation, but it was some time after- 
ward before specie payment was resumed. 

Notwithstanding the hard times, the work on the railroads and 
^■^ canal was carried forward. The Richmond and Louisa road was 



1838] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 137 

opened December 21, 1837, to Frederick Hail. Tlie first train 
left Richmond at 9 A. M. filled with guests of the company. A 
band of music was on board. At the dinner given at Frederick 
Hall Fred Harris, president of the road; James Hunter, engineer; 
Lieutenant Governor Macfarland, Thomas Ritchie, and many others 
spoke. Another enterprise started January 1, 1838, was the City 
Savings Bank, Samuel Winfree president. Richmond already had 
iron works and a rolling mill, and February 6th a meeting was 
held at the Capitol with Governor Campbell chairman to request 
Congress to locate at Richmond the National Foundry for manu- 
facturing ordnance for the Army and Navy. A committee of nine 
was appointed to go to Washington, but they were unable to secure 
the plant. The foundry was not located here, but the Tredegar 
Company was given a contract for moulding cannon. The corner- 
stone of St. James Episcopal Church was laid April 2d. Dr. Adam 
Empie was to be rector. Bishop Moore conducted the exercises. 
The church was located near the Methodist church on 1 street. 
Another enterprise of importance was started in Richmond this 
year. The trustees of Hampden Sidney College organized a medi- 
cal department and located it here. This was our first medical 
school, which afterwards became the Medical College of Virginia. It 
opened November 5th with 46 students and the following faculty: 
Thomas Johnson, M. D., professor of anatomy and physiology ; John 
Cullen, M. D., professor of the theory and practice of medicine ; L. W. 
Chamberlayne, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeu- 
tics ; R. L. Bohannan, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases 
of women and children; August L. Warner, M. D., professor of 
surgery; Socrates Maupin, M. D., professor of chemistry and 
pharmacy. Dr. Warner was dean of the faculty. The Old Union 
Hotel, corner Main and Nineteenth streets, was used for the school 
and also as a hospital, and Sisters of Charity were the nurses. 

The railroad from Richmond to Petersburg was completed May 
11th as far as Manchester. The passengers had to walk over 
Mayo's bridge. The railroad bridge was completed September 5th 
and was called for the engineer, Charles 0. Sanford. It was 
to be "the noblest bridge in America." The first commercial con- 
vention of the State was held in Richmond June 13th, James 
Caekie president and Wright Southgate vice president. Delegates 



138 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1838 

attended from the entire State. The question of conunereial 
advancement was discussed for several days. Notwithstanding the 
drought which prevailed, August 15th was a great day of rejoicing 
in the city. It was the day long looked for as the real beginning 
of the era of prosperity. On this memorable day the banks re- 
sumed specie payment. 

With the resumption of specie payment came the golden age of 
Richmond. The question that perplexed the citizens was what to 
do with the vast wealth that would pour into the city. There 
was to be no more poverty; every one was to be a partaker of the 
immense wealth. The golden smile of prosperity was to greet 
even the humblest. The only trouble seemed to be that the people 
had been inactive so long and had not thought of the rich gold 
mine about to be opened. Truly Midos was in Richmond and 
every thing he touched would turn to gold. The Midos, however, 
was not the fabled king, but a worm, a simple little worm, a 
silk worm. He would thrive on the Chinese mulberry, morus 
multicaulis, as it was called, and that would flourish in Richmond's 
climate. One acre of ground with these trees loaded with silk 
worms would net the owner from $200 to $500 dollars. What a 
prospect to the man who owned one hundred or a thousand acres of 
land ! How encouraging as a source of small change for the owner 
of an acre or two ! There was no thought of anything but silk 
worms and morus multicaulis. Plants and trees were bought by 
the tens of thousands. Every day the public was informed that 
they could get six or ten thousand trees, 240,000 white silk worm 
eggs, 160,000 gray, 160,000 yellow, 100,000 speckled. All colors 
to suit the purchasers. People mortgaged their property to get 
money to buy worm eggs and morus multicaulis. The face of the 
country was covered with the sprouts and trees, and it is said 
that the church windows and the sleeping rooms, the parlors and 
every available space had silk worms growing. Some wanted to 
plant the trees in the grave yards. The morus multicaulis, like the 
green bay tree, flourished, the festive worms waxed fat, but the 
gold was slow conning. The mulberry of many stems began to 
slump on the market, worm eggs took a tumble, and after about nine 
months the golden dream vanished, the red hillsides in and 
around Richmond resumed their normal appearance, and the peo- 



1839] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 139 

pie returned to their aceustoTnerl business, poorer hut wiser for 
the advent of morus multicaulis. 

Theatres had not flourished in Richmond since the awful fire of 
December 26, 1811. One had been built and it, too, burned. An- 
other was built, called The Marshall Theatre, and opened Novem- 
ber 14, 1838. Judge William Brockenbrough, of the Court of 
Appeals, died in the city December 10th, and in January Robert 
Stanard was elected in his place. The noted hostelry at which so 
many public meetings and celebrated dinners had been held, the 
Eagle Hotel, and a number of adjoining houses, burned Decem- 
ber 29th. 

The year 1839 opened favorably for Richmond. The canal was 
opened January 12th for some miles above the city. A company 
was organized to build the Exchange Hotel on F street and to 
rebuild the Eagle. Property that some years before had sold for 
eleven or twelve thousand dollars now brought thirty-five thou- 
sand. Another effort was made for a public library, so on July 
15th the Merchantile Tjibrary Association was organized, Isaac 
Davenport president, Fleming James and S. F. Adie vice presi- 
dents, W. F. Watson secretary, and T. M. Smith treasurer. 



140 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1840 



CHAPTER VI 

Richmond now could be called a city in reality, for she had 
grown until her population was 20,153, and she had real estate, 
including buildings, valued at $7,821,263. The outlook in 1840 
was very promising, and the hope was that when another period of 
ten years had passed her population would be doubled. 

The most notable aspect of the times covered by this chapter 
was the bitterness of the political parties. Politics were waxing 
warmer and warmer, and the vocabulary of abuse was almost ex- 
hausted. The Wliigs could not find terms of dislike which 
adequately expressed their feeling towards the Democratic Repub- 
licans, whom we shall henceforth call Democrats. Neither could 
the Democrats find language bitter enough to tell of the Whigs and 
Whiggery. A Democratic Convention was held at the Capitol Feb- 
ruary 21st and on the 24th a great dinner was spread for the 
"special delegates." Captain W. D. Wren presided, assisted by 
Judge P. N. Nicholas and John Rutherford. The Whigs were not 
to be excelled; they invited the patron saint of the Whigs, Henry 
Clay, to come to Richmond and dine. Clay arrived February 25th 
on the R., F. & P. A vast crowd of citizens, with a band, met 
him and escorted him to the Washington Hotel, where that night 
one of the greatest dinners ever given in Richmond was given the 
distinguished visitor. 'Judge B. W. Leigh presided, assisted by 
James Lyons, Wyndham Robertson, W. H. Macfarland, J. M. 
Wickham, James Caskie, F. B. Dean, Jr., Dr. R. H. Cabell, J. A. 
Goddin, B. Peyton, W. B. Archer, J. M. Patton, J. B. Harvie, and 
Dr. Samuel Patterson. Clay visited Henrico and Hanover and left 
Richmond March 4th for Washington, 

Another event of importance to Richmond which took place 
March 4th was the passing of an act to incorporate Richmond 
college. Mention has been made of the founding of the Baptist 
seminary in 1832, and the remioval to "Columbia" the next year; 
now the work of establishing a college in or near the city was 



1840] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 141 

begun. The trustees were Thomas Hudgins, J. B. Taylor, J. B. 
Jeter, Albert Snead, James Sizer, Henry Keeling, L. W. Allen, 
William Sands, Jesse Snead, James Thomas, Jr., Rich. Eeins, 
Joseph Mosby, Eli Ball, Thomas Hume, Cumberland George, W. F. 
Broaddus, Daniel Witt, A. M. Poindexter, Addison Hall, J. D. 
McGill, Edwin Broaddus, George Alderson, James C. Jordon, Wil- 
liam Southwood, R. C. Wortham, Charles Hunton, J. B. Young, 
Samuel Hardgrove, A. Thomas, A. G. Wortham, L. Burfoot, 
Samuel Taylor, J. B. Clopton, Silas Wyatt, J. B. Turner, Peter 
Winston, and H. L. Carter. It was stated that nothing in the act 
should be so construed as to authorize the establishment of a theo- 
logical professorship in the college. Another clause of the charter 
empowered the Board of Trustees to contract and agree with R. C. 
Wortham, J. T. Anderson. J. S. Ellis and others for the purchase 
and sale of the property then occupied as a seminary of learning 
near the city of Richmond, called Columbia, together with the 
buildings and appurtenances thereon, on such terms and conditions 
as may be agreed upon by the trustees and the persons named. 
This agreement was made and the work of establishing the college 
was begun. Richmond's prosperity received a sudden and decisive 
check April 11th and a severe financial panic was narrowly averted. 
The excitement was almost indescribable; at one time it looked 
as if confidence in banks was entirely gone. The cause of it was the 
biggest bank robbery ever known in the history of the city. The 
amount taken was more than a half million; to be exact, it was 
$546,619. W. B. Dabney, first teller of the Bank of Virginia, was 
accused of the defalcation. He immediately left for parts un- 
known. April 11th Ben Green was arrested for abetting by carry- 
ing off $100,000. The stockholders of the Bank of Virginia were 
immediately called together and everything was done to quiet the 
excited populace. The people were assured that though the loss 
was heavy the bank could stand it. Governor Gilmer offered $3,000 
reward for Dabney. The wildest of rumors were afloat; some that 
Dabney had chartered the Great Eastern, the ship of its day, and 
was sailing to parts unknown. WHiile this was going on, Dabney 
returned from Canada, stating that he had no money. He sur- 
rendered himself and he was put on the stand as State's witness 
against Ben Green. He was on the stand eight days. He stated 



143 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1841 

that when he entered the service of the bank Green was defaulting 
and that he consented to hush it up. It was shown that $541,347 
was gotten out by means of checks; $401,734 were Green's and 
$73,053 were Green and Crenshaw's. Dabney and Green were both 
committed without bail, but later they were bailed. Their trial 
was postponed from time to time until three sessions of the court 
had passed and they were dismissed. 

The stockholders requested that all the officers of the mother 
Bank of Virginia, except John Brockenbrough, the president, 
resign. 

No financial or other troubles affected the political situation. 
Banks might come and banks might go but politics went on for- 
ever. A big Tippecanoe club in the log cabin was formed by the 
Whigs^ who stood for General Harrison for President. The Demo- 
crats were as eager in urging Martin Van Buren for a second term. 
Richmond was a Whig city, as was shown by the election returns 
in November. Van Buren received 176 votes and Harrison 581. 
Virginia gave a majority of 1,392 to Van Buren, and Harrison 
was elected. 

After the election the president and directors of the James River 
and Kanawha Company left Richmond November 25th in the first 
packe1>boat for Lynchburg. The canal was completed to that place. 
It was the occasion of great rejoicing. It was thought that the 
distance between the two places could be compassed in thirty hours. 

Early in 1841 there were two distinguished visitors to the city. 
Edwin Forrest, the great tragedian, presented several of Shakes- 
peare's plays here in January. Gen. W. H. Harrison, the President- 
elect, was here February 18th and addressed the citizens from the 
steps of the Merchants' Coffee House. The Star, a new paper, 
made it appearance. W. C. Rives was again elected United States 
Senator in January. Rev. A. H. Cohen, the Jewish Rabbi, popular 
in Richmond, died the same month. The Superior Court of Chan- 
cery in the Twenty-first Judicial circuit was established this month 
for Richmond. 

March 4th was a time of great rejoicing with the Whigs of Rich- 
mond. On that day Gen. W. H. Harrison, a native of Virginia, 
was inaugurated President of the United States and John Tyler, 



1841] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 143 

of Virginia, Vice President. Many of the Whigs went to Wash- 
ington to attend the ceremonies. It was not long, however, before 
the rejoicing was turned to mourning. April 4th, one month after 
his inauguration, General Harrison died of pleurisy. Truly, as 
Burke says : 

"Wliat shadows we are and what shadows we pursue." 

When the news of the President's death was received in Rich- 
mond a meeting of the citizens was called at Trinity Methodist 
church. William Lambert, the mayor, was chairman. Suitable 
resolutions were adopted and the citizens were requested to wear 
the badge of mourning for one month. The council met and set 
Friday, April 16th, as a general day of mourning. 

Richmond was moving forward. In June the new Exchange 
Bank was opened and July 1st the Exchange Hotel, costing 
$40,000, was opened with F. Boydton in charge. This event was 
celebrated by an elaborate dinner. W. H. Macfarland presided, 
assisted by General Bernard Peyton. The new First Baptist Church, 
corner of H and Twelfth streets, was dedicated October 17th. Dr. 
George B. Ide, of Philadelphia, preached the opening sermon. Rev. 
J. B. Jeter was pastor. The Henrico Agricultural and Horticul- 
tural Society held its second fair at Bacon Quarter branch October 
20th. Rev. Jesse H. Turner was president. The Second Baptist 
Church, corner E and Sixth streets, was dedicated January 16, 
1842, Rev. Magoon, the pastor, preaching the opening sermon. 

All Richmond, irrespective of creed or party, came with bowed 
head and sad heart to the bier of good Bishop Moore, who died in 
Lynchburg while attending to the duties of his office. His remains 
were brought here on the packet-boat Saturday, November 13th, 
and his funeral was conducted the following day from Monumental 
Church. Dr. Adam Empie conducted the service and Rev. William 
Norwood preached the sermon. The body was borne to the new 
burying-ground, Shockoe Cemetery, and there laid to rest. The 
pallbearers were Revs. Woodbridge, Cobbs, Atkinson, Croes, Dugan, 
and Hart. A great crowd came to pay their respects to the memory 
of the good man. 

In December there were several interesting occurrences. Andrew 



144 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1842 

Stevenson, of Eichmond, had been appointed by President Van 
Buren Minister to London. He returned home and Saturday, the 
11th, a great dinner was given him at the Exchange Hotel. Thomas 
Ritchie was president and Col. R. B. Corbin vice president. The 
citizens attended without consideration of political parties. On 
the 9th the State Convention on Education met at the Capitol and 
then adjourned to the First Baptist Church. The delegates from 
Richmond were Revs. W. S. Plumer, J. B. Jeter, Phil Courtney, 
R. G. Scott, George Lambert, and others. James M. Garnett was 
president and R. H. Toler secretary. The convention discussed 
primary schools, academies, colleges, universities, and military 
schools. A very important thing they did was to urge the people 
of Virginia and the Legislature to provide free primary schools for 
every white child. The Odd Fellows dedicated their hall below 
the Exchange Hotel the 14th. The sermon was preached in St. 
James Church by R«v. D. D. Smith, of the Unitarian Church. The 
address at the hall was by Rev. J. D. McCabe. 

Charles Dickens in Richmond. — It was a time never to be for- 
gotten by those who were present, Charles Dickens and lady ar- 
rived in Richmond Thursday evening, March 17th, over the 
R., F. & P. road from Washington. They went to the Exchange 
Hotel. At a meeting of the citizens February 22d a committee of 
twelve was appointed to ascertain from Dickens when he would be 
here and invite him to a public dinner. He declined, stating that 
he was obliged to refuse more public receptions. Some citizens 
waited on him, however, and asked him if he would receive a few 
gentlemen at supper. He agreed; so arrangements were made for a 
'^petite souper" at the Exchange Hotel Friday night. About an 
hundred citizens were present. Thomas Ritchie was president and 
James Lyons, General Pegram, Messrs. Faulkner, Carter, and 
Preston, of the Senate, were vice presidents. Dickens sat at the 
right of Ritchie and acting Governor Rutherford at his left. Mr. 
Ritchie made an address of welcome, in which he stated that Vir- 
ginia had no Washington Irving or Bryant to present to him ; her 
sons had produced literature of a constitutional character, as Wash- 
ington, Jefferson, Madison, and Marshall. Then grasping the hand 
of Dickens, he said : "Gentlemen, I propose this toast : 'Charles 



1842] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 145 

Dickens, the Literary Guest of the Nation ; we welcome him to the 
hearths and hearts of the Old Dominion." Dickens rose, amid great 
applause, and acknowledged with gratitude the testimonials of 
Virginia. "I say," he added, "the best flag of truce between two 
nations having the same common origin and speaking the same 
language is a fair sheet of white paper inscribed with the literature 
of each. Throughout all my travels in these parts I shall think of 
the pleasure which I have enjoyed in the bosom of your society." 
The last toast of the evening was "Charles Dickens, the 'artful 
dodger'; he has dodged Philadelphia and Baltimore, but he could 
not dodge the Old Dominion." A great many ladies called on 
Mrs. Dickens Saturday, and on Sunday they left. 

It is interesting to know what impression the popular author 
made upon the Eichmond people, so we quote some remarks about 
him : "Wherever he travels he multiplies by masses the host of 
his personal friends where before he was cherished fondly for the 
pure fiction of his mind's creation alone. He is very young for 
the great fame he has already won — only thirty years and six weeks 
old — is a man of decided and varied talents, full of wit and humor, 
with much good sense and much practical knowledge of the world, 
with manners of the most cordial sort; his heart is in his hand. 
His manners are open and frank and his kindhearted simplicity 
won for him the favor of all with whom he conversed. He is ex- 
tremely happy in the use of the living faculty of speech. Boz 
was in his happiest humor, and no literary guest can be more 
warmly received than has been the most popular author of the day/' 

At Monumental Church, October 13th, Dr. John Johns was 
ordained assistant Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 
Virginia. The worst freshet in forty years took place July 16th. 
Millions of dollars of damage was done to the canal and other 
property. The remains of Mrs. Tyler, wife of the President, reached 
Richmond September 13th and were carried to the Powhatan House. 
The bell of the First Presbyterian Church tolled until sunset. The 
next morning at 4 o'clock, while the Capitol bell was tolling, the 
funeral procession started for New Kent county. Mrs. Tyler was 
the first wife of a President to die in the White House. 

The last link in the R.. F. & P. railroad from Fredericksburg 



146 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1843 

to Aquia creek was completed November 22d, and a special train 
carried a number of guests from Richmond. The Bank of Vir- 
ginia had another stir when J. W. Pegram was elected president in 
place of Dr. John Brockenbrough, who had been president thirty- 
eight years. Governor McDowell appointed him to represent the 
State on the board of directors. An Executive and Legislative 
Temperance Society was organized at the Capitol January 20, 
1843. Robert White was president. The pledge was, "We will not 
ase intoxicating liquor as a beverage during the session of the 
Legislature of Virginia." No doubt this society was needed. 

The men were still busy working at politics. The State Con- 
vention of the Whigs met here February 22d, and the Dem,ocratic 
State Convention March 2d. Trouble was narrowly averted be- 
tween the two editors of Richmond's leading papers. W. F, 
Ritchie, of the Enquirer, challenged John Hampden Pleasants, of 
the Whig, to a duel over a political discussion in the papers. J. W. 
Pegram and James Lyons acted as peacemakers and brought about 
an amicable settlement. 

An effort had been made nearly fifty years before to light the 
city with gas jets on a high tower. It had failed, and the streets 
had no light except here and there a sperm-oil lamp, which served 
to make the darkness visible. At the ward election in April the 
freeholders voted to establish a gas plant to light the city. At the 
council meeting. May 26th, the committee recommended that there 
be a standing committee on the Richmond Gas Works, and that 
$42,000 be provided for with 6 per cent, bonds, with which amount 
the committee was to buy a suitable lot and erect the Richmond 
Gas Works and put them in operation. The proposition was de- 
defeated, and Richmond was still in the dark. 

There were signs of the city's progress. Wednesday, May 31st, 
the new Female Orphan Asylum was opened. Revs. Woodbridge 
and Empie, of the Episcopal Church; Plumer and Pollard, of the 
Presbyterian, and Jeter and Magoon, of the Baptists, took part. A 
large crowd was present. It was under the control of the Female 
Humane Association, which had been in operation thirty-five years. 
Mr. Levy made a liberal donation to the work and the Amicable 
Society gave $5,000, but the largest gift is shown by this inscrip- 



1844] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 147 

tion on the stone: "This building, with grounds attached, was a 
bequest from Edmund Walls, late of this city, to the Female Hu- 
mane Association in token of gratitude to the citizens of Eich- 
mond for their kindness to him who came among them a poor 
Irish boy. Erected 1842. William Williams, Barton Haxall, 
Executors." 

The centenary of the rise of Methodism in England was cele- 
brated in Eichmond in 1839. Subscriptions were taken in Trinity 
and Shockoe churches to the amount of $11,000, to be divided 
among the work of missions, the superannuated preachers' fund, 
and the building of a new church on Shockoe Hill. The old church 
on Marshall street was sold to the German Lutherans for $3,200, 
and Centenary Methodist Church, on Grace street near Fifth, was 
begun. This church was dedicated June 4, 1843. Eev. Edward 
Wadsworth, of Petersburg, preached the sermon to a great crowd, 
and Eev. Kennedy, of Philadelphia, offered the dedicatory prayer. 
The Eev. Dr. Waller was the pastor. 

The cornerstone of a new Episcopal church, corner Grace and 
Ninth streets, opposite the Washington Tavern, was laid by Bishop 
Johns Tuesday, October 10th. The church was to be called St. 
Pauls and was to be built after the model of St. Lukes in Phila- 
delphia. The Building Committee was Eev. William Norwood, 
rector of Monumental Church ; W. H. Macfarland, William Mitchell, 
Jr., William Williams, and A. F. D. Gifford. Thomas S. Stewart, 
of Philadelphia, was the architect. 

The Episcopal Convention met in Eichmond in May and the 
Baptist General Association in June. At the Talbott Bros.' iron 
works an iron steamer, "The Governor McDowell," was built, to 
run on the canal between Eichmond and Lynchburg. It ran for 
a while, but it was not a success, so they had to go back to the 
packet-boat and horses. In July Eichmond went through a siege 
of influenza — la grippe. A good deal of attention was paid to 
C. H. McCormick's new reaper. This year Benjamin B. Minor suc- 
ceeded to the editorship of the Southern Literary Messenger. 

The first College Convention in the State was held at the Ex- 
change January 4, 1844, There were represented William and 
Mary, Washington College, Hampden Sydney, Eandolph Macon 



148 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1844 

College, Medical College of Virginia, Emory and Henry, and the 
University of Virginia. 

The city was greatly stirred by an accident which occurred Janu- 
ary 17th. The Whigs of the city built a large hall, which was 
known as the Wliig Clubhouse. The papers announced that the 
house was nearly completed, but that enough was left unfinished 
to give every Whig an opportunity to have part in building the 
house, if only to drive a nail. A grand Wliig rally was appointed 
at the clubhouse on the afternoon of the 17th. A large crowd of 
Whigs assembled. Many went on the roof to help drive the last 
nails. Samuel F. Adie arose to call the meeting to order, when 
some one proposed three cheers. These were given with a will, 
when suddenly the roof gave way and the men and timbers fell 
upon those beneath. The people, surprised and shocked, rushed to 
get out of the building and a panic ensued. Eobert Maynard and 
E. H. Baker were killed and a number were wounded. Amos 
Kendall, of the opposite party, published a piece in which he said 
the calamity was a judgment sent upon the Whigs, This aroused 
their indignation and added to the damper already cast over the 
spirit of the town, and some were so bitter against the writer that 
personal violence was feared. 

The papers of March 1st were in mourning. Wliile the United 
States ship "Princeton" was near Alexandria one of her large guns 
burst, killing Ex-Governor T. W. Gilmer, of Virginia, Secretary of 
the Navy; Mr. Upshur, of Virginia, Secretary of State; Virgil 
Maxey, Commander Kennon, Mr. Gardner, and Captain Stockton. 
President Tyler was on board, but was not hurt. Minute guns 
were fired in Richmond and all flags were put at half-mast. The 
remains of Governor Gilmer reached the city from Washington 
March 7th, and were met at Buchanan's Springs by the military 
companies and a large procession of citizens. They marched down 
H street to the Capitol, where the Governor and his council joined 
them. The corpse was taken into the House of Delegates, where it 
remained until next day, when it was taken to Scottsville on the 
packet-boat. 

The only free school in Richmond, and the one that for a long 
time had been doing excellent work, the Lancasterian, celebrated its 



1844] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 149i 

anniversary at the First Baptist Church May 15th. The procession 
was headed by the grand old man, Eev. Philip Courtney, of the 
Methodist Church, the principal instructor, whose labors in the 
great cause and whose pure and holy life had directed toward him 
the love and respect of the whole community. 

There was but one other subject for the year 1844 that was con- 
sidered — politics. All the papers were full of politics and new 
ones were started. It was difficult to spare room for funeral notices 
and advertisements from the political effusions. Every little 
political meeting in the country was described in detail, and ten 
and twenty columns of addresses to the voters came with almost 
every paper. The Democrats and Whigs each held a State conven- 
tion in Richmond in February. If the people took as much time 
discussing politics as the papers, it is to be wondered how they 
managed to get time for a meal or a short nap, for the papers this 
year were politically crazy. The Whigs advocated Henry Clay for 
President and the Democrats James K. Polk. When the November 
election came Richmond was strongly Wliig, giving Henry Clay 824 
votes and James K. Polk 276. Polk carried Virginia by 5,893 
majority. 

During the month of November death claimed three of Rich- 
mond's leading citizens — Gen. J. H. Pegram, Isham Randolph, and 
John Seabrook, and two months later Captain W. D. Wren. The 
Star and the Compiler had been getting out a daily for some time, 
and before the close of this year the Enquirer and the Whig began 
a daily issue. John Hampden Pleasants at this time returned to 
the editorial chair of the ^Vliig. 

The year 1845 was not remarkable for its happenings. J. H. 
Gihon, the pastor of the Universalist Church, was diligently ex- 
pounding his doctrine, but not with marked success. Alexander 
Campbell was preaching at the Sycamore Church and holding public 
disputations. John Gough, the great temperance lecturer, was 
speaking to large audiences at the United Presbyterian Church, 
St. James Episcopal, First Presbyterian, Trinity Methodist, and 
Second Baptist. 

There was a great deal of discussion over the question of the 
annexation of Texas to the United States, and neither of the politi- 



150 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1845 

cal parties was a unit on the subject. There was division of senti- 
ment on both sides. The people were very much incensed that 
Massachusetts should again threaten secession if Texas were an- 
nexed. Nevertheless, Texas was annexed, and Florida and Iowa 
also came in as States at this time. 

There was great dissatisfaction over the way the municipal 
affairs were conducted. It was claimed that the night watch was 
paid $12,000 a year and did no good, while the Council would not 
light the city. Later $10,000 was appropriated for filling the 
valley of Shockoe creek on Broad street, and still the city was in 
darkness. Broadmeadow had on exhibition a gas machine and 
this made the people mjore anxious for light on the streets. An 
effort was made to remove J. C. Cabell from the presidency of the 
James River and Kanawha Company, and a bitter fight was miade. 
As the city was a large stockholder, it was decided to submit it to 
the freeholders. Cabell carried the city by about 8 to 1. 

There was still great activity in the field of politics ; the "Crows," 
as the Democrats called the Whigs, and the "Loco-foco," as the 
Whigs called the Democrats, were everlastingly after each other. 
The political bitterness was injected into business, social affairs, 
and even at a fire it was thought magnanimous that the Democrats 
should assist the Whigs in saving property. The women even were 
taking part. The Whig women of Richmond started a fund for a 
statue of Henry Clay and over the whole State they began to or- 
ganize to raise money for this purpose, and they did erect a statue 
to him in Capitol Square, of which we shall speak later. In a 
hot fight for Congress, John Minor Botts, the Whig candidate, who 
had once represented this district in Congress, was defeated by J. A. 
Seddon, the Democratic candidate. 

It is a delightful change to turn aside from the stormy sea of 
politics to the placid waters of literature. The Southern Literary 
Messenger was appearing monthly, and was making for itself a 
splendid reputation. One writer especially was attracting attention, 
and the papers were asking for his real name. His short stories 
were received with enthusiasm over the whole country. In the 
March number this citizen of Richmond contributed an original 
poem that commanded the attention of the literary world — ^The 



1845] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 151 

Eaven. by Edgar Allan Poe. There were other excellent contribu- 
tions, but our limitations are such that we cannot give the space to 
the discussion of them. 

The papers of June 17th were in mourning and the bells were 
tolled. Whigs and Democrats met together in a public meeting, 
with Mayor Lambert as chairman, to pass suitable resolutions a^d 
arrange for a public service in respect to the memory of General 
Andrew Jackson, who died at his home, The Hermitage, June 8th. 
The 28th was fixed as the day. Business was suspended from 9 to 3. 
A long procession marched up Main to Ninth, to Broad, and to the 
old Baptist meeting-house where, after religious exercises by Dr. 
Plumer and Eev. E. L. Magoon, Andrew Stevenson delivered an 
oration upon the life of Jackson. Col. Thomas B. Bigger was the 
chief marshal. 

Two buildings of importance were completed in June of this 
year, the new St. Pauls Church and the new Hampden Sidney 
Medical College and Hospital. St. Pauls Church was consecrated 
Tuesday, November 11th. There was not a large crowd because 
some one reported that the new arch galleries were unsafe, and 
that kept many away. Bisliops Meade and Johns marched in the 
church, followed by Revs. Slaughter, Wilmer, Caldwell, Bell, 
Gibson, Empie, Woodbridge, Norwood, and Bolton. Bishop Meade 
received from W. H. Macfarland, of the vestry, the instrument of 
donation and endowment. Rev. Norwood read the sentence of con- 
secration. He, with Rev. Bell, conducted the service. Bishop Johns 
preached the sermon from Haggai 2 : T. Bishop Meade made an 
address. Professor Dumderdale presided at the organ. The next 
day the pews were sold at auction and ninety-three brought $43,000, 
with thirty more to sell. The prices ranged from $100 to $860. 
When the first night service was held December 7th, the rector. Rev. 
Norwood, announced that everything was paid for, so that they 
would "owe no man anything." 

On account of the annexation of Texas, Mexico declared war 
against the United States July 16th. The perpetual fire of patriot- 
ism burns in the breast of the Richmond people, so when this news 
came the Fayette Artillery, of this city. Captain Thomas H. Ellis, 



153 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1845 

offered their services to the Secretary of War. He responded that 
if volunteers were needed he would call upon them. 

A very important meeting of the citizens was held at the City 
Hall August 28th. Governor McDowell was chairman. The pur- 
pose of the meeting was to urge a more efficient system of popular 
education. Governor McDowell spoke, showing that Virginia had 
58,788 whites over twenty years of age who could not read or write, 
the largest number of any State in the Union. P. V. Daniel, Jr., 
offered resolutions urging the people all over the State to hold 
similar meetings and calling upon the Legislature to establish a 
more extensive and efficient system of popular education. A stand- 
ing committee was appointed, consisting of Col. G. W. Munford, 
W. H. Macfarland, Dr. Thomas Nelson, C. F. Osborne, P. V. 
Daniel, Jr., H. L, Brooke, E. T. Daniel, J. E. Heath, T. H. Ellis, 
J. A, Cowardin, G. A. Myers, E. B. Gooch, and B. B. Minor. This 
committee issued a public address to the people of the State calling 
upon them to arouse and proposing a State Convention in the interest 
of education. This convention met December 10th in the Hall of 
the House of Delegates and later in the First Baptist Church. 
Governor McDowell was president. One hundred and eighty-four 
delegates attended. They discussed higher education, but special 
attention was given to primary schools. The district school system 
was recommended to the Legislature and J. H. Stevenson, Janney, 
Plumer, Nelson, Daniel Eogers, J. H. Munford, Governor Mc- 
Dowell, and E. B. Gooch were appointed a committee to draw up a 
suitable memorial to the Legislature. A proposition was made to 
establish a military school at the armory in Eichmond, instead of 
the Public Guard for the Capitol, penitentiary, and armory, but it 
met with a great deal of opposition. 

The day before the Educational Convention, the Convention of 
Colleges met here. Landon C. Garland, of Eandolph Macon Col- 
lege, was president. 

Another important meeting was held in the concert room of the 
Exchange Hotel October 15th; it was to appoint delegates to a 
convention to be held at Harrisonburg to extend the Eichmond and 
Louisa railroad from Gordonsville to Harrisonburg. James Lyons, 
F. James, C. Dimmock, W. H. Macfarland, G. W, Munford, B. 



1845] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 153 

Peyton, J. Myers, W. F. Ritchie, and J. H. Pleasants were ap- 
pointed and instructed to vote for the extension of the road across 
the Blue Ridge to the valley. W. H. Macfarland offered an im- 
portant resolution, which was laid over to an adjourned meeting 
October 22d. It was that East and West Virginia should be con- 
nected by a railroad commencing at Lynchburg or Buchanan, 
thence along the valley to New river, and thence down New river 
to steam navigation on the Great Kanawha. The resolution was 
passed. It came up again at the meeting of the stockholders of the 
James River and Kanawha Company in December. President Cabell 
opposed it, but it would have been a great move if the company 
had adopted it. Cabell resigned as president at a later meeting 
and Walter Gwinn was elected in his place. 

The papers were speaking of the "Wonder of the Age," Morse's 
magnetic telegraph, which was being established in New York. 
Some opposed it because, they said, it would break up the postal 
system and injure the newspapers. The Ladies' Union Benevolent 
Society and Gentlemen's Society held their ninth anniversary at 
Rev. Moses D. Hoge's church November 18th. The Methodist Con- 
ference appointed for Richmond were : Abram Penn, presiding elder ; 
Leo, Rosser, Trinity; Asbury Chapel, R. Michaels; Wesley Chapel, 
L. M, Lee; Centenary, to be supplied. The Medical Society of 
Virginia met December 16th ; the following were the officers : W. S, 
Patterson, M. D., president; J. A. Cunningham, M. D., vice presi- 
dent; R, G, Cabell, secretary. L. W. Allen, agent for Richmond 
College, made an earnest effort to endow the college, several promis- 
ing him $5,000, others $10,000. 

The question of lighting the city with gas came up again. This 
time the Council approved a charter to incorporate a company for 
the purpose. Keever & Durgan, of Philadelphia, were to do the 
work. The books for subscription to the stock were opened at 
Joseph Bosher's February 6, 1846. "Let us have light; now we are 
compelled to grope in darkness through our rugged and dan- 
gerous streets," was the cry of the people. This aroused the 
dormant Council and they ordered that a poll be taken at the city 
election, April 2d, as to whether the gas works should be established 
at the expense of the city rather than by a private company. The 



154 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1846 

vote stood: For gas, 458; against it, 397, giving a majority of 61 
for the city gas works. At the next meeting of the Council a com- 
mittee was appointed to devise plans for the work. 

Two charters for railroads were granted — one, Richmond to the 
Ohio river, and the other, Richmond to Yorktown — but they were 
never used. 

Richmond was shocked when she heard that John HIampden 
Pleasants, founder of the WJiig and long its editor, but at this time 
editor of the Compiler, was dead. He died as the result of several 
bullet wounds. He and Thomas Ritchie, Jr., of the Enquirer, had 
a hot newspaper controversy over Pleasants's attitude toward 
slavery. Finally the editor of the Times told Ritchie that Pleasants 
had requested him to say to him that he would be on the Chester- 
field side of James river, two hundred yards above the cotton mill, 
February 25th, at sunrise, armed with side arms, without rifle, 
shotgun or musket, and accompanied by two friends similarly 
armed. Ritchie replied that he did not like the terms of the chal- 
lenge, but that at sunrise he would meet him with two friends at 
the place designated. The two, with their friends, met and fought 
a duel. Pleasants was wounded several times, but Ritchie was not 
hurt. He lingered until 2 o'clock Friday morning, when he died. 
Pleasants's funeral was conducted Sunday from Grace Street Pres- 
byterian Church by the pastor. Rev. J. C. Stiles, assisted by Revs. 
J. B. Jeter and E. L. Magoon. A great crowd attended, testifying 
to the popularity of the late editor, especially among the Whigs. 
Ritchie fled to Washington, but later returned and surrendered him- 
self to the Chesterfield authorities and was tried for fighting a duel, 
but was acquitted. The affair, however, caused a great sensation 
in Richmond because of the prominence of the parties engaged and 
because of the duel. 

Several events of importance must be noticed at this time. The 
efforts for primary education, though not immediately successful, 
started the movement that was to be of great help to the State. 
To further this good cause, the Richmiond Educational Association 
was organized in April with C. F. Osborne president, W. H. Mac- 
farland, Thomas Sampson, Socrates Maupin, and Isaac Davenport 
vice presidents. A meeting was held at Rev. Moses D. Hoge's 



1846] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT I55 

church April 3d for the purpose of organizing a Male Orphan 
Asylum. Samuel Reeve was made chairman of the committee to 
solicit subscriptions. St. Marks Episcopal Chapel, corner Clay and 
First streets, was consecrated by Bishop Johns April 16th. The 
upper part of Grace Street Baptist Church was first opened for ser- 
vice May 10th. Robert Stanard, of the Court of Appeals, died in 
Richmond May 18th. The Southern Baptist Convention met in 
Richmond at the First Baptist Church the first time June 10th. 
Rev. Dr. Richard Fuller preached the opening sermon. W. B. John- 
son was president, W. Lumpkin, Rev. J. B. Taylor, A. Dockery 
and Rev. R. B. C. Howell vice presidents. For five days they dis- 
cussed the general work of the denomination, especially the work 
of foreign and domestic missions. The Richmond Tract Society 
was organized at Grace Street Presbyterian Church August Slst; 
B. B. Minor president and Benjamin Tate secretary. 

Although Mexico had declared war against the United States, 
the country was not greatly stirred until the President issued his 
proclamation of May 13th declaring a state of war to exist. The 
feeling was intensified by the news of the defeat of the Texas 
Rangers. Great excitement prevailed in Richmond. A public 
meeting was called for the City Hall, but the crowd attending was 
so great that it had to be held outside. Richmond, always ready to 
serve her country, passed resolutions pledging the service of her 
young men as volunteers, approving the act of Congress in voting 
supplies, and appointing a committee to raise funds to equip the 
volunteer companies. At a meeting at Military Hall May 15th a 
volunteer company of one hundred men and twelve officers was 
formed. Ed. C. Carrington was captain and G. A. Porterfield first 
lieutenant. These two officers were appointed to go to Washington 
and offer the services of the company to the President and Secretary 
of War. Two other companies were formed — the Grays, R. S. Scott, 
Jr., captain, and the Marshall Guard, W. B. Archer captain and 
L. M. Shoemaker first lieutenant. The Faj'ette Artillery again 
offered their services. It was November before the President called 
on Virginia for a regiment of infantry. Governor Smith accepted 
the offer of the Rangers, Captain Cunningham, the Grays and the 
Marshall Guard. The public subscription for uniforms and supplies 



156 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1847 

was increased, and in December the Legislature voted $10,000 to the 
volunteer companies for subsistence until they were mustered into 
the service of the United States. The Grays were quartered at the 
Union Hotel and the Rangers at the armory. The excitement in- 
creased with every announcement from Mexico, and the soldiers 
were eager to start; but the mothers, wives, and sweethearts of the 
men dreaded for the day of departure to come. But come it would, 
and January 4th at 6 :30 P. M. the Grays and Rangers embarked 
for Old Point, from there to sail for Mexico. A great crowd was 
at the wharf, and Dr. W. A. Patterson and Lieutenant Morris made 
some "touching remarks" before the final good-bye was said. The 
Marshall Guard did not leave until February 16th. In the mean- 
time the City Council voted eight handsome swords to the officers 
of the three Richmond companies. The victories of our arms greatly 
stirred the patriotism of the city, especially that of Vera Cruz; 
the Fayette Artillery unfurled a new flag and fired a salute from 
Gamble's Hill to celebrate it. 

Although the war with Mexico was the absorbing topic and was 
even more so after the three Richmond companies went to the 
front, other things were transpiring. The Virginia Medical Con- 
vention met at the Medical College December 14th, Dr. W. A. Pat- 
terson president. One hundred and fifty delegates were present. 
Rev. Dr. W. S. Plumer, for years connected with the history of 
Richmond, accepted a call to Baltimore, and Sunday night, Janu- 
ary 10, 1847, he preached his farewell sermon at the First Presby- 
terian Church to a large and sad congregation. Richmond was 
much interested in the election of United States senators. R. M. T. 
Hunter was elected January 15th, and on the 21st J. M. Mason 
was elected to succeed Senator Pennybacker, who had recently died. 
At this time a severe famine was afflicting Ireland, and Richmond, 
always ready to stretch forth her hands to the needy, called her 
citizens together to raise funds for the starving people. General 
Lambert, the mayor, was chairman of the meeting. Organized 
efforts were immediately started and soon several thousand dollars 
were raised. In April the bark "Bachelor" sailed direct from 
Richmond to Ireland loaded with flour, meal, corn, rice, bacon, 
and clothing, the gift of the people of Richmond. The Anti- 



1847] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 157 

License Temperance meeting was held April 13th in the Second 
Presbyterian Church to prepare for their great work. Another 
meeting of interest was that of the Virginia Historical Society, 
under its new organization, April 20, 1847. It retained its former 
name. Philosophical and Historical Society, but decided to limit its 
work to historical research. Hon. W. C. Eives was made president 
and Conway Eobinson chairman of the Executive Committee. A 
meeting of national importance was held in the First Presbyterian 
Church May 20th. It was the General Assembly of the Presbyterian 
Church in the United States (old school). Delegates from every 
State in the Union were present. Rev. Dr. Charles Hays, of Prince- 
ton, the retiring moderator, preached the opening sermon. Dr. 
F. H. Thornwell was elected moderator, Rev. Willis Lord stated 
clerk. Rev. R. Davidson permanent clerk, and Rev. P. J. Sparrow 
temporary clerk. For ten days the Assembly discussed the great 
questions concerning the welfare of the Church and formed wise 
plans for its futre conduct. Following this meeting the Virginia 
Baptist General Association met here June 5th. 

Two distinguished visitors came to Richmond and were royally 
entertained. Daniel "Webster, the great statesman, came by special 
invitation. A public dinner was given him at the Exchange Hotel 
April 29th. W. H. Macfarland presided. Webster sat at his right 
and Col. W. M. Payne and Professor Hitchcock near. Rev. Moses 
D. Hoge invoked the blessing. Mr. Macfarland, after the tables 
were cleared, introduced Webster, who spoke an hour. He was fol- 
lowed with toasts by Judge B. W. Leigh, James Lyons, and J. Minor 
Botts, who had recently been elected to Congress from this district 
over W. D. Leake, the Democrat. John R. Thompson read a song 
which he had composed for the occasion. This reception of Webster 
was a time of great rejoicing with the Wliigs. The other distin- 
guished visitor was President J. K. Polk. He, with Mrs. Polk, 
Judge Mason, Secretary of the Navy, and others, reached Rich- 
mond at 5 P. M. May 28th, from Washington. General Lambert, 
the mayor, met him at Broad and Seventh streets as he alighted 
from the train and welcomed him to the city. He was then 
escorted by the volunteer military companies, the Governor and 
Council, and citizens to the south portico of the Capitol, where he 



168 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1847 

delivered an address to the citizens. He was later accompanied to 
the Petersburg depot, where at 7 P. M. lie took the train for North 
Carolina. 

The citizens of Richmond were wide awake to her interests and 
advancement and were devoting all of their efforts to make it a 
great city. Especially was this true concerning internal improve- 
ments. The Legislature of 1847 granted five charters of so much 
interest to Richmond that the citizens entertained the entire body 
at dinner. The extension of the Louisa railroad to Charlottesville 
and beyond was of great importance. Then the Richmond and 
Ohio railroad, which was to connect Richmond with the West, and 
the Richmond and Danville road, with $1,500,000 stock, of which 
the State would take $900,000 if private parties took $600,000. 
James Lyons, chairman, and H. L. Kent, secretary of the commis- 
sioners, opened the books for subscriptions to the stock March 23d. 
At a public meeting in September, Joseph Mayo chairman, the 
Council was requested to open a poll to ascertain the mind of the 
freeholders in regard to the city's taking $200,000 of the stock. 
The poll was had in November and the vote stood 502 for the sub- 
scription and 153 against. The Council then authorized the presi- 
dent to subscribe for this amount of the stock. Work on the road 
was begun the following July. Whitmel P. Tunstall was first 
president of the company. 

Another charter was to the James River and Kanawha Company 
to extend the canal from Lynchburg to Buchanan. And yet another 
charter was to establish a "magnetic telegraph" along the line of 
the R., F. & P. railroad to connect Washington with Richmond. 
Work was at once begun on this enterprise, and Saturday, July 24, 
1847, at 12 :30 P. M., the first telegraph wire to the office in Rich- 
mond was completed. In a half hour a circuit was effected with 
Washington, and at 1 :10 P. M. the first message was sent between 
Richmond and Washington. It is difficult for us to imagine the 
effect which this produced on a city which had never before seen 
such a thing. With us familiarity banishes the wonder. "T'ruly 
this is a wonderful age," said a writer of the time, "and Morse's 
telegraph is one of its greatest wonders. We were much amused 
with the ease and rapidity with w^hich the spritely youth at the 



1848] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 159 

office held telegraphic converse with associates an hundred miles 
off." C. F. Osborne did much to complete this work, and Alfred 
Vail, superintendent of telegraph in the city, materially assisted 
him. 

While Richmond was making rapid progress she was not without 
her set-backs. Early Sunday morning, October 10th, the usual 
quiet of the city was suddenly disturbed by the rude alarm of fire. 
The fire association, for it was that which protected the city, rushed 
to the scene of conflagation. The Gallego Mills, the pride of 
Richmond, was afire from top to bottom. It burned, and with it 
Shockoe Warehouse, stores, factories, lumber houses, and other 
property. A hand engine was all the machinery for fighting fires 
except buckets and a hook-and-ladder, so that when a fire got a start 
it burned out. This proved to be one of the most disastrous fires 
in the history of the city; the total damage was estimated at 
$400,000. 

Notwithstanding the year 1848 was the year for another presi- 
dential election, there were many interesting events. John R. 
Thompson, who made the Southern Literary Messenger famous, 
became its editor. A public meeting was held April 15th in the 
City Hall ; General Lambert, the ma3^or, in the chair, the object of 
which was to encourage the Republican movement in France. James 
Lyons, J. H. Gilmer, H. F. Watson, Joseph Mayo, J. D. Munford, 
R. G. Scott, and others spoke. A large committee was appointed 
to raise funds and devise means to help forward the cause of liberty 
in France. Sunday, May 7th, the Second Presbyterian Church, 
Rev. M. D. Hoge's, was dedicated. Rev. Dr. W. S. Plumer preached 
the sermon from Deut. 32:31. The services were conducted by 
Revs. Hoge, Moore, Gildersleeve, and Allen. The building cost 
$27,000, and its architecture was novel in Richmond. Another 
novel feature was that it was the first church in Richmond to be 
lighted with gas. It was supplied with gas from Col. S. S. Myer's 
private laboratory. 

The Treat}' of Peace was ratified by Mexico May 19th, to the 
gratification of the whole country, and as a consequence our sol- 
diers began to return home. The House of Delegates gave a recep- 
tion to Col. John Garland and Lieutenant Johnson, and they were 



160 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1848 

entertained at dinner at the Powhatan House. Later Generals 
Quitman and Shields, who had done valiant service in Mexico, ar- 
rived in the city. The military companies and the citizens escorted 
them through the streets and in the evening an elaborate dinner 
was given in their honor at the Eixchange. A public meeting was 
held July 31st and Henry C. Cabell and John Lynch were appointed 
a committee to request the Council to appropriate a sum sufficient 
to entertain the Virginia regiment on its return from Mexico. The 
Council did so, and united with the citizens and the volunteer 
military companies to tender to them the hospitality of the city. 
Friday, August 4th, the steamer "Alice" carried the Council and 
committees down the river to meet the steamer "Curtis Peck" with 
the returning soldiers. They reached the wharf at 5 o'clock. A 
great crowd was present and a salute was fired. J. H. Gilmer made 
an address of welcome, after which the three companies — Captains 
Scott's, Carrington's, and Archer's — were escorted by the citizens 
and military companies to Military Hall. The next day they were 
entertained at a sumptuous dinner. Richmond was happy that the 
war was over and nearly all of her soldiers were back home, with 
no mark of the struggle except the bronze of the southern sun. 

The air was surcharged with the spirit of liberty. Again it mani- 
fested itself in the public meeting held August 23d at Odd Fel- 
lows' Hall. E. G. Scott was in the chair. The purpose of the 
meeting, as stated by H. F. Watson, J. H. Gilmer, and otliers, was 
to assist the Emerald Isle, not with food and clothes as before, but 
in her efforts to obtain her freedom from England. Long resolu- 
tions were passed disclaiming any desire to interfere with Eng- 
land, but that, enjoying the blessings of liberty, Richmond wanted 
to see Ireland enjoy like blessings. A committee of forty-fiive 
was appointed to raise funds to assist in the promotion of the 
cause of Irish freedom. 

Richard H. Toler, Sr., editor of the Whig, died May 15th. The 
General Temperance Convention met in Richmond June 15th. 
Mayo's bridge, which was swept away by the flood in the fall, was 
rebuilt. Rev. Moses D. Hoge opened a boarding and day school 
for young ladies October 1st at the corner of Franklin and Fifth 
streets. 



1849] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 161 

Political discussions were rife in the land, and Richmond had 
her full share. On the streets, in the stores, in the houses, joint 
discussions, newspaper discussions, everywhere Whigs and Demo- 
crats were discussing the party principles and the candidates for 
President. The Whigs had nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor and 
the Democrats General Cass. ^Nearly every night except Sunday 
there were political meetings and joint discussions. The Whigs 
always claimed that their speaker had won the victory over the 
Democrats, and the Democrats knew that their man had demolished 
the poor Whig. So it went until fortunately the election came off 
and tlie discussions ceased a while. In Richmond General Taylor 
received 1,068 votes and General Cass 345. General Cass carried 
the State, which usually went Democratic, by 1,473. The Demo- 
crats, however, very early but unwillingly conceded General Taylor's 
election. Such furious political fights we do not have in these 
times. 

A somewhat unusual meeting was that held in the rooms of the 
Virginia Historical Society November, 1848, to welcome A. Yatte- 
mare, of France, and to respond to his scheme of international 
library exchanges. The plan was that wherever there were dupli- 
cate books in a library they were to be exchanged for other works. 
Gov. J. B. Floyd, Mayor Lambert, John R. Thompson, B. B. Minor, 
G. H. Myers, and others spoke, and it was hoped that great advance- 
ment would be made by all the libraries in the country through 
M. Vattemare's plan. 

There were many events in the year 1849 that made it one long 
to be remembered in the history of Richmond. Early in the year, 
February 2d, one of her most distinguished citizens, who had filled 
a large place in the history of the city, Judge Benjamin Watkins 
Leigh, for whom Leigh street was named, died. So keenly was his 
loss felt that the mayor called a public meeting to render the 
merited honor to his memory. 

General Zachary Taylor was inaugurated March 4th and many 
Richmond Whigs attended. The next day Ex-President Polk 
passed through Richmond and was given a warm reception by the 
Governor, the Legislature, and the citizens. 

The gold fever became an epidemic in Richmond again this 
year, not in the form of a silkworm, but in the form of real gold. 



162 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1849 

The news came of the rich discoveries of gold in California, and how 
men in a few weeks had risen from poverty to immense wealth. 
That started the train of 'Forty-niners. Many with pick, shovel, 
and frying-pan started on foot to California to dig gold, expecting 
to return in a short time with a fabulous amount of wealth. Others 
as eager to find the gold, but able to go in better style, also went. 
The Madison Mining and Trading Company, to mine gold in 
California, was organized in Eichmond — Col. J. D. Munford, presi- 
dent; E. C. Moore, George Whitfield, G. B. Claiborne, vice presi- 
dents; C. J. Eaton, secretary; J. B. Robinson, treasurer; J. W. 
Reeves, assistant surgeon; William Duval, chaplain. These, with 
many other citizens of Richmond, left Old Point March 29th on 
the steamer "Glenmore" for San Francisco. From there they ex- 
pected to go to the gold field and to return with a shipload of gold. 
Many of them returned wiser but not richer, and with less gold 
than they had when they started. Time heals wounds and likewise 
helps disease; at last it cured Richmond's gold fever. This epi- 
demic, however, passed to give place to one that was dreadful 
indeed, and resulted in great loss of life and of money to the city. 
The attention of the public was called to the situation in a peculiar 
way. Governor Floyd called an extra session of the Legislature 
to meet May 28th to revise the Civil Code. The General Assembly 
opened on the date named and began their work, but they had not 
worked a week before they were thrown into a panic and adjourned 
to meet at the Fauquier Wliite Sulphur Springs. It was not the 
British influence that caused them to leave the Capital, as was the 
case when they left Williamsburg in 1776, but the Asiatic influence. 
Several cases of Asiatic cholera had been reported in Richmond, 
and from this the solons were fleeing in great haste. The people 
of the city had paid little attention to the cases reported, but now 
they began to take fright, and there was a general exodus from 
the city. A panic ensued, business was paralyzed, and visitors 
kept away from the city. The epidemic was not so violent as that 
of 1834, but it lasted longer. Day after day the Board of Health 
reported the new cases of cholera and the deaths. From May 19th, 
when the first case was discovered, until July 7th, two hundred and 
eighteen cases were reported and one hundred and thirty-six deaths. 
From that time until August 6th the cases diminished until about 



1849] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 163 

the middle of August, when it disappeared. It is said that busi- 
ness never was so dull as it was during that time. 

There is one thing, if nothing else, which makes this year notable 
in the history of Richmond : it was the dedication of Hollywood 
Cemetery, Until this time there was no private cemetery in the 
city; all were owned by the city. J. J. Fry and W. H. Haxall, 
while in Boston, visited Mt. Auburn Cemetery, and when they re- 
turned home they resolved to have a "rural decorated cemetery" for 
Richmond. June 3, 1847, J. J. Fry, W. H. Haxall, William 
Mitchell, Jr., and Isaac Davenport bought *of Lewis E.' Harvie, 
trustee for Jacquelin B. Harvie, for the sum of $4,675, a piece of 
ground containing forty-two acres and three rods, in the town of 
Sidney, in Henrico county. One rod was retained as the Harvie 
burying-ground, in which Gen. Jacquelin B. Harvie and Mary, his 
wife, a daughter of Judge John Marshall, were buried. A stock 
company was organized to take over the property, and August 3d 
the subscribers met at the Farmers Bank and elected Isaac Daven- 
port president, J. J. Fry treasurer, and C. C. Hudson secretary; 
William Mitchell, Jr., T. H. Ellis, W. H. Haxall, and J. H. Gordon 
were elected trustees. The price of the stock was $100 per share. 
Six days later the trustees resigned and the following were elected : 
W. H. Haxall, T. H. Ellis, J. H. Gordon, H. L. Kent, Robert Mc- 
Clellan, and Henry Exall. Two more acres were purchased in 
November at $725 and $1,000. The name Hollywood was sug- 
gested by John Notman, of Philadelphia, who drew the plans for 
the cemetery. It was laid off in July, 1848, and the first interment 
took place the same month, being tbat of Fred. W. Enrich, son of 
John Enrich. The stock did not sell rapidly, for at this time there 
were only forty-five subscribers, who had taken eighty-seven shares 
of stock. The first annual meeting of the stockholders was held in 
the room of the Richmond Library May 1, 1849, and June 25th, 
at 5 :30 P. M., Hollywood was dedicated. Rev. Reynolds, of the 
Second Baptist Church, offered the prayer, and 0. P. Baldwin 
delivered the oration to the small company gathered at the ceme- 
tery. The company had announced that lots would be sold after 
the dedication, but the sale did not come off. Judge R. H. Baker 
granted an injunction to P. P. Mayo, of Norfolk, who owned prop- 
erty adjoining, which stopped further proceedings. The announce- 



1G4 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1849 

ment of the p^>ans of the company started the most formidable oppo- 
sition, led by the Richmond Whig. It was claimed that it was a 
plan of a few men to make a large fortune by selling lots in which 
to bury the dead. They replied that after paying expenses the 
balance would be spent on improvements. Then the objection was 
urged that property in that section would be depreciated; that the 
city would soon grow around the cemetery and people would not 
want to live near it. Again, they objected that it was only for the 
rich and that the poor could not afford to be buried there, and the 
last and most serious objection was that it was just above the 
City Water Works, and that it would pollute the water and make 
the city unhealthful. 

After the injunction was dissolved very few lots were sold. The 
opponents said that the good sense of the citizens was assisting in 
frustrating the attempt to establish a burying-ground at that place, 
and they advocated buying out the proprietors and killing the 
scheme. And it looked very much as if that would be the final 
outcome, and it would have been had it not been for the courage of 
the few men behind the plan. They applied to the Legislature 
twice for a charter and were twice overwhelmingly defeated, and 
did not obtain a charter until 1856. The opponents said the com- 
pany was like a cat ; that already it had been done to death six or 
seven times, and they believed it would soon abandon the project. 
The Council was urged to take steps under the amendment of tho 
city charter in regard to the water works to break it up, and if 
they failed the citizens were expected to do something that would 
prevent the completion of the plan. So the fight grew warmer and 
warmer. The cemetery company held a meeting March 26, 1850, 
Richard B. Haxall chairman and Alex. Duval secretary. Thomas 
H. Ellis, the president of the company, made his report. He stated 
that the General Assembly had refused their request for a charter; 
that the bitter fight against them had prevented the people from 
buying lots bcause they did not think it permanent, and that they 
had expended $16,000 and sold thirteen lots, four of which had 
been improved, and there had been eleven interments in almost a 
year's time. A resolution offered by G. A. Myers was unanimously 
passed, which was that the company could see no reason for aban- 
doning the enterprise, but were determined to press it to completion. 



1849] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 165 

and that they assured the purchasers of lots that the property would 
be used for no other purpose than a cemetery. It was determined, 
in view of the opposition on account of the water works, to sell to 
the city so much of the ground, not exceeding five acres, as in- 
cluded the part through which the water pipes went to the reser- 
voir. On motion of Fleming James it was agreed to sell to the 
Catholic Benevolent Association for cemetery purposes such part 
of the ground as they should contract for upon reasonable terms. 
After this the opposition died down, and many of the opposers 
plumber beneath the sod in the despised cemetery. To the unfalter- 
ing courage of the original stockholders of the company, who stood 
in the face of united difficulties, Eichmond and Virginia owe a 
debt of gratitude for beautiful Hollj^wood, which holds the sacred 
dust of so many noble women and illustrious men. 

An event which at the time seemed of little moment but which 
is of much interest to us to-day took place in the concert hall of the 
Exchange Hotel Friday evening, August 17, 1849. Although it 
was advertised, only a few felt interest enough to attend and pay 
the admission fee. It was a lecture on The Poetic Principle. 
Edgar Allan Poe was the lecturer, and at the conclusion he read 
his own poem, The Eaven. Who would not like to have been there? 
One who was present said : '^e attended, expecting to hear noth- 
ing more than a common dissertation on the poetic faculty, a sort 
of second edition of Horace's Ars Poetica, but we were never more 
delighted in our lives. The lecture of Mr. Poe was full of strong, 
manly sense, manifesting an acquaintance with poets and their 
styles perfectly unique, we think, in this community. At least, we 
know of no person who so thoroughly understands this subject. We 
venture to ask Mr. Poe to make one more representation before us." 
Poe never appeared here again, however, for Sunday, Octobr 7th, 
at 5 A. M., he died in Baltimore at the age of forty-four. The 
mortal frame of Eichmond's son, America's greatest poet, was 
borne to the tomb in the church-yard in Baltimore, but wherever 
the lover of real poetry is there is his immortal fame. 

James K. Polk died June 15th at Nashville, and at a public 
meeting of the citizens of Eichmond it was determined, as was her 
custom when a distinguished man died, to set aside a special day 
to pay due respect to his memory. October 30th was the day ; busi- 



166 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1849 

ness was suspended, the bells tolled, and minute guns were fired. 
The procession marched up Main street to Fifth, thence to Broad, 
and down Broad to the African church. Eev. H. B. Cowles, of the 
Methodist Church, opened with prayer; Judge J. Y, Mason de- 
livered the eulogy, and Rev. Moses D, Hoge closed with prayer. 
Richmond lost some of her leading citizens this year. Chapman 
Johnson died July 12th ; Judge Philip N. Nicholas, of the Supreme 
Court, died August 18th, and Dr. Micajah Clark a few days later. 

Major General Winfield Scott was given a public reception No- 
vember 13th. W. H. Macfarland, Governor Floyd, and Mayor Lam- 
bert made addresses of welcome, after which he was escorted by the 
military companies to LaFayette Hall, where a sumptuous dinner 
had been prepared by order of the City Council. 

While Richmond was preparing for the holiday season, the night 
of December 24th there was a disastrous fire of incendiary origin. 
The R., F. & P. depot on Broad and Eighth streets burned, with 
fourteen freight ears of the Louisa railroad, loaded and ready to 
start, and ten freight cars, two baggage cars, and one colored 
passenger car of the R., F. & P. Co. There seemed to be no clue to 
the perpetrator of the foul crime. 



1850] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 167 



CHAPTER VII 

Eichmond, with a population of 30,280, and lots, including build- 
ings, valued at $13,728,603, was now entering upon a decade 
notable for the bitter discussion concerning slavery and the deter- 
mined efforts of her people to resist the aggression of the Abolition- 
ists. "The Wilmot Proviso," which was that an express and funda- 
mental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Re- 
public of Mexico by the United States was that neither slavery nor in- 
voluntary servitude should ever exist in any part of the said territory, 
the Fugitive Slave Law, and the right of a State to secede are sub- 
jects that occurred again and again during tlie years covered by this 
chapter. The General Assembly, February 7th, adopted resolutions 
setting forth that as resolutions on the subject of slavery adopted 
a year before had not been taken seriously by the North, but had 
been ridiculed, they would now state the position of Virginia on 
this subject : "Virginia was loyal to the Union, but she would not 
consent to the Union's being converted into an instrument of degra- 
dation and oppression; that in the event of the adoption of the 
Wilmot Proviso or any law abolishing slavery in the District of 
Columbia, or in any manner interfering with the rights of slave- 
holders or of the abolition of slavery in the Territories or of the 
slave trade between the States, Virginia would unite with her sister 
slave-holding States, in convention or otherwise, for mutual defense 
and mutual safety ; that in event of a convention of Southern States 
the Governor should call an election of delegates according to 
representation in the House of Delegates to choose delegates to this 
convention, and that as a warning a copy of the resolutions should 
be sent to every State of the Union and to our Senators and Repre- 
sentatives in Congress." Richmond in public meeting approved of 
these resolutions and later selected James Lyons and Robert G. 
Scott to represent this congressional district in the Convention of 
Southern States in Nashville in June. 

A committee appointed by the Virginia Historical Society, con- 



168 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1850 

sisting of B. B. Minor, W. H. Macfarland, James Lyons, J. S. 
Tinsley, appeared before the Legislature and urged that as there 
was now in the treasury $41,733 for a monument in Eichmond to 
Washington, they pass an act February 22, 1849., to take up the 
work and carry it to completion. The bill was passed on that day, 
and Governor Floyd appointed as commissioners to select a plan and 
let the contract W. F. Ritchie, G. W. Munford, W. Maxwell, J. M. 
Wickham, Thomas T. Giles, and H. M. Martin. They offered 
$500 for a plan of a monument to be constructed of granite or 
marble, or both, to cost $100,000. The plan of Thomas Crawford, 
of Philadelphia, was accepted, and his model was placed in the 
Capitol. There was a good deal of opposition to it; some did not 
like the subordinate figures, others did not like Washington tower- 
ing over the others, and yet others did not like the bronze figure, for, 
said they, the people will not recognize the Father of His Country 
in the disguise of a blackamoor. Notwithstanding the oppositon, 
the commissioners went on with the work and prepared to lay the 
cornerstone February 22, 1850, It was one of the most memorable 
days in the history of Richmond. General Lambert, the mayor, 
called a special meeting of the citizens to make preparation for it, 
and united with them and the Governor were the Historical Society 
and the mechanics. When the day came Richmond was crowded 
with visitors; every hotel, boarding-house, and private home was 
full, and factories and vacant stores were rented and pallets put in 
them. It was the largest crowd ever gathered in the city. Among 
the guests were Gen. Zachary Taylor, President of the United 
States; John Tyler, Ex-President; Millard Fillmore, Vice Presi- 
dent ; J. M. Clayton, Secretary of State ; W. M. Meredith, Secretary 
of the Treasurer; W. B. Preston, Secretary of the Navy; Geo. W. 
Crawford, Secretary of War; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the 
Interior ; Jacob Colloner, Postmaster General ; Revedy Johnson, At- 
torney General ; W. H. Levins, President of the State Senate ; H. L. 
Hopkins, Speaker of the House of Delegates, and the members. The 
procession, which was a mile and a half long, started at the County 
Courthouse and marched up Main to Second street, thence to Broad, 
and down Broad to Eleventh, and into the north gate of the Capitol 
Square. Governor Floyd was commander-in-chief and Captain 



1850] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 169 

Ben. Sheppard chief marshal, assisted by Col. G. X. Johnson, H. W. 
Quarles, J. W. Spalding, Majors T. C. Rives, H. C. Cabell, T. H. 
Ellis, Captains J. H. Clarkson, T. J. Eanes, and T. U. Dudley; 
James Lyons, G. W. Munford, B. B. Minor, Joseph Mayo. The 
order was as follows: Chief Marshal and aids, military companies 
(Major McRae, cavalry; Major Ellis, artillery, and Col. Meredith, 
infantry). Governor of Virginia, and President of the United 
States, Ex-President Tyler, and orator of the day in open barouche, 
Executive Council of Virginia, President's suite and Governor's 
aids, Commissioners of Monument, Senate and House of Delegates 
of Virginia, Judges and Officers of State Courts and of the United 
States Courts, State officers, officers of Army and Navy of the 
United States, officers and soldiers of the Revolution, officers of tlie 
War of 1812 and of 1845, Foreign Consuls, clergy. Mayor, Alder- 
men, City Council and officers, officers of Virginia militia in uni- 
form. Historical Society of Virginia, Scientific and Literary Society 
of Virginia, Richmond Fire Association, Odd-Fellows, Druids, Sons 
of Temperance, Rechabites, German Benevolent Association, Ameri- 
can Mechanics, builders and other societies, Masons, citizens on foot 
(four abreast), citizens on horseback and in carriages. 

When the procession reached the Square there were ten thou- 
sand people there, and the great pavilions on either side of the 
stone, one for ladies and the other for visitors, were crowded. The 
housetops and the windows overlooking the same were also crowded. 
The exercises were opened with prayer by Dr. Empie, of St. James 
Episcopal Church. Grand Master James Points then proceeded 
to lay the stone. R. G. Scott, Past Grand Master of Masons of 
Virginia, next delivered an address. He was followed by Governor 
Floyd. Joseph Mayo then introduced General Taylor. The sight 
of the President and the hero of the Mexican War produced great 
applause. He said he had been absent from Virginia, his native 
State, since childhood, and he felt as a child returning to his 
parents. His great plainness, simplicity, and kindness of heart, 
like that of Marshall, produced a "profound impression. After the 
ceremonies were over the President dined with the military com- 
panies at Stuart's factory, and in the evening attended a Masonic 
ball at Union Hotel. At night there was a grand display of fire- 



170 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1850 

works in the Square. Many articles were put into the box of the 
cornerstone, including a piece of the mahogany coffin in which 
Washington was first buried before being placed in the stone sar- 
cophagus, and these papers, published in Eichmond at the time: 
Whig and Public Advertizer, Daily Times and Compiler, Daily En- 
quirer, The Examiner, The Daily Republican, The Telegraph, 
Religious Herald, The Watchman and Observer, Banner of Tem,- 
perance, Richmond Christian Advocate, Southern Planter, Southern 
Literary Messenger. This was a great day in Richmond, and she 
honored herself in the honor which she bestowed upon the name 
of Washington. 

"Let there be light," said the people twice at the polls, but the 
Council seemed to prefer darkness ; for, notwithstanding the efforts 
during nearly ten years to establish the city gas works, they had 
not been established. Now it seemed as if the work would begin, 
for this year the committee decided to give the contract to Bucknell 
& Co., of Philadelphia, at $115,000. Here began another trouble — • 
a firin put in another bid and there was much dissatisfaction and 
much discussion of the subject in the newspapers. The Council 
finally decided to construct the works on the city's account and ap- 
pointed A. H. Vancleve first engineer and J. H. Blake consulting 
engineer. The work was at last begun and was finished February, 
1851, to the great delight of the entire city. 

It was Richmond's invariable custom to honor the memory of dis- 
tinguished men when they died and to set forth for the living the 
great lessons of their lives. John C. Calhoun died in Washington 
March 31, 1850. The remains reached Richmond on a special train 
April 22d. The military companies and a large crowd of citizens 
met them at the head of Broad street and escorted them to the 
Capitol, where they were placed on the Clerk's desk in the House 
of Delegates. Rev. J. B. Taylor conducted the religious services 
and Governor Floyd made an address. The next morning the corpse 
was carried to the Petersburg depot and conveyed on a special train 
to South Carolina. 

It was but a short time after honoring the South Carolina states- 
man before Richmond was again called to mourning. The papers 
of July 12th appeared in sable garb : the President of the United 
States, Gen. Zachary Taylor, had died at the White House at 10 :45 



1850] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 171 

P. M. July 9th. A public meeting was called and August 10th was 
fixed as the day of public mourning. When that time came the 
bells were tolled, minute guns were fired, the stores were closed, and 
many of the houses were draped in mourning. The procession 
marched up Main street to Second and thence to Broad, and down 
Broad to the African church, where Revs. William Norwood and 
T. V. Moore conducted the religious exercises and Oliver P. Bald- 
win delivered the oration upon General Taylor. The people of 
Richmond greatly admired this son of Virginia, the veteran of the 
Mexican War, and large crowds assembled to show their respects. 

The locomotives had been bought in Liverpool, but Richmond 
determined that this should not be done again, so Talbott & Bro. 
started that work, and in July, 1850, completed "The Roanoke," 
the first locomotive built in Richmond. It cost $6,000 and was 
for the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company. This same 
month, the 25th, there was a destructive flood, which washed away 
a good many buildings in Richmond, doing damage estimated at 
$20,000, and destroying several lives. 

The question of a convention to make a new Constitution was 
agitated by the Richmond papers. When the Legislature met it 
decided to submit the question to the people, and if they voted in 
favor of it the Governor was to order an election for delegates and 
arrange for the meeting of the convention. The question of calling 
the convention was submitted to the people in April, and Rich- 
mond cast 1,082 votes for it and 209 against. The State gave a 
majority of 25,882 in favor of the convention. Governor Floyd, 
in accordance with the act, ordered the election of delegates to the 
Constitutional Convention, and R. G. Scott, J. A. Meredith, J, M. 
Botts, and James Lyons were elected from the district including 
Richmond. The convention met in the Hall of the House of 
Delegates October 14, 1850. John Y. Mason was elected president 
and Stephen D. Whittle secretary. It continued in session until 
November 4th, when it adjourned to meet again in January. The 
question which provoked most discussion was as to the basis of 
representation, whether it should be the white citizens or the white 
citizens and taxation combined. The question became so interesting 
that in Richmond a poll was taken to ascertain the wishes of the 
people. The result was — mixed basis, 560; white, 385. The "Re- 



172 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1850 

form Convention," as it was called, continued in session until 
August 1st, when they finished the new Constitution of the State. 
It was submitted to the people the fourth Thursday in October, 
1851, and was ratified by a large majority. 

Much of the success of Eichmond is due to the intense interest 
which many of her citizens of the early days took in internal im- 
provements. The Louisa road, which had been completed only to 
Hanover Junction, after many difficulties was brought to Rich- 
mond and was extended from Gordonsville to Covington. The 
new line was called the Central Railroad. There was also a good 
deal of interest in the proposed Virginia and Tennessee road from 
Lynchburg to Bristol, and many citizens subscribed to the stock. 
It was claimed that Richmond would be greatly helped by connec- 
tion with the west by means of this road and the canal. A proposi- 
tion was made for the city to subscribe to the stock of this com- 
pany and also of the Central. A poll of the city was taken De- 
cember 10th and there were cast 409 votes for the subscription to 
the Virginia and Tennessee stock and 170 against, and 272 for the 
Central stock and 328 against. The Council, therefore, subscribed 
to $50,000 of the stock of the former company. 

The Abolitionists continued very active, and there was constant 
unrest on the part of the Richmond people and all the South con- 
cerning the slaves. The time seemed to have come for organiza- 
tion, so a meeting was held December 11th in Bosher's Hall, D. H. 
London chairman and W. F. Ritchie secretary, to effect this. The 
Southern Rights Association of Richmond, a branch of the Central 
Southern Rights Association of Virginia, was organized to arrest 
the aggression of the North and West against the rights of the slave- 
holding States. D. H. London was elected president, Joseph Mayo 
vice president, and W. F. Ritchie secretary. Day by day the aggres- 
sion was becoming bolder and the resistance more determined, thus 
moving toward the awful culmination which the future held. 

A social event of absorbing interest took place in Richmond De- 
cember 19th. P. T. Barnum had brought to America the world- 
renowned singer, Jenny Lind. For months she had been singing 
in the leading cities of this country before crowded houses of en- 
thusiastic admirers. Now she was to sing in Richmond. Days 
before her arrival the seats in the theatre were sold at auction 



1850] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 173 

for $12,000, some tickets bringing as high as $105 apiece and from 
that price to $8. There were many strangers in the city to hear 
this gifted singer. When the hour arrived the stage, the orchestra, 
and every available space in the theatre was filled and without was 
a crowd almost large enough to fill another house. When Jenny 
Lind appeared the applause was deafening, and when that in the 
house had subsided the people on the outside took it up, so that 
it was some time before she could sing. "A few touches of the 
orchestra restored quiet," said one who was present, "when she 
glided into the intricate beauties of an Italian song with as much 
ease as a bird into his native element. ITer form is remarkable for 
development of bust and throat. Her voice is remarkable in this, 
that she possesses in perfection every quality for which other singers 
have been distinguished. She possesses compass, flexibility, soft- 
ness, and expression, and, added to these, the faculty of ventril- 
oquism to an unusual degree. Her execution of the Bird Song was 
enchanting. Her voice is exquisitily soft, like the music of pearls 
in a golden basin. Nothing can describe the exquisite softness 
which warbles in clear and perfect cadence from the highest and 
most powerful burst of melody until, softer and sweeter and lower, 
it melts without a perceptible interval into silence. We have no 
apology to make for the intensity of our admiration. It seems that 
God has vouchsafed this voice to teach us the melody eternal in 
heaven." The fashion and brilliance of Richmond attended this 
concert, and bestowed honor upon one whose virtuous excellence 
of character harmonized with and adorned the inspiration of the 
genius with which she was endowed. Not only did Jenny Lind 
bless the world with her wonderful song, but much of her wealth 
she gave to her native country, Sweden, to establish common 
schools for the poor children. No one ever visited Richmond who 
charmed the people more and was longer remembered than Jenny 
Lind. 

The year 1851 did not bring forth many notable events. Presi- 
dent Fillmore visited Richmond June 26th, and, as has always been 
the case when the Chief Magistrate honors the city with his pres- 
ence, he was given a hearty welcome. He arrived on the United 
States steamer "Engineer," and was met by the military com- 



174 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1851 

panies and citizens at the wharf. The Fayette Artillery fired a 
salute. Gen. William Lambert, Gen. B. Peyton, Cols. J. A. Mere- 
dith, G. N. Johnson, J. A. Seddon, and Maj. T. Ellis, a coniniittee, 
met him and extended the welcome of the city. He was escorted 
to the Powhatan Hotel, where he was entertained. W. H. Macfar- 
land was chairman of the committee of arrangements. At 11 o'clock 
the President addressed the citizens from the portico of the Capi- 
tol and visited the Constitutional Convention and spoke. He left 
on the 37th. 

The other events which must be noticed are the elections. This 
year witnessed a radical change in making them more democratic. 
Until this time the mayor and other officers of the city were elected 
by the Council and Aldermen, but the city charter was changed and 
the first popular election for mayor, recorder, high constable, collec- 
tor, and other officers, was held in May. General Lambert, who 
for a number of years was elected mayor by the Council, was again 
elected by the people. After the ratification of the new Constitu- 
tion in October there was a decided change in the method of electing 
the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and xVttorney General. To 
this time the Legislature had been electing them, but now they 
were elected by the vote of the people. The first officers elected 
under the new Constitution were Joseph Johnson, Governor; Shel- 
ton F. Leake, Lieutenant Governor, and Willis P. Bocock, Attor- 
ney General. The representation of Richmond was increased to 
one Senator and three members of the House of Delegates. Another 
important change was the election of the Judges of the courts by 
popular vote. At the election in Richmond May 27, 1852. R. C. L. 
Moncure was elected to the Court of Appeals, Judge Clopton to the 
Circuit Court of the Sixth district, and J. A. Meredith to the 
Seventh circuit. The Whigs opposed the election of judges by the 
people, but the Democrats, who were in the majority in the State, 
favored it. 

Expecting to have trouble with the North, and knowing that 
nearly all the foreign ships landed at northern ports, Richmond 
called a meeting of the merchants of Virginia and all others inter- 
ested to discuss the question of establishing a direct trade with 
foreign countries from ports on James river. The meeting was held 



1852] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT I75 

September 10th. Eichard Anderson was elected president and 
H. L. Kent vice president. Plans were formulated and later a 
bill was introduced in the Legislature to help on the work. The 
merchants of the city, with true Richmond hospitality, entertained 
all of the delegates at a splendid public dinner. 

Another important meeting, held in Richmond May 4, 1852, was 
the Medical Association of the United States in the Second Presby- 
terian Church, which then stood on Franklin street. Richmond 
appreciated the honor of entertaining the distinguished physicians 
of America. The citizens entertained the visitors at a sumptuous 
banquet at the Exchange Hotel. 

The presidential election took place in 1852, and, as was 
her custom, Richmond spent much time discussing politics and 
hearing speeches, but there was one time when she was ready to 
lay aside politics and close business ; that time was to honor the 
memory of a distinguished man. Twice this year she was called 
to mourning. The papers July 2d appeared in black, announcing 
the death of a favorite of Richmond, Henry Clay. He died in 
Washington June 29th, at the age of seventy-six. Besides admir- 
ing the great leader, Richmond felt an attachment to him because 
he was a native of Hanover county and for a number of years was 
a citizen of Richmond connected with the clerk's office while 
Chancellor Wythe was judge. When the news of his death was 
first received the bells tolled all day, the stores closed, and business 
was suspended as an evidence of regard for Clay. At a public 
meeting called by Mayor Lambert July 2nth was set apart as the 
day of public mourning. On that day all flags were put at half- 
mast, minute guns were fired, bells tolled, business was suspended, 
and the houses draped in mourning. The procession, under the 
direction of Gen. B. Peyton, started at 9 A. M. and marched up 
Main and down Broad street to the Capitol. Dr. D. S. Doggett, 
of the Methodist Church, conducted the religious exercises, and 
Governor Joseph Johnson introduced W. H. Macfarland, who 
delivered the oration. During the exercises a gun of the Fayette 
Artillery was prematurely discharged, severely wounding two men. 
James Lyons made a stirring appeal to the great crowd and raised 



176 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1852 

a substantial amount for the families of the two men, Eddins and 
Bohanan. 

A few months after this Eichmond had another day of mourning 
for Daniel Webster, who died October 23d at Marshfield, Mass. In 
a comparatively short while the patriotic citizens had turned from 
the business of life and had paused to honor the memory of three 
of America's great men — John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and 
Daniel Webster. 

Back to politics. Democrats and Whigs. The Democrats nomi- 
nated Franklin Pierce for President and tlie Whigs Gen. Winfield 
Scott, a native Virginian from near Petersburg and a son-in-law 
of Richmond, having married Col. John Mayo's daughter. About 
a year before this the Legislature presented General Scott a gold 
medal for his valiant services in the Mexican War. Political 
clubs were organized, torchlight processions were held, and night 
after night there were political speeches and discussions at the 
African church: this seemed to be the gathering place for public 
speaking at that time. Wlien the election took place in November 
Eichmond, being a Whig stronghold, gave Scott 1,855 votes and 
Pierce 1,005, although Virginia helped materially in Pierce's elec- 
tion, giving him a large majority. 

During the year the city had two more public executions, to the 
entertainment of a great crowd of morbid people. Two pirates, 
Eied and Clements, were hanged on the hill back of the poor 
house, and October 22d John Williams, a negro, was hanged from 
the cart tail at the same place for the murder of Mrs. V. B. Win- 
ston and child. Public opinion was slow to protest against the 
imbruting effect of public executions. 

The old year closed with the city voting to subscribe $50,000 
additional towards the completion of the Danville road, and the 
new year, 1853, began with an effort to build the Eichmond and 
York Eiver railroad. The bill to incorporate the company and for 
the State to assist when three-fifths of $500,000 of stock was taken, 
was passed January 31st. With this encouragement the citizens, 
with their usual vigor and determination, began to push the enter- 
prise to completion. 

An occasion of great interest from, a social and literary point of 



1853] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 177 

view was the visit of a distinguished writer to Richmond, William 
Makepeace Thackery. He was invited to come and deliver a series 
of three lectures at the Athenaeum on Marshall street. His first 
lecture was on '"Swift." The hall was crowded with the beauty, 
fashion, and intelligence of Richmond, and the first appearance of 
the author, March 3d, was greeted with great applause. "Never 
have we read so caustic and withering a review of the life of 
that remarkable man," said one who was present, "as was given 
by the lecturer. And the dexterous manner in which it was done 
is something to be remembered. The dean was gibbeted for the 
scorn and execration of all men, but around him was thrown a 
light that dazzled the beholder; he was mercilessly impaled, but 
it was with a diamond pin. Wit that cut like a two-edged sword 
alternated with the deepest pathos to move and delight." 

His second lecture was on "Congreve and Addison," and the third 
on "Steele and the Times of Queen Anne." The people of Rich- 
mond were charmed with the lectures, but it is not so much with 
the lectures l.iat we are concerned but with the lecturer and the 
impression w^ich he produced upon those who met him and heard 
him. And this can be gotten better by hearing those who attended. 
One said : "I attended the Athenaeum with the feeling that 
I snouicl derive no great pleasure from a lecture to be delivered 
by Mr. Thackery. I knew of him as an author, but I did not 
think him a good lecturer. I was agreeably disappointed. I cannot 
say that as a lecturer he is in every way equal to his reputation 
as a writer. I may say, however, that his efforts were not un- 
worthy of the author of Vanity Fair. Mr. Thackery is a tall, portly 
gentleman, of benevolent aspect and commanding presence. His 
countenance wears a sad and thoughtful expression, and is one of 
great meaning as if he had deeply analyzed and dissected the 
thoughts, liabits. motives, and peculiarities of men, and it is in 
perfect keeping, therefore, with his writings. In private converse 
he is pleasing, affable, and dignified. His personal appearance is 
uncommonly striking and interesting and his manner that of a 
gentleman engaged in earnest conversation. His voice is full, 
round, soft, and perfectly distinct. His enunciation in public is 
of a mournful cast. At times, emerging from the reflection and 



178 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1853 

reviewing moods and laying aside the dissecting knife of criticism, 
he perfumes the intellectual atmosphere with boquets and garlands 
of the flowers of rhetoric and scatters broadcast racy smiles, telling 
jokes, and pungent witticisms. He can also move to the 'melting 
mood' by a sudden exquisite touch." 

Thackery's visit did not create the enthusiasm that Dickens's did, 
for at that time he was not so popular an author as Dickens; 
nevertheless the people of Richmond showed him marked attention 
and entertained him in private homes with lavish hospitality. They 
were so much pleased with him that they prevailed upon him to 
deliver three more lectures on his return from South Carolina. 
The first of the second series was March 29th on "Prior, Gay, and 
Pope;" the second, "Hogarth, Smollet, and Fielding," and the 
third, "Sterne and Goldsmith." The second series of lectures 
afforded the admirers of Thackery in Richmond more pleasure than 
the first. They never forgot his visit, and read his works with 
greater interest because they had seen the author. 

After Thackery's visit another who was creating a good deal of 
interest came to Richmond. Alexander Campbell, who founded a 
new denomination of Christians, preached at the Sycamore Church 
on Eleventh street between Board and Marshall May 4th. Though 
advanced in years he was vigorous in person, earnest and impres- 
sive in speech, and possessed a strong and well-cultured mind. He 
was simple and unaffected in manner, and a debater of remarkable 
strength. Many went to hear him, though disagreeing with his 
teaching. 

Richmond lost by death March 23d one of her best known and 
most valuable citizens. General Lambert, who for so many years 
had creditably filled the office of mayor. His funeral took place 
on the 25th from St. James Episcopal Church and was conducted 
by Dr. Adam Empie, the rector. The military companies, the 
judges, and officers of the city, and a great concourse of citizens 
escorted the remains to a private burying-ground on Marshall street 
near Twenty-fifth, where they were laid to rest. At the ensuing 
election in April Joseph Mayo was elected ma3^or. 

There are some events of historical interest that can only be 
mentioned. Since the first division of the city into three wards 



1853] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 179' 

there had been no change until May 9th, when Monroe ward was 
divided into two, the section south of Broad retaining its old name 
and that north of Broad was called Marshall ward. Eichmond was 
asked to subscribe $200,000 to extend the Central road to the Ohio. 
The question was submitted to the vote of the freeholders May 23d 
and they decided, 571 to 88, to subscribe it. The question of not 
licensing the saloon was constantly agitated and June 9th a meet- 
ing of over two thousand was addressed by Philip S. White, of 
Philadelphia, at the African church, on the subject of temperance. 
The last service was held in the First Presbyterian Church, on 
Franklin street, Sunday, June 12th. The pastor, Eev. T. V. Moore, 
preached the sermon. The building was sold to Mayo, who converted 
it into Metropolitan Hall. The new First Presbyterian Church build- 
ing was erected on Capitol street between Tenth and Eleventh, and 
was dedicated October 16, 1853. The Rev. T. V. Moore, the pas- 
tor, preached the sermon from 1 Cor. 1 : 21. Eichmond had be- 
come a manufacturing centre for locomotives; at this time the 
Tredegar Company had contracts for building twenty for different 
railroads. A disastrous fire occurred August 18th, when the 
Virginia Woolen Mills were destroyed and the Haxall Mills were 
damaged, entailing a loss of $180,000. The fire apparatus was 
inadequate and the city was at the mercy of the flames. The Coun- 
cil ordered four modern engines, new hose, and hook-and-ladder 
trucks. When the first new engine arrived it was met at the wharf 
with a band of music and escorted by a long procession to Phoenix 
Company No. 3. It was a hand engine, as all were, and could be 
worked by thirty-two men and would throw a stream one and 
a half inches ninety feet. 

No city sympathizes with her sister cities in trouble more than 
Eichmond; with generous hand she always helps the needy. New 
Orleans was in dire distress, yellow fever was raging there; from 
May to September there were 6,919 deaths. A public meeting was 
called at Metropolitan Hall, Mayor Mayo chairman; $2,000 was 
immediately raised for the sufferers, and committees were appointed 
in each ward to raise more. Some wanted to send $10,000 as 
Eichmond's public donation, but this amount was not sent. 

The first annual exhibition of the Virginia State Agricultural 



180 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1854 

Society was held at Western Square, where Monroe Park now is, 
November 1, 1854, Philip St. George Cocke president. The city 
was crowded with visitors, and it was difficult to find entertain- 
ment for them. A public meeting was held and special arrange- 
ments were made to entertain the crowd. On the opening day 
Gen. Winfield Scott and Ex-President Tyler were present. John 
E. Edmunds delivered the address. Another lot of visitors were 
present in large numbers, that have been attending fairs from 
that day to this, the pick-pockets, and they did a big business among 
the unsuspecting gentry of ye olden times. 

Building was steadily going forward. The Council decided 
October 10th to buy a site in Rocketts for a new gas plant, the one 
on Gary street not being large enough. Richmond College, which 
had been using the original and inadequate buildings, was planning 
to build new ones. The Baptists had so far completed a church 
on Leigh and Twenty-Fifth streets as to hold the first service in 
this new building December 25th. The Rev. Ford, pastor, preached 
in the morning. Dr. Jeter in the afternoon, and Dr. Howell at 
night. The Methodists of Union chapel were arranging to erect 
a large building on Twenty-fourth street. The work of enlarging 
St. Peters Catholic Church, on Grace and Eighth streets, was 
begun. It was to be built on the site of Bishop McGill's house, 
he having bought the Virginia House, adjoining. The work was 
completed and the church dedicated June 14, 1855, the Rev. 
Clarke, of Georgetown College, preaching the sermon. 

Serious trouble had arisen between the trustees of Hampden Sid- 
ney College and the faculty of Hampden Sidney Medical College, 
in Richmond. At the meeting of the trustees in June, 1853, a 
professor in the medical college was elected who was not recom- 
mended by the medical professors, their nominee having been 
turned down. The faculty was incensed, claiming that the agree- 
ment was that they should nominate and the trustees elect medical 
professors, and requested the board to meet and reconsider their 
action. The board met August 23d, but refused to reconsider 
the action. The professors of the medical college then gave notice 
that they would apply to the next Legislature for an independent 
charter for the medical school, and when the Legislature met they 



1854] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 181 

did apply. Then the fight began in earnest. Two lawyers from 
Prince Edward appeared before the committee of the House to rep- 
resent the trustees and the medical college was also represented 
by counsel. Here was waged for weeks and weeks one of the bit- 
terest fights ever before the Legislature. The trustees claimed 
full power over the medical college and a right to all the property 
as the property of Hampden Sidney College. The medical faculty 
replied that thej^ had borrowed money from the State on their 
individual bonds to erect the buildings ; that the city of Richmond 
had given them the ground ; that Hampden Sidney College had 
not contributed one cent to the establishment of the institution; 
that it had never spent one dollar or risked one on it; that the 
president of Hampden Sidney College never visited the medical 
college but once a year, when he came to read over the list of 
graduates, for which he was paid $100, and that after fifteen 
years the faculty had built up the school. The bill for an inde- 
pendent charter was reported favorably. On the floor it was pro- 
posed as a compromise that the Richmond school and the Univer- 
sity unite, but this was voted down. The original bill was dis- 
cussed at some length but was passed February 25, 1854, with only 
thirteen opposing votes in the total of two hundred, eight in the 
Senate and five in the House. From this time the Medical College 
of Virginia started on an independent career. 

The negro question was causing Richmond a great deal of trou- 
ble and anxiety, both free negroes and slaves. To care for the 
former the Virginia Colonization Society was organized, with 
Judge Marshall as president. It had been doing successful work 
since then in connection with the American Society. In 1850 
Virginia sent to Liberia 107 free negroes; in 1851, 141; in 1852, 
171; and in 1853, 243. The Virginia Society raised in 1853 
$10,925, the largest amount raised in the United States, New York 
being next, with $10,735. 

The slavery question was producing intense sectional feeling, 
and the people were wondering what it would lead to. Harriel 
Beecher Stowe's book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," was doing a great 
deal to prejudice the North and more to inflame the South, and 
the Abolition leaders — Beecher, Parker, Garretson, and others — 



183 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1854 

were adding fuel to the flames. A slave named Anthony Burns, 
owned by an Alexandria man, arrived in Eichmond by the boat 
in charge of a United States marshal. His arrival produced 
intense excitement and hundreds of people went down to see him. 
There was nothing unusual about the negro except that he was 
the cause of riot in Boston. He was arrested there under the 
Fugitive Slave Law by a United States marshal. A mob rushed 
apon the officer, shot him dead, and rescued the slave. The sol- 
diers were called out and the mob dispersed and the negro again 
a.rrested and sent to Virginia. The Boston Journal deplored the 
fact that law had been trampled under foot and the officer of the 
law murdered. These various occurrences were forcing the two sec- 
tions to the bitterness of war. 

There was another trouble at this time: it was concerning the 
shinplasters, or small notes. Specie was very scarce and it was 
very difficult to make change, so in order to remedy this the city 
and country was flooded with small notes. The remedy was worse 
than the disease, and the people began to refuse these notes. To 
stop the practice the Legislature passed a law prohibiting the 
issuing of any note under five dollars, which was to go into effect 
June 1st. Formerly silver dollars were cut into bits; now some 
proposed to cut the not^s into parts and thus make change. It 
became a serious proposition, for even the rich could not pay five 
dollars for everything. 

Notwithstanding the troubles, year by year Richmond was adding 
to her institutions. A charter was granted March 2, 1853, to the 
Richmond Female Institute. Rev. J. B. Jeter was president of 
the board of trustees and B. Manly, Jr., principal and general 
agent. A lot was secured on the east side of Tenth street between 
Marshall and Clay and the building erected, so that in October, 
1854, the school was opened with encouraging prospects. 

A public meeting was called at Odd-Fellows' Hall July 15, 1854, 
Thomas Sampson chairman and J. A. Cowardin secretary, and at 
this meeting the Mechanics' Institute was organized to help young 
men in the useful arts. It was to provide for a school of design, 
a chemical laboratory, a library, public lectures, and an annual 
exhibit to encourage the students. There was a board of managers 



1854] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 183 

of twenty-five and a committee in each ward to canvass for mem- 
bers. The institute continues until this day, doing excellent work. 

Three public-spirited citizens died about this time: Thomas 
Ritchie, Jr., of the Enquirer, May 24th; James Bosher, president 
of the Fire Association, June 28th, and Thomas Ritchie, Sr., long 
editor of the Enquirer, died in Washington and was buried from 
Monumental Church July 7th, the Rev. George Woodbridge con- 
ducting the services. 

Richmond's old enemy returned again in July to do her harm: 
cholera broke out and continued from July to the latter part of 
August. From thirteen to twenty-nine died a week. It was not 
so widespread as in former years, but it attacked all classes, white 
and black, rich and poor, and drove many people from the city 
and almost paralyzed business. By October 31st the scare was 
over and crowds came to attend the second annual fair of the 
Virginia Agricultural Society. 

The city was recovering from the cholera scare when Selden, 
Withers & Co., bankers in Washington, failed, involving the State 
and institutions in the city. A panic was the result. Notes of the 
banks were forced home and had to be taken care of, stocks went 
down, and many withdrew their money from the banks, especially 
the savings banks. The Young Men's Christian Association was 
organized in the lecture room of the United Presbyterian Church in 
December with Peter V. Daniel first president. 

It would seem as if 1854 had not brought trouble enough: it 
must give one more parting blow before it left. Between 7 and 
8 o'clock December 7th the alarm of fire sounded. The volun- 
teer fire department was quickly in their place ; the news came that 
the penitentiary was on fire. They hastened to the place and found 
the north building, which was used as a weaving shop, wrapped in 
flames. Their apparatus was insufficient, and for a long time they 
were unable to get water. A great crowd quickly gathered. The 
scene was terrible to behold, and added to the confusion of the fire 
were the screams of the prisoners piteously begging to be saved. 
Governor Johnson hastily called out the volunteer military com- 
panies and the prisoners were released within the enclosure and 
put to fighting the fire. The flames were not gotten under con- 



184 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1855 

trol, however, until tliey had done more than $50,000 worth of 
damage, but fortunately no one was injured. This was the second 
fire at the penitentiary. 

The year 1855 opened with a gloomy outlook for business. The 
cry of hard times was heard on every hand, but the people of 
Richmond were too brave to give up, so they pressed on, looking for 
brighter days. But there was little this year to encourage their 
faith. Another disastrous fire occurred March 23d, when the whole- 
sale drug house of Purcell, Ladd & Co., at the northwest corner 
of Main and Pearl streets, burned, causing a loss of nearly $60,000. 
Then came a bitter political fight for the State offices between 
the "Know-Nothings," or "Americans," as the Whigs were called, 
and the Democrats. The Know-Nothings nominated Thomas A. 
Flournoy for Governor and the Democrats Henry A. Wise. The 
election was held May 24th and Richmond gave Flournoy a ma- 
jority of 980, while the State at large gave Wise a majority of 
9,247. In this Know-lSTothing fight war was waged on the Catholic 
Church, but the wisdom of Bishop McGill turned it back to the field 
of polities. 

For a long time the fire companies of Richmond were under the 
control of the Fire Association, a private corporation for the pur- 
pose of insurance. At the July meeting the Council determined to 
separate the fire department from the Fire Association. This was 
done at once, and by August 13th the fire department was com- 
pletely reorganized with J. J. Fry principal engineer. 

The alarming news came that yellow fever had appeared in 
Portsmouth, and later that it was in Norfolk also. The summer 
was very wet and warm and exceedingly favorable to the spread 
of the disease. The first case appeared in July, and from that time 
the cases began to multiply rapidly. It was not long before seven 
or eight cases were reported in Richmond, all of whom had come 
from Norfolk. This almost created a panic, so that the Council, 
on August 9th, had to adopt quarantine regulations against Nor- 
folk and Portsmouth. The epidemic in these stricken cities con- 
tinued to grow worse until it had far exceeded the epidemics in 
1798-99, 1800, and 1801. Every one who could left the plague- 
stricken place until business came to a standstill, the stores closed, 



1855] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 185 

the streets became deserted, and few vehicles were seen except the 
carts and wagons that came to carry out the dead. As many as 
ninety a day died in the two cities until coffins and boxes could 
not be had and many had to be buried in sheets and blankets. A 
steamer came down from Baltimore loaded with coffins and they 
were used as quickly as they were unloaded. The newspapers 
could not be published, public offices were closed, and nothing 
could be done but to minister to the sick and dying, bury the dead, 
and in turn die. Among the heroic bands that stood at the post of 
duty were many of the ministers and doctors, and a number of 
them died with the fever. Those who died were the Eevs. W. M. 
Jackson and Chisholm. of the Episcopal Church ; Anthony Dibrell, 
Vernon Eckridge, Stephen W. Jones, of the Methodist Church; 
D. P. Wills was reported dead, but recovered; W. C. Bagnall, Bap- 
tist; Rev. Devlin, Catholic; Rev. George A. Armstrong, of the 
Presbyterian Church, was also reported dead but recovered; Drs. 
R. W. Sylvester, G. J. Halsen, T. N. Constable, J. A. Briggs, 
R. G. Sylvester, G. L. Upshur, Richard Tunstall, Thomas ISTash, 
and Cannon. The citizens of Richmond held a public meeting 
and, with the assistance of the Young Men's Christian Association 
and the Council, raised nearly ten thousand dollars to help her 
unfortunate sister cities. Another sad aspect of the scourge was 
the number of little children left orphans and often alone in the 
house with the dead bodies of father and mother. The Catholic 
College building, near this city, was secured and many of these 
orphans were cared for there. Generous and sympathetic Richmond 
did what she could to help the sad and suffering people. 

There is little in the way of progress to note this year. Cen- 
tenary Church was extensively repaired and was reopened Sunday, 
September 23d, Rev. John E. Edwards preaching in the morn- 
ing and Rev. D. S. Doggett at night. When the fair opened, 
October 30th, the new Ballard House, opposite the Exchange, 
was opened for guests by J. P. Ballard. 

The year 1856 opened with a very cold spell, in which the poor 
suffered a great deal. Richmond was again honored by a visit from 
Thackery. He lectured at the Athenaeum, on Marshall street near 
Eleventh, January 18th, 21st, and 26th, on "The Georges of 
England : Court and Town Life During Their Reigns." Large 



186 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1856 

crowds attended and the Richmond people gave him an apprecia- 
tive and hearty welcome. 

An enterprise was started February 5tli by George L, Earnest, 
which was the pioneer of later public utilities. It was a line of 
omnibuses, which ran from Rocketts to Brook Road for the con- 
venience of the public. The fare wa.s ten cents a trip or twelve 
for one dollar, somewhat higher than the street car fare of to-day. 
Christ Episcopal Church, near the corner of Eighteenth and 
Grace streets, was burned to the ground April 14th a few hours 
after Bishop Meade had confirmed a class. The rector, Rev. Webb, 
immediately began to plan for rebuilding. 

The distinguished speaker, Edward Everett, spoke for the Ladies' 
Mount Vernon Association at the First Baptist Church March 
19th on Washington. A great crowd attended, and it was said 
that never had there been delivered in Richmond a discourse equal 
to it for beauty and sublimity. After Mr. Everett, Governor H. A. 
Wise and Ex-President John Tyler made short addresses on the 
worthy object of the association to preserve the home of Wash- 
ington. 

Two well-known and useful citizens passed away at this time: 
Gen. J. B. Harvie, February 8th, and John C. Crane, March 31st. 
The Board of Trade, which was organized May 22, 1854, celebrated 
their second anniversary this year. 

The ministers of Richmond met June 19th, Rev. T. V. Moore 
chairman and Rev. George Woodbridge secretary, and issued an 
address to the Christian denominations of the city. They stated 
that in view of the sectional jealousies and bitterness, the spirit 
of violence and lawlessness, the agitating which threatened the 
Union, the flames of civil war that were already kindled in Kansas 
and Missouri, they thought there should be a meeting of patriotic 
and Christian people for the purpose of allaying the popular ex- 
citement; they therefore called upon the Christian people to give 
no countenance to lawlessness, to do what they could to avert the 
storm, and to follow the things which make for peace. They set 
apart the Sunday before the 4th of July as a day of prayer to 
Almighty God that He would restrain the anger of men and pre- 
serve justice, harmony and peace. Those signing the petition were 
J. B. Jeter, R. B. C. Howell, J. L. Burrows, R. Ford, C. H. Read, 



1856] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 187 

H. B. Xewman, J. B. Taylor, Pettigrew, J. R. Powers, E. P. Wil- 
son, J. T. Boyd, George Woodbridge, J. Peterkin, W. H. Starr. T. 
H. Jones, J. D. Blaekwell, W. A. Smith, Moses D. Hoge, T. V. 
Moore, L. P. Ledonx. H. S. Keppler. The Whig deprecated this 
action because it meant the elerg}' was entering into politics; it 
Baid "it was Yankeeish and wrong from beginning to end." 
Nevertheless it was a solemn and timely warning, but little heed 
was given to it. 

The cornerstone of a Methodist church in Sidney, west of the 
Fair Grounds, was laid August 25th by Dove Lodge of Masons. 
Eev. John E. Edwards, of Centenary Church, delivered the ad- 
dress. The lot for the church was given by ?ilrs. Betliel. Oak- 
wood Cemetery was opened this year. This was the year for the 
presidential election and the usual political discussion was had, 
only it was more bitter than ever before. A new feature of the 
campaign was the flag-raising. The Americans, or Wliigs, nomi- 
nated Fillmore, the Democrats? Buchanan, and the Republicans 
Preemont. Richmond, as usual, gave tlie Whig candidate a ma- 
jority, but this time only 2S4. The State gave Buchanan a 
majority of 30,231. The principal question in politics at this 
time was slavery in its various aspects and the relation of the 
candidates to it. The constant agitation of the question was de- 
preciating bonds and stocks and seriously affecting all business. 

There were several important meetings in Richmond this year. 
The State Educational Convention was held in the First Baptist 
Church July 2od. The purpose was to advance the educational 
interests of the State, but especially to urge the establishment of 
free primary schools. The Presbyterian Synod of Virginia (the 
Old School) met at the First Presbvterian Church October 15th, 
Dr. T. V. Moore moderator. The Virginia Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church South met at Centenary Church 
November 26th, Bishop John Early presiding. 

The year 1S57 was made memorable by the great snow-storm, 
the worst ever known in the history of the State. It began Satur- 
day, January ISth. and continued through Sunday. It was accom- 
panied by a territic wind-storm, which caused it to drift. In many 
streets the snow was from six to twelve feet deep, and travel was 
impossible. Milk and bread could not be delivered, market wagonj 



188 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1857 

could not get to town, and, worse still, funeral processions could 
not move and the dead bodies had to be kept in the houses for days 
and days. All trains stopped running and business of every kind 
was at a standstill. Throughout the State sheep, cattle, and 
horses were smothered with snow and many human lives were lost. 
The cold was intense and there was untold suffering. The first 
wagon to go out in the city was the mail wagon, which had six 
horses hitched to it. Until the streets were opened fuel had to be 
delivered by hand to prevent people from freezing. 

There is not a great deal to notice this year except the various 
meetings in the city. The confederation of the Young Men's 
Christian Associations of the United States and Canada was held 
in Richmond May 21st at the First Presbyterian Church. Dele- 
gates from all the States and from Canada were present. N. A. 
Halbert, of Buffalo, N. Y., was president and S. H. Young secre- 
tary. The State Sunday School Association was also held here, 
and on May 30th all the Sunday schools of the city paraded and 
marched to the Capitol Square, where an address was delivered. 
It was an imposing sight to see so many Sunday-school scholars 
in line. In June the Virginia Baptist Association met in the 
First Baptist Church. The Presbyterian Convention of the South 
(New School) met at the United Presbyterian Church, Dr. Read's, 
August 27th; Hon. Horace Maynard president, Rev. T. D. Bell 
secretary. This convention decided to withdraw from the New 
School General Assembly on account of the slavery question, which 
they were constantly agitating, and to form an Assembly in the 
South. For this purpose a meeting was called in Knoxville, Tenn. 

There are some events that must be noticed as a part of the his- 
tory of 1857. Richmond had never had lier history blackened by 
the crime of mob violence, but this was narrowly averted on the 
night of June 9th. A white man named Hardy assaulted a child 
nine years old and was arrested and put in jail. The indignation 
became so great that some thought he ought to be dealt with sum- 
marily, and it was believed that they were arranging to do so. 
Mayor Mayo heard of it and immediately called out the Young 
Guard, Captain Richardson, and a squad of artillery under Cap- 
tain Fry, to protect the prisoner. He was tried and given the 



1857] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 189 

limit of the law, twenty years in the penitentiary. The agitation 
for clear water began this year and was kept up for more than 
a half century before clear water for the people could be secured. 
Richmond and the whole country mourned the terrible disaster 
which occurred at sea out from the capes. The Central America, 
a sidewheel steamer bound from Havana to New York, sprang a 
leak and sank, carrying five hundred souls to a watery grave and 
burying treasures worth nearly a million and a half dollars. A 
public meeting was held and Eev. Moses D. Hoge and others 
preached on the great calamity and collections were taken for the 
widows and orphans of those lost. The ladies of the city took a 
special interest in the widow and orphans of Capt. W. L. Herndon, 
who lost his life trying to save some of the women and children 
on his ship. A Herndon Society was formed and a good deal 
raised for the sufferers. Captain Herndon was a native of Fred- 
ericksburg and March 18th the Legislature authorized the Governor 
to present a gold medal to his widow in appreciation of his 
bravery. 

One of the worst financial panics that had ever visited the city 
began in September. A large number of banks suspended specie 
payment. The Bank of Richmond, however, at first did not sus- 
pend, but they would only redeem their notes and refused to take 
the notes of other banks. The people had many notes of other 
banks which were useless to them. Some offered $10 notes for $5 
in specie and could not always get it. Later the Richmond banks 
were forced to suspend specie payment. This, of course, paralyzed 
business and everybody began to feel the effects of hard times. 
The prices of all things fell, noticeably the price of slaves ; the best 
farm hand, twenty to twenty-five years old, brought from $950 to 
$1,000; the best field girl, about the same; the best plow boys, 
fifteen to eighteen, $800 to $935; and girls, thirteen to sixteen, 
$500 to $700. These were the highest prices paid. It was during 
this panic, October 12th, that some one blew open the safe of the 
Custom House on Fifteenth street and stole $30,688 in gold and 
silver, leaving $47,000 in gold that they could not carry. Shortly 
afterward two men. Pulling and Somerville, were arrested in 



190 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1857 

Washington and brought back here and $15,000 of the stolen 
money was recovered. 

Since its organization the Mechanics Institute had been very 
successful and on October 28th the cornerstone for their new build- 
ing on Ninth street was laid. Eev. J. Lansing Burrows, of the 
First Baptist Church, made the address. Notwithstanding the hard 
times and the scarcity of good money, when the State Fair opened, 
October 27th, the city was filled with visitors and great crowds 
attended the fair every day, including numerous pick-pockets, who 
plied their business despite the hard times. An attraction in the 
city at this time was Wyman the Wizard, with his egg-bag, "Talk- 
ing Tommie," and other things that entertained tens of thou- 
Bands of wondering men, women, and children. Who has not 
seen Wyman? 

The equestrian statue of Washington, made by Crawford and 
east at Munich, was shipped from Amsterdam in the brig Wal- 
borg, Capt. D. F. Lund. After taking the same length of time to 
cross the Atlantic that Columbus did when he discovered America, 
it arrived at the dock at Richmond November 2d. Mr. Crawford, 
the sculptor, died of a cancer in London October 10th, at the age 
of forty-seven, before his work reached its destination and before 
he finished several of the smaller statues. The work was com- 
pleted by Randolph Rogers. Great crowds watched the unloading 
of the statue, and when it was placed on the truck prepared for 
it the citizens asked permission to pull it to the Capitol Square. 
They asked that Wednesday, November 25th, be fixed as the 
day. The commissioners, however, fearing the danger to the 
statue and the inconvenience of the crowd's drawing it, started on 
Tuesday, the 24th, vsrith horses pulling it. They got as far as 
Main and Seventeenth streets, when the horses could go no farther. 
Here four or five thousand men and boys took hold of the ropes 
and easily and gladly moved the precious burden up Main to Ninth, 
up Ninth to Broad, down Broad to Tenth, and thence to the Capi- 
tol Square. When they got to the Square they found that the iron 
fence and several trees obstructed their entrance, so they imme- 
diately attached ropes to several panels of the fence and pulled it 
out of the way and then pulled up several trees by the roots and 



1858] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 191 

took them away. They then proceeded into the Square and de- 
posited the box containing the figure of the beloved Washington 
at the base of the pedestal. The artillery fired a salute, the Young 
Guard responded, and the band played the national air. Then 
the assembled crowd called upon Mayor Joseph Mayo, Governor 
Wise, and Captain Dimmock for speeches. They stood upon 
the box and delivered their speeches, which were received with 
great enthusiasm. This great crowd had gathered without notice, 
but it was expected that when the statue was raised to its place 
and unveiled the following February there would be such a 
gathering as Richmond had not before witnessed. The people mani- 
fested great interest in every circumstance connected with the 
work. Captain Dimmock was intrusted with the work of raising 
the heavy figure (for it weighed eighteen tons) to its place on the 
pedestal. Crowds watched the work day by day, and when on 
January 21st it was securely placed on the granite base a feeling of 
relief came over all. A few days later the covering was taken 
off and the people went into ecstasy over the superb work of art, 
declaring that the image of Washington was perfect and the horse 
as fine a reproduction as could be made; that the statue would 
rank among the most celebrated in the world. The horse was 
modeled after the finest in Queen Victoria's stable, and the face 
of Washington wa^ taken from the Houdon statue, which was 
made from life. The cover was put back and preparation for the 
unveiling February 22, 1858, began in earnest. Public meetings 
were held and committees appointed to make the final arrangements. 
Every available space in the city was secured to entertain the 
vast crowd of visitors. At last the 22d came, and such a day it 
was — rain, hail, snow, and mud — but the people of Richmond and 
the multitude of visitors did not propose to stop for the weather. 
Early in the morning the minute guns began to fire and the people 
prepared for the great occasion. By nine o'clock General Talia- 
ferro, chief marshal, was getting the companies and societies ready 
for the march. At 10 the procession started from Twenty-first 
and Main streets. The chief marshal with aids led; then 
came two brigades of soldiers under Cols. T. P. August and D. S. 
Walton; following these came Governor Wise, Lieutenant Gover- 



192 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1858 

nor Jackson, members of the President's Cabinet, Gen. Winfield 
Scott and staff, foreign ministers, soldiers of the Revolution, orator, 
poets, clergymen, foreign consuls, members of Congress, officers of 
Virginia, Senate and House of Delegates, judges and court officers, 
city officials, officers of the United States army and navy. Knights 
Templar, Masons, officers and soldiers of 1813, Odd Fellows, Sons 
of Temperance, Red Men, Druids, Rechabites, fire department, and 
citizens. The procession was the longest Richmond had ever wit- 
nessed, taking an hour to pass a given point. It was also the most 
representative gathering, for not only was every part of the State 
represented but almost every State in the United States, many of 
them by the Governor and his staff. The line of march was up 
Main and down Broad to the Square. The exercises began with 
prayer by Rev. Francis J. Boggs, of the Methodist Church, chap- 
lain of the Grand Lodge of Virginia. Grand Orator Robert G. 
Scott then made an address and concluded the Masonic cere- 
monies. Governor Wise spoke and introduced John R. Thompson, 
who read his original poem, "The Opening Ode." Hon. R. M. 
T. Hunter was then introduced and delivered the oration of the 
occasion on Washington. It was a great speech and was received 
with marked interest and applause. James Barron Hope read his 
closing poem, then there was a roar of cannon and the great statue 
was unveiled. When the veil fell the enthusiasm of the assembled 
multitude was unbounded. The only note of sadness was that the 
great sculptor, Thomas Crawford, had been snatched away by death 
before he could realize his great triumph in this work of art. At 
this time only two of the smaller statues were in place, Henry and 
Jefferson; fortunately, however, the work on the others was com- 
pleted before the artist was stricken. 

After the unveiling ceremonies were over many public dinners 
were given, chief among them being that at the new Custom 
House, which had just been finished, presided over by Lieutenant 
Governor Jackson, at which Edward Everett, Governors Newell of 
New York, Hollee of Connecticut, Bringham of Michigan, and many 
other distinguished visitors were present; and that at the City Hall, 
presided over by Mayor Joseph Mayo. The festivities continued 
into the night. All the houses and public buildings were illumi- 
nated, fireworks were set off at the Fair Grounds, the Square was 



1858] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 193 

brilliantly lighted with lanterns, ilhiminated arches and trans- 
parencies. Edwin Booth was at the theatre. There were balls at 
the Ballard and other hotels and many other diversions. Altogether 
it was the grandest occasion the city had ever beheld. In every 
way possible the people rendered the homage of their hearts to the 
memory of great Washington. 

It was not long after the unveiling before Eichmond was given 
the opportunity of honoring the memory of another distinguished 
Virginian, a hero of the Revolution, the youngest officer in the 
American army, having entered at the age of eighteen, a great 
statesman and former Governor and President of the United 
States, Col. James Monroe. At the extra session of the Legislature 
in April, 1858, a bill was unanimously passed appropriating $2,000 
to remove the remains of President Monroe from New York to 
Hollywood, in Eichmlond. Governor Wise communicated with the 
mayor of New York and Samuel L. Groveneur, grandson of Monroe, 
and obtained permission for the removal. As President Monroe 
died July 4th it was arranged that he should be reinterred on 
that day, or the 5th, as the 4th was Sunday. Maj. William Mun- 
ford and 0. J. Wise were appointed commissioners to go to New 
York to attend to the work there. The city of New York appro- 
priated $2,500 to cover the expenses there. At 5 o'clock on the 
morning of July 2d, in the presence of the commissioners, the mayor 
of New York, and a few others, the vault in Marble Cemetery was 
opened and the casket taken out. The mahogany casket was decayed 
but the lead coffin within was in perfect state of preservation. 
Without opening, the lead coffin was placed in a handsome ma- 
hogany casket with silver trimmings. The original coffin plate, 
which was solid silver and which had thirteen stars, representing 
the thirteen original States, and had this inscription : "James 
Monroe, of Virginia; died July 4, 1831, age seventy-four years," 
was polished and put on the new casket. The remains were then 
taken to the Church of the Annunciation, Dr. Seabury's, where 
they remained until the afternoon and were then taken to City 
Hall. Here the services were conducted and Hon. John Cochrane 
made an address. Afterward the people were permitted to view the 
casket and more than ten thousand passed it. The next day the 
coffin was conveyed to the wharf and placed aboard the James- 



194 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1858 

town and started for Eichmond. The entire Seventh Eegiment, 
New York Volunteers, on the steamer Ericsson, escorted the re- 
mains to Eichmond. Sunday night the steamer Glen Cove, with 
G. W. Munford, Secretary of State; D. J. Saunders, president of 
the Council; Thomas B. Bigger, postmaster; Judge W. W. Crump, 
E. 0. Hoskins, Dr. Eodday and others went down the river to 
meet the Jamestown. They met her and were told that the Erics- 
son was stuck fast in the mud at Hog Island. They went to that 
place and after greeting the soldiers took them aboard and brought 
them to Eichmond on the Glen Cove. The Jamestown reached the 
wharf about 8 A. M. and the Glen Cove about 10. Thousands 
of people were present and the Virginia troops were drawn up 
in line facing the river ready to receive the New York troops. 

The remains were taken from the steamer and placed in an 
open hearse drawn by six white horses and attended by six negro 
grooms in white. All flags were at half-mast, the band played a 
dirge, minute guns were fired, and the bells of the city tolled. 
The pall-bearers appointed by the Governor were: W. H, Macfar- 
land, James Lyons, W. H. Haxall, J. E. Anderson, George W. 
Eandolph, Judge J. A. Meredith, and Col. T. H. Ellis. A 
guard of honor from New York and the National Guard were on 
each side of the hearse. The procession started at 11 :30. Captain 
Dimmock was chief marshal and W. H. Smith, T. H. Ladd, C. A, 
Eose, J. E. Lee, Dr. W. P. Palmer, and Dr. J. B. McCaw assistants, 
dressed in white with black sashes and mounted. The Eichmond 
military companies, besides two regiments of Virginia volunteers, 
with the New York regiment, were in line. The procession moved 
along the crowded streets up Main to Second, to Cary, to Holly- 
wood. When the grave was reached all that was mortal of James 
Monroe was reverently placed in the final resting-place, where it 
will await the resurrection morn. Governor Wise made an appro- 
priate address and Dr. C. H. Eead, of the United Presbyterian 
Church, offered prayer. 

After the ceremonies were over the New York regiment was 
escorted by the Virginia soldiers to Gallego Mills, where in a large 
room they sat down together to a bountiful dinner. At night the 
Square was illuminated and the soldiers hospitably entertained. 
Colonel Duryee, of the Seventh Eegiment, was the guest of honor, 



1858] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 195 

Special attention was shown Samuel L. Groveneur, grandson and 
only near relative of President Monroe. 

The soldiers embarked July 6th, but not all; one remained be- 
hind, and this was sad indeed. At 4 A. M. July 9th a body 
was found floating in Gillie's creek. It was identified as that of 
Lawrence Hamilton, a grandson of Alexander Hamilton and a 
private of one of the companies of the New York regiment. In 
some unknown way he was accidentally drowned. All the volun- 
teer companies of the city escorted the body to the Capitol, where 
it lay until the next boat left for New York. The soldiers escorted 
it to Rocketts and a guard of honor, representing each company of 
the First Regiment, was sent to New York with it. The city of 
Richmond gladly paid all expenses and the Council sent resolu- 
tions of sympathy to the family of the unfortunate young man. 
Funds were offered for a monument, and Edward Valentine offered 
to make a bust of Hamilton to be used on the monument. 

Everywhere people were complaining of the hard times, and in 
consequence few new enterprises were started. There were a few, 
however, of general interest. The Methodists began a new church 
at the corner of Clay and Adams streets, and July 16th the corner- 
stone was laid by Dove Lodge, No. 51. Rev. E. M. Peterson, the 
pastor, made the address. A. L. West was the architect, and 
Davis & Shell contracted to build it at $16,000. The Episcopalians 
were building a new church (Grace) at the corner of Main and 
Foushee streets. Rev. F. M. Baker rector. They occupied it August 
29th. The Universalists Church on Mayo street was reopened 
September 19th, Rev. J. Shrigley pastor. The new Custom House 
and PostoflBce, corner Main and Tenth streets, was completed and 
the department began moving into it August 14th. 

For a long time Richmond and the whole country had been 
anxiously and doubtfully awaiting the outcome of one of the 
greatest undertakings of the century, the laying of the Atlantic 
cable. Many said it could not be done. There was great rejoicing 
when Cyrus W. Field completed the great work and Queen Vic- 
toria sent the first message from Valentia, Ireland, August 16th, 
to President Buchanan and he replied. As marking the progress 
of the world these memorable messages must be quoted : 



196 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1858 

"To the Honorable, the President of the United States: 

"Her Majesty desires to congratulate the President upon the 
successful completion of this great international work, in which the 
Queen has taken the deepest interest. The Queen is convinced 
that the President will join her in fervently hoping that the electric 
cable, which now connects Great Britain and the United States, 
will prove an additional link between the two nations whose 
friendship is founded on their common interests and reciprocal 
esteem. The Queen has much pleasure in this communication with 
the President and in renewing to him her wishes for the pros- 
perity of the United States." 

President Buchanan replied : 

"The President cordially reciprocates the congratulations of 
Her Majesty the Queen on the success of the great international 
enterprise accomplished by the science, skill, and indomitable 
energy of the two countries. It is a triumph more glorious be- 
cause it is far more useful to mankind than was ever won by a 
conqueror on the field of battle. May the Atlantic telegraph, under 
the blessing of heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and 
friendship between the kindred nations and an instrument destined 
by Divine Providence to diffuse religion, civilization, liberty, and 
law throughout the world. In this view will not all nations of 
"Christendom spontaneously unite in the declaration that it shall 
he found neutral and that its communications shall be held sacred 
in passing to the place of their destination even in the midst of 
hostilities ?" 

Eichmond was much excited over another duel. It was between 
0. J. Wise, of the Enquirer, and Sherrard Clemens, the representa- 
tive in Congress of the Wheeling District. It was caused by an 
editorial in the Enquirer commenting on a letter relative to Judge 
Brockenbrough's refusal to run for Governor. Three days after 
the article appeared Clemens sent a challenge to Wise. They 
met in the woods near the Fairfield Race Course at sunrise Sep- 
tember 17th, and after the usual preliminaries began firing at each 
other. At the fourth fire Clemens received a severe wound and 
was brought to the Central Hotel in the city. The Henrico 



1858] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 197 

authorities investigated the affair and tried to prosecute the prin- 
cipals and seconds, but seemed not to be able to get sufficient evi- 
dence. After some time Clemens recovered and the matter Avas 
passed by. 

One of the most important events in the municipal history of 
the city, an event involving the peace, security, and prosperity 
of the city, took place, when the Council, on October 25th, passed 
an ordinance doing away with the old volunteer fire department 
and inaugurating the paid department. John J. Fry was elected 
chief of the new department. It was at this time that the agita- 
tion to replace the old hand fire-engines with steamers was begun. 
It was claimed that with steam, fire-engines and a paid depart- 
ment Richmound would be secure. 

The Agricultural Fair that opened October 26th was the most 
notable that had ever been held in Eichmond. It was a national 
fair, and was held under the auspices of the Virginia Central 
Agricultural Society, which had been recently organized with James 
Lyons president, rather than the State Agricultural Society. 
T"wenty-five States were represented and twenty States sent ex- 
hibitions. General Tilghman, president of the United States 
Society, spoke; W. H. Macfarland delivered the address of wel- 
come, and Hon. Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts, was the orator. 
One of the principal guests was Lord Napier, the representative 
of the British Government at Washington, a plain gentleman of 
easy and unaffected manners. Hon. W. C. Rives delivered the 
valedictory address. The exhibition was the largest that had yet 
been held in the city. 

On the night of the 29th a banquet was given to Lord Napier 
at the Exchange Hotel. General Tilghman presided, with Lord 
Napier at his left and James Lyons at the opposite end of the table, 
with Hon. Caleb Cushing at his left. Lyons proposed: "The 
health of our distinguished guest, the president of the Agricultural 
Society of the County of Selkirk, in Scotland, distinguished no 
more by his eloquence, learning and statesmanship than by all the 
amenities of the gentleman; if his Queen is not she ought to be 
proud of her representative." 

Lord Napier arose ai;d responded. His manner was grateful yet 
impressive, his language well chosen, and his wit salient and 



198 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1859 

original. Among other things he said : "On every hand I am met 
with the words sic semper tyrannis, words not so assuring to 
an Englishman, but by the side of those words I would put these 
sic semper amicis, if Virginia is always the same to the oppressor 
she is always the same to her guests." The many brilliant toasts 
made it one of the most notable banquets ever held in Eichmond. 

Death took from the city October 29th one of her leading citizens 
and most capable lawyers, J. M. Patton. The bar held a meeting 
and passed suitable resolutions and the board of visitors of the 
Medical College, of which he was president, did likewise. 

Eichmond was growing to be a city of considerable size, and 
strange to say up to January, 1859, not a single house was num- 
bered, thus rendering it a difficult task for a stranger to find a 
house for which he was looking. The agitation of the question 
was begun in earnest and soon the houses were numbered. Several 
personalities may be here mentioned: The celebrated Virginia 
humorist, Dr. George W. Bagby, was appearing in the Southern 
Literary Messenger as "Mozis Addums," much to the delight of 
all the readers. A Eichmond citizen, Eoger A. Pryor, of the 
Enquirer, was on January 12th presented with a handsome silver 
service by the Virginia Democrats in Washington. Another dis- 
tinguished Virginian, Commodore Matthew F. Maury, was pre- 
sented by the citizens of New York with $7,000 in gold in appre- 
ciation of the service he had rendered commerce and navigation 
by his marine discoveries. 

The Eichmond Alumni of William and Mary College were 
greatly interested in the celebration of the 166th anniversary of the 
founding of that institution February 19th, when the shocking 
news came that the four-story college building, including the 
apparatus and library of twenty thousand volumes, was burned to 
the ground during the early morning of February 8th. The whole 
State lamented the loss of this historic building, in which so many 
great men had received their instruction, and especially the irre- 
parable loss of the library. The college was chartered February 19, 
1693, during the reign of William and Mary, who granted it 
20,000 acres of land. The Assembly, after the burning of the town 
of Henrico, ordered that it should be built at Williamsburg. It 
was built by one-penny-a-pound duty on all tobacco exported from 



1859] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 199 

Virginia and Maryland, which had been levied by Royal statute. 
The Assembly also gave it by temporary laws a duty on all liquors 
imported and on skins and furs exported. From these it received 
more than £3,000, nearly $15,000. The building was finished in 
1700 and the House of Burgesses met there until 1705, when it 
was burned. The rebuilding was begun while Governor Spotswood 
was in office and was completed in 1723. 

The anniversary celebration was held February 19. Governor 
Wise, James Lyons, and Col. J. D. Munford, of Richmond, and 
Ex-President Tyler were among the speakers. It was decided to 
rebuild at Williamsburg, although the removal to Richmond was 
agitated. Fortunately the building was insured for $22,000, and 
this, with the amount raised by the alumni, a part of which Rich- 
mond contributed, enabled the visitors to erect a creditable build- 
ing. 

Richmond, far-famed for her hospitality, did not let a year go 
by without entertaining several large gatherings. The Baptist 
General Association of Virginia met May 2d at the First Baptist 
Church, which had just been enlarged and repaired. The Knights 
Templar entertained for three days, beginning May 16th, the 
Sir Knights of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Virginia. The 
city fl'as crowded with the visiting Knights. A great banquet was 
given them on the 19th at the Exchange Hotel. Little did these 
bi others in the mystic bonds, who were so closely drawn to each 
other, dream that in a few short years they would be shooting 
one another down ander the fearful passion of war. 

Another great fire. May 4th, destroyed the block on the north 
side of Main street between Seventh and Eighth, causing a loss of 
more than $50,000 and throwing hundreds of men out of work. 
It gave to the newly organized paid fire department a real test 
of their efficiency and they stood the test well. 

The most exciting and perhaps the bitterest election that 
had been held in the State was that held May 26th, for Governor, 
Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General. The Democrats had 
nominated John Letcher, R. L. Montague and J. Randolph Tucker, 
and the Whigs W. L. Goggin, W. T. Willey and Walter Preston. 
Richmond, as usual, gave the Whig candidates a majority of four or 



200 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1859 

five hundred, but the State gave the Democratic ticket a majority 
of 5,802. 

No worthy object of charity knocks at Eichmond's door in vain. 
The Male Orphan Asylum had grown to such an extent since its 
establishment that tlie board of directors found it necessary to erect 
a building suited to its needs. A public meeting of the citizens 
was called at Mechanics Institute, Ninth street, June 9th, to raise 
the money. Joseph Mayo, the mayor, was called to the chair. After 
several strong speeches a committee of twenty-four in each ward 
was appointed to solicit funds. In a short while they reported 
$14,000 raised and the work was carried forward. 

There was an unusual activity in church building this year. 
The Methodists bought a lot for $10,500 on the corner of Broad 
and Tenth streets on which to build a $40,000 church. The comer- 
stone was laid June 30th by Lodge 10. Eevs. James A. Duncan 
and D. S. Doggett made the addresses. The architect was A. L. 
West, and the building committee J. B. Dupuy, W. K. Watts, 
Samuel Putney, Stephen Putney, Dr. W. W. Parker, W. H. Rich- 
ardson, L. T. Chandler, William Willis, Jr., W. J. Riddick. On 
Twenty-fifth near Broad Bishop McGill, of the Catholic Church, 
laid the cornerstone of St. Patricks Church June 12th. Clay 
Street Church was dedicated July 3d. Rev. D. S. Doggett preached 
at 11 o'clock, Rev. Leonidas Rosser at 3, and Rev. James A. Dun- 
can at night. 

A notable gathering was that which met in Richmond in the fall, 
and it was the first meeting ever held in the South. The General 
Triennial Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United 
States opened its session at St. Pauls Church October 5th. Bishop 
Otey, of Tennessee, preached the opening sermon. Leading lay- 
men, clergymen, and Bishops of the Church from every State at- 
tended, besides a large number of visitors, so that the city was 
crowded. The House of Clerical and Lay Deputies was organized 
with Rev. William Greighton, D. D., of New York, president, and 
Rev. M. A. DeWolfe Howe, D. D.. of Pennsylvania, secretary. 
Bishop Meade, of Virginia, being the senior bishop present, pre- 
sided over the House of Bishops, and Rev. L. P. W. Balch, D. D., of 
Maryland, was elected secretary. Day after day they discussed 
the great questions relating to the interest of the Church in the 



1859] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 201 

United States. The impressive ceremony of consecration of new 
bishops was held. At St. Pauls Eev. W. H. Odenheimer, D. D., 
bishop-elect of New Jersey, and Rev. G. T. Bedell, D. D., assistant 
bishop-elect of Ohio, were consecrated. Bishop Alfred Lee, of 
Delaware, preached the sermon. Eev. Alexander Gregg, bishop- 
elect of Texas, was consecrated at Moiinmental Church, Bishop 
Hopkins, of Vermont, preaching the sermon. At St. James Rev. 
H. B. Wliipple, D. D., bishop-elect of Minnesota, was consecrated, 
Bishop Burgess, of Maine, preaching the sermon. Rev. H. C. Lay, 
D. D., missionary bishop-elect, of Alabama, was consecrated at St. 
Pauls October 23d, Bishop Meade officiating. The convention 
continued in session for nearly three weeks, adjourning at the 
night session October 2 2d. 

Wliile this peaceful religious convention was in session with 
ministers and laymen from every State in the Union, Richmond 
was suddenly thrown into a state of the most intense excitement, 
such as she had not known since the announcement during the war 
of 1812 that the British had burned the Capitol at Washington and 
were marching on Richmond. The startling news came early Mon- 
day morning, October 17th, stating that on Sunday night five 
hundred negroes and two hundred white men, led by a man named 
Anderson, had seized the United States Arsenal and captured the 
town of Harper's Ferry, Virginia. The following message came 
to Governor Wise: 

"Camden Station, B. & 0. R. R., Oct. 17, 1859. 

"Rioters are in possession of the United States armory and the 
railroad bridges at Harper's Ferry. Firearms have been used and 
one man fatally injured. This occurred last night. The wires have 
been cut between Harper's Ferry and Frederick. Telegraph me 
and your order will be forwarded. Please issue the necessary orders. 

"John W. Garrett^ 
"President B. & 0. R. R." 

Governor Wise immediately ordered two companies of infantry 
and one of cavalry from Jefferson county to march to the scene 
of action, and that night took the R., F. & P. train for Harper's 
Ferry, accompanied by Company F, of Richmond, Captain Cary, 



202 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1859 

with nearly one hundred men, leaving orders that the entire First 
Regiment of the city and also the Young Guard should follow him. 
President Buchanan ordered a company of ninety-three marines 
with two twelve-pounder howitzers, under Col. E. E. Lee, and three 
companies of artillery, from Fortress Monroe. The feeling on the 
subject of slavery had been so intense that many of the people 
of Richmond thought that the entire body of Abolitionists in the 
North were marching south to free the slaves. A band of 
Abolitionists came into Harper's Ferry Sunday evening and night, 
captured the arsenal, took charge of the town, forcing the citizens 
to give them provisions, and took possession of the railroad bridges. 
When the express train came at 12 :40 A. M. it was held up. The 
negro porter, Haywood, attempted to cross the bridge to see what 
was the matter and he was shot dead. Colonel Washington and 
wife and servants came into town and they were taken prisoners. 
Armistead Bull, draughtsman; Benjamin Mills, master armorer; 
J. P. Dangerfield, pay clerk, and John Allsadt, a farmer and son, 
were also captured; George Turner, Fountaine Beckham, mayor of 
the town, and railroad agent, Evan Dorsey, conductor on the train, 
and James Burnley were killed. There was a reign of terror in 
the town until 11 o'clock Monday, when a company from Charles- 
town arrived, quickly followed by one from Frederick. They imme- 
diately opened fire on the insurgents and drove them into the 
arsenal. The buildings were surrounded and firing was kept up 
all day. Colonel Lee, with his command, arrived at 9 P. M. He 
took charge and gave orders that the arsenal be guarded until morn- 
ing. Early the next day he sent Lieut. J. E. B. Stuart with a flag 
of truce to the engine-house in which the rioters were barricaded 
demanding an unconditional surrender and promising to protect 
them from violence until he should receive orders from the Presi- 
dent. John Brown, the leader, replied that they would not sur- 
render unless they were allowed to march out of town and go 
away. When Lieutenant Stuart returned the marines in two divi- 
sions, under Captain Harris and Lieutenant Green, one on either 
side of the door, advanced and battered the door with sledge 
hammers. These failed to move it, so twenty men took a ladder and 
using it as a battering ram soon demolished the door. As the 
marines rushed in two were shot down. They captured John 



1859] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 203 

Brown and his followers who were not killed. Ahout fifteen were 
killed, among whom was his own son. Brown had expected 2,000 
or 5,000 slaves to join him, but not a slave took part; they were 
free negi-oes and white men. There were only twenty-two in the 
raid. Brown, Stevens, Coppie, Copeland, and Green were carried 
to Charlestown and put in jail; Cook escaped and was later cap- 
tured in Pennsylvania. They were tried, except Stevens, and con- 
demned to be hanged in December. Several companies of sol- 
diers were kept on guard to protect the prisoners and the others 
returned. There was a good deal of talk of armed bands coming 
to rescue Brown, but this did not grow serious until November 
19th, when Colonel Davis, in command at Charlestown, tele- 
graphed Governor Wise that 500 armed men were marching from 
Wlieeling to deliver the prisoners. The bells of Eichmond were rung 
at 7 o'clock calling the volunteer companies to their armory for 
service. There was great excitement as the men hurried to and 
fro preparing to leave. The Grays, Lieutenant Bossieux; the 
Blues, Lieutenant Maule; Company F, Captain Fry; Montgomery 
Guard, Captain Moore; the Young Guard, Captain Rady; the 
Howitzer Corps (just organized). Captain Randolph; Virginia 
Rifles, Captain Miller, with Captain Elliott, of the Grays, in com- 
mand, took the R., F. & P. train at 10 o'clock Saturday night for 
Charlestown. The Governor also went. No effort was made to 
rescue the prisoners and Brown was hanged December 2d and Green 
and Copeland, the two negroes, December 16th, and Cook and 
Coppie the same day. 

The troops returned and this much of the scene was closed, but 
its influence was enveloping the whole country. 

Many people and newspapers at the North held John Brown 
as a hero who had been martyred, while the South branded him a 
criminal who had met his just deserts at the end of the hangman's 
rope. Thoughtful people saw in this incident the beginning of gen- 
eral hostilities between the two sections. Such was the mind of 
Richmond, and she began to make preparations for the worst. The 
Central Southern Rights Association of the City and of Henrico, D. 
H. London and James Lyons presidents, which had been slum- 
bering, began to hold meetings almost weekly. New military com- 
panies were being organized: Company B, S. P. Mitchell captain; 



204 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1859 

Home Guard, Captain Wyndham Robertson captain; Company G 
(Church Hill), Capt. J. J. English; Grenadiers, F. D. Dearmon 
captain ; Lancers, Captain Anderson ; Shockoe Hill Company, Cap- 
tain Baily. Even the students of Eiehmond College organized, with 
J. M. Binford captain, and offered their services to Governor Wise. 
The merchants of tlie city met and decided to establish a direct 
line of ships between Richmond and Liverpool, so as to be indepen- 
dent of the North. At one meeting $20,000 was subscribed and 
later enough was secured to buy a ship and establish the line. The 
manufacture of all kinds of articles in the city was encouraged. 
One of the most signal incidents to show the feeling between the 
two sections was the return of two hundred and fifty-nine medi- 
cal students from the South studying in Philadelphia to the 
Richmond Medical College to complete their course. They were 
met by the students, military companies, and citizens and marched 
to the Capitol Square, where a great crowd awaited them. Here they 
were addressed by Governor Wise. At night the citizens gave them 
a banquet at the Columbia Hotel, at which six hundred were pres- 
ent. Richmond gave them a hearty welcome to the city and to 
the college, of which she was proud. Through her efforts a few 
months later the Legislature appropriated $30,000 for enlarging 
the Medical College. 

The custom of honoring the memory of eminent men had by 
no means passed away. The remains of Judge John Y. Mason, of 
Virginia, who for some years had been United States Minister to 
France, and who died suddenly in Paris^ reached Richmond Sat- 
urday, October 29th. The Governor, Secretary of the Common- 
wealth, the Mayor and many citizens, with the military companies, 
escorted the body from the wharf to the Capitol, where it was 
deposited in the Senate chamber. Governor Wise made a short 
address and a guard of honor was stationed at the bier. The next 
day at 10 o'clock all the volunteer companies of the city and the 
officials met at the Capitol and escorted the remains to St. Pauls 
Church, where the funeral services were conducted by the rector, 
Dr. Minnigerode. From there they were escorted to Hollywood 
and deposited in a grave near that of James Monroe. 

Notwithstanding the bitter feelino^ between the South and the 



1859] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 205 

North and the preparations for hostilities, the Central State Agri- 
cultural Society held one of the most successful fairs at their 
grounds on West Broad street that had ever been held in the 
city. Earnest efforts were made to get this society and the State 
society to unite, but the efforts had been without success. 



206 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1860 



CHAPTER YIII 

When we pause at the beginning of this decade and look for- 
ward we are almost ready to wish that the events which make the 
history of this chapter had never come to pass, for now Richmond 
is entering into the darkest night of her experience; she is to 
receive her baptism of fire and her deluge of blood. She faces it, 
however, with brave heart and cheerful spirit, sustained by the 
mighty power of an undying hope and an invincible belief in the 
righteousness of her cause. Grim-visaged war scowled upon her, 
but few of the generation then knew the terrible meaning of that 
dread word. Had they known it they might have hesitated, but 
not turned aside, because the sacred honor of a noble people was 
at stake, and to the patriotic soul no suffering is so intense as the 
sting of cowardice and the misery of dishonor, No rash and hasty 
spirit characterized this people, but rather a resolute determination 
of soul that could not brook oppression in whatever form it came. 
The sentiment of the great orator still echoed and reechoed from the 
hallowed walls of St. Johns Church, and the blood of the patriots 
of '76 still bounded with perennial life. 

As we look back upon this time it is easy for us to see how the 
various events led up to the great event of the sixties. At the 
beginning of the year, January 10th, a convention of the officers 
of the State militia was held at the Ballard House. MaJ.-Gen. 
W. B. Taliaferro was elected president. For several days they dis- 
cussed plans and adopted methods for improving the militia. 
Upon their recommendation the Legislature, then in session, appro- 
priated money for purchasing suitable arms, and also provided for a 
plant to manufacture arms, or rather to fit up the Armory and 
equip it with improved machinery. 

The next month the Democratic State Convention met in the 
African church to elect delegates to the national convention. 
Gen. R. A. Banks was president. Six days later, February 22d, 
the opposition, or Whig convention, met in the same place with 



1860] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 207 

John Janney as president. The presidential election this year was 
the most important that had been held since Washington was first 
elected, and each party felt that it was of the greatest moment that 
they choose with the utmost wisdom their standard bearers. The 
National Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas and Benjamin 
Fitzpatrick, the Seceding Democrats John C. Breckenridge and 
Joseph Lane; the Southern convention, which met in Richmond, 
endorsed these candidates. The Whigs, or Unionists, put for- 
ward John Bell and Edward Everett, while the Republicans placed 
in nomination Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. 

Notwithstanding the political situation the city was making 
progress. This year the Council provided for the building of a new 
poor house and a new jail, and the Legislature changed the city 
charter so as to provide for a Hustings Court. The act, however, 
was not effective until submitted to the vote of the people and 
adopted by them. This was done April 4th and the amended 
charter was adopted 2,004 to 144. The election of judge was held 
June 26th and W. H. Lyons was elected. He qualified and opened 
the first session of the court July 16th. 

An interesting event was the exhibition of the first steam fire- 
engine built in Richmond and the first seen here. It was built by 
Ettinger & Edmonds from a design by Alexander McCausland. A 
great crowd gathered at Main and Twelfth streets to see it work, 
and they were amazed to see that it could throw a stream of water 
over the American Hotel. The hand-engines of the city were never 
able to approach that. This engine was built for the Russian 
Government and was to be shipped in a few days, and it was to 
be exhibited in Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New 
York. 

The Whig ladies of the State, during Henry Clay's lifetime, 
raised money to erect a statue of him. They gave the contract 
to the sculptor Hart, who went to Florence, Italy, to execute the 
work. After many years of delay, the statue at last reached Rich- 
mond. There was a great deal of discussion as to where to put 
it, some suggesting Church Hill, some Main street, and other 
places. The Legislature granted permission to place it on Capitol 
Square at such a place as the Governor would designate. Governor 
Letcher selected the place near Ninth and Franklin streets. The 



208 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [I860 

foundation was laid and preparations were made for the unveiling 
on Clay's birthday, April 12th. Richmond was crowded with 
visitors. The Home Guards, of Lynchburg, Capt. Samuel Gar- 
land; the Farmville Guards, Capt. R. A. Booker; the Hanover, 
Henrico, and Chesterfield companies, the Virginia State Guard, 
the Washington National Rifles, the Marine Band, with the First 
Regiment, the Fourth Regiment of cavalry and One Hundred and 
Seventy-ninth of the line formed part of the procession, with the 
State and city officials, members of Congress, Ex-President Tyler, 
and many leading citizens. The line of march was up Main street 
to Fifth, to Franklin, to Foushee, to Broad, and down to the 
Square. Captain Dimmock was chief marshal. Great crowds of 
people lined the streets and thronged the Square. The exercises 
were opened with prayer by Rev. Joshua Peterkin, of St. James 
Church. W. H. Macfarland then introduced Benjamin Johnson 
Barbour, the orator '^f the oc2asion. At the close of the oration the 
cannon boomed, the band played, and the veil fell from the 
statue. At night there was a brilliant banquet at the Exchange 
Hotel. 

Richmond, which was always a strong Whig centre, appreciated 
as few other places the greatness of Clay, but she had another 
claim besides this : Clay was born not far from here, Slash Cottage, 
now Ashland, and at the age of fifteen, in 1792, came here and 
entered a store kept by a man named Denny, near the Old Market; 
later he entered the office of Peter Tinsley, clerk of the old 
Chancery Court, and while there he was the amanuensis of Chan- 
cellor Wythe. He left Richmond in 1797 for Kentucky. Hence 
Richmond felt a deep interest in her great son. 

At this time Richmond seemed to be unusually prosperous; a 
great deal of building was going on and large enterprises were 
projected. The Legislature chartered the Richmond and Lynchburg 
railroad and appointed commissioners to open the books for sub- 
scription to the stock. A public meeting of the citizens was held 
endorsing the project and recommending it to the people, and there 
was a good prospect of it being built. The Richmond and York 
River road was to be completed in Jul3^ After a good deal of 
discussion and various amendments the Council chartered the 



1860] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 209 

Eichmond street railway, to run from Eocketts to Brook road, and 
to use horse ears. The books for subscription to the stock were 
opened and the citizens subscribed slowly. The old Armory, which 
had been idle a long time, was fitted up and new machinery placed 
in it so as to begin at an early day the manufacture of muskets 
and other arms for the State troops. The Tredegar Company was 
doing a large work in building locomotives and other machinery. 
A great many residences were building as well as stores and public 
buildings. The Methodists were erecting a new church at Broad 
and Twentieth, to be called Trinity, the cornerstone of which was 
laid May 28th by Randolph Lodge of Masons. A seaman's bethel 
was being erected on Twentieth street between Main and Gary. 
Eev. F. J. Boggs was the superintendent. A large hotel at the 
southeast corner of Main and Eighth, the Spotswood Hotel, had 
been completed and was ready for occupancy, and in September 
Charles Y. Morris completed a big sugar refinery in Rocketts and 
expected to begin operations at an early date. 

A notable social event took place, which was long remembered 
by the people. It M^as announced that Baron Renfrew would visit 
Richmond, but this did not interest the people until the explana- 
tion that the Baron was none other than the Prince of Wales, 
afterward King Edward VII, who was travelling in this country as 
Baron Renfrew. The Council held a meeting and the citizens 
also and made preparation for the reception of the Prince and his 
suite. A committee of arrangements was appointed, consisting 
of the following citizens: Joseph Mayo, D. J. Saunders, D. J. 
Burr, W. H. Lyons, J. A. Meredith, Peyton Johnston, G. W. Ran- 
dolph, P. E. Grattan, Fendall Griffin, W. H. Macfarland, J. R. 
Anderson, and W. M. Elliott. The committee arranged to put 
the Prince and his company at the new Spotswood, but a previous 
arrangement had been made for the Ballard. The R., F. & P. fur- 
nished a special train which, decorated with British and United 
States flags, and with the committee on board, met the Prince at 
Aquia Creek October 6th. They were expected to reach Richmond 
at 5 P. M., and in consequence a great crowd assembled at the 
station near Broad and Seventh to get a glimpse of the royal 
personage. Another large crowd was assembled at the Ballard to 
see what Richmond had never seen, a real live prince. Both crowds. 



210 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1860 

however, were disappointed, for the Baron requested that there 
be no military display and that publicity be avoided as much as 
possible. The royal party was met at the Fair Grounds in barouches 
and driven to the side entrance of the Ballard and the people did 
not see them. They sat down to dinner at the Exchange about 
7 o'clock, and such a dinner it was (Eichmond never furnished a 
better one), and remained until 11. Some not willing to be out- 
done waited until the dinner was over and were rewarded by a sight 
of the Prince. There were in the party the Prince of Wales and 
ten attendants, the Duke of Newcastle, the Earl of St. Germain, 
Lord Lyons and two attendants. Lord Hinchingbrook and attend- 
ants, Maj. Gen. Eobert Bruce, Maj. Teasdale, Captain Grey, Dr. 
Ackland, Mr. Englehart, Mr. Ware, Mr. Janner, and Mr. Eliot. 

The next day, which was Sunday, it was whispered abroad that 
the Prince and his suite would attend public worship at St. Pauls 
Church. About 5,000 people gathered about the church. At 11 
o'clock the royal party drove up, and such stretching of necks, 
crowding, pushing, and jostling had never been witnessed. Dr. 
Minnigerode preached, and after the service the distinguished 
visitors were driven to the Capitol to see the Houdon statue of 
Washington ; they then called on Governor Wise and returned 
to the hotel to dinner. In the afternoon they were driven to 
Hollywood and St. Johns. They left the next day at 9 o'clock 
on a special train. Another great crowd of people assembled. As 
the train pulled out the Prince of Wales and Lord Lyons appeared 
at the end of the coach and bowed farewell to the people. They 
expressed their appreciation by a loud acclaim in honor of the 
royal guest and his company. 

At last Eichmond had seen the Prince of Wales; and, wonderful 
to relate, he appeared to be a man after the fashion of thousands 
in the city who were striving to get a sight of him. He greatly 
appreciated the hospitality shown him by Eichmond, and in a letter 
written a few days later by Lord Lyons he expressed his thanks 
for the warm welcome accorded him. 

Eichmond continued to grow, as shown by the census of this year, 
which gave the following figures: 



18G0] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 211 

Jefferson ward, whites and free negroes, 8,248; slaves, 4,170 
Madison ward, whites and free negroes, 9,349 ; slaves, 4,686 
Monroe ward, whites and free negroes, 8,633 ; slaves, 2,883 

Total 37,968 

Everywhere there were marks of progress. The fair this year 
which was a union meeting of the Central and State societies, was 
declared the best ever held in the city. With the fair came Adelina 
Patti, who sang three nights at the Corinthian Hall; Blind Tom 
was at the African chnrch, and Joe Jefferson, then a 3'oiing man, 
was at the Marshall Theatre. The city was so much pleased with 
the steam fire-engine built here for Russia that the Council ordered 
one, and October 22d the test was witnessed by great crowds and 
it was received. There were four hospitals in the city at this 
time : The Infirmary of St. Francis de Sale, Brook avenue ; Hos- 
pital of the Medical College; Bellevue Hospital, Church Hill, and 
the Hospital for Slaves on Main and Twenty-sixth. The Cavalry 
regiment, composed of companies from Richmond and the sur- 
rounding counties, held an encampment at the Fair Grounds on 
Broad street. Colonel McRae in command. The camp was called 
Camp Lee, in honor of Gen. Light Horse Harry Lee. While in 
camp the regiment petitioned the General Assembly to have the 
remains of the General removed from Cumberland Island, Ga., to 
his native State, A few months later a committee for the purpose 
was appointed. St. Patricks Catholic Church was consecrated 
November 11th by Bishop McGill. 

Another carnival of death was held in the city. November 16th 
W. D. Totty shot and killed his sister-in-law at his home in the 
county, corner Grace and Monroe streets. He was condemned to 
be hanged, and this was the fatal day. After religious exercises 
in the jail, conducted by Revs. F. J. Boggs and D. S. Doggett, he 
was brought out and placed on his coffin in a wagon and driven 
through the crowded streets, accompanied by the Public Guard, to 
the gallows in the valley northeast of Victor's old mill. The sur- 
rounding hills were crowded with men, women, and even children 
to see the gruesome spectacle of a man swung into eternity. 
When they reached the gallows the young man, for he was only 
twenty-five, leaped from his coffin and ran up the steps to the 



212 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [I860 

trap. Eev. F. J. Boggs stood with him and conducted religious 
services. At the request of the condemned man the minister told 
that his downfall was on account of intemperance and warned 
others. In a little while his hands were pinioned behind him, the 
rope adjusted, the black cap pulled over his face, and the trap 
sprung. For twenty minutes he dangled in the air before the 
gaze of thousands of morbidly curious people. Alas for the bar- 
barity of such executions ! 

Attention must now be given to the all-absorbing subject of the 
times, the political situation. There had never been such a political 
campaign in the history of the country as the presidential cam- 
paign of this year. With four tickets in the field and with the 
future welfare of the country depending upon the issue, the interest 
manifested was intense. Never had there been in Richmond so 
much political speaking; the African church, the Metropolitan 
Hall, and other places were in use almost every night, and the 
crowds did not tire of hearing their champions speak. On the 
streets, in the offices, in the homes, ever3'where the subject of con- 
versation was politics and the relation of the North and the South. 
Torchlight processions and brass bands frequently were called into 
use, Wlien election day came, early in November, there was great 
excitement at the polls, in some cases resulting in difficulties. 
Never had there been such scenes of discord and such party strife 
as now. The result in Richmond was : Bell and Everett, 2,359 ; 
Breckenridge and Lane, 1,170; Douglas and Johnson, 753, Of 
course Lincoln and Hamlin did not receive any votes here. Bell 
and Everett carried the State by about 315, When the ominous 
news came that Abraham Lincoln was elected it spread dismay 
throughout the South. They believed that the dreaded event had 
come, the event that Washington so much feared would prove a 
wedge that would split the Union in twain ; a sectional party in one 
division of the Union, founded upon issues hostile to the people 
in another, seizing the reins of government and dictating rules 
to the nation. It seemed to be only a question of time now before 
this would happen. Richmond still hoped for the Union and her 
papers cautioned the other Southern States not to adopt any ex- 
treme measures. 

A public meeting was called for December 27th at the African 



1860] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 313 

church. A great crowd attended. Wyatt M. Elliott was made 
president. George W. Randolph, chairman of the committee oii 
business, reported a series of resolutions, which, after several 
speeches, were adopted with great enthusiasm. They called for 
a State convention to determine the rights of Virginia in the 
existing confederacy or out of it; they reprobated any attempt on 
the part of the Federal Government to coerce the seceding States, 
and deprecated the commencement of hostilities by any seceding 
Stale before the formation of a confederacy. 

The secession sentiment was rapidly growing in the South and 
the people were so eager to hear the news that the bulletin boards 
of the papers were besieged day by day. South Carolina passed 
the ordinance of secession December 20th and Georgia and Ala- 
bama were earnestly considering it. The question was, What will 
Virginia do? Governor Letcher called an extra session of the 
Legislature to meet January ?th. 

The notable prosperity of Richmond a month ago had dis- 
appeared under the strain of the political situation and distress 
had taken its place. Manufactories began to close down, throwing 
hundreds out of work; business became dull and the banks sus- 
pended specie payment. The city was filled with her own un- 
employed, and added to these was a large number of vagrants who 
had come in from the North. The weather was bitterly cold and 
the times became more and more distressing. Starvation threatened 
many, and subscriptions had to be started to supply them with 
food. The situation throughout the whole State was so grave that 
the Governor set January 4th as a day of fasting and prayer. 

The members of the General Assembly began to arrive in the 
city, and January 7th the two houses were organized. Governor 
Letcher sent a long message on the position of Virginia in the 
impending crisis. At once the Legislature took up the great ques- 
tions and passed an act providing for a convention to meet in 
Richmond February 13th to amend the Constitution and take such 
steps as were deemed necessary. They appointed Judge John 
Robertson a commissioner to South Carolina proposing to her and 
other States to send commissioners to meet those from other States 
in Washington February 4th to consider and if practicable to agree 
upon some suitable adjustment of the great issues involved in the 



214 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [18G1 

confederacy. South Carolina replied that as she had already seceded 
and had invited the other Southern States to meet her in conven- 
tion at Montgomery, Ala., in February and they had accepted, she 
must decline the offer of Virginia. The Legislature having failed in 
this effort, and representing the sentiments of the people eagerly 
desiring to preserve the Union if it could be done with honor and 
peace but not unconditionally, made another effort to avert the com- 
ing conflict. They appointed a commission, consisting of Governor 
Letcher, Ex-President Tyler, James A. Seddon, and others, to 
represent Virginia at the Peace Conference in Washington Feb- 
ruary 9th. This also was without avail. While this conference 
was in session in Washington, at Montgomery, Ala., South Carolina, 
Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Florida — Texas had 
seceded but had not yet joined her sister States, — organized Feb- 
ruary 9th the Southern Confederacy, adopted a provisional constitu- 
tion, and declared Jefferson Davis President and Alexander H. 
Stephens Vice President. 

Many of the citizens of Richmond became impatient under the 
stirring news that was coming day after day from the South, and 
they were anxious for Virginia to act. Others still hoped that a 
settlement could be reached and the Union saved. The election 
of delegates to the Virginia Convention took place February 4th. 
There were six candidates in the city, three for State's Rights 
(George W. Randolph, John 0. Steger, and John Robertson), and 
three for the Union (W. H. Macfarland, Marmaduke Johnson, and 
J. M. Botts). Marmaduke Johnson, W. H. Macfarland, and 
George W. Randolph were elected after a very exciting contest. The 
people voted almost unanimously to have the acts of the conven- 
tion referred to the citizens for ratification. 

The convention met February 13th in the Hall of the House of 
Delegates to comply with the act, and on account of the Legisla- 
ture being in session adjourned to Mechanics Hall, on Ninth street, 
which had been fitted up for them, and continued their sessions 
there until April 8th. John Janney, of Loudon, was elected 
president and John L. Eubank, of Richmond, secretary. Great 
crowds of people thronged the place, among whom were n\any 
ladies. The crowd was so great that the convention decided to 
issue tickets and admit only the visitors who had them. This con- 



1861] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 215 

tinued from day to day until it was found necessary to hold secret 
sessions. Questions concerning the State's position and her action 
under the present circumstances were ably discussed but apparently 
little was done, so that the people began to complain of the long 
session. They, however, could not appreciate the gravity of the 
situation and the need for the greatest caution in acting. 

The day so much dreaded by the South had now arrived, the 
excitement was intense, and all were eager to hear the announce- 
ment of the policy that would mean peace or war. Lincoln was 
inaugurated on this memorable March 4th, and in his inaugural 
address gave little hope of peace. Public meetings were held night 
after night by the Secessionists and by the Union Democrats, who 
yet hoped for a settlement. Each party was addressed by able 
advocates of their cause, and the people heard them with rapt atten- 
tion. At many places in the city secession flags were raised, and 
the organization of military companies was carried on with vigor. 

Such was the situation when Lincoln announced his intention 
of sending provisions to relieve the United States garrison at 
Fort Sumter, S. C. — peacably if he could, forcibly if he must. 
The next news that came was to Eichmond like an electric shock, 
that the war had actually commenced April 12th at 4:30 A. M., 
when the batteries of the Confederate troops in Charleston, under 
General Beauregard, had opened fire on Fort Sumter. Crowds 
thronged the streets all day discussing the situation and eagerly 
waiting for more news. The excitement increased until towards 
evening the next day, Saturday, when the massage came that 
MaJ. Eobert Anderson had hauled down the United States flag 
and had surrendered the fort to General Beauregard; then the 
enthusiasm was unbounded. The news spread over the entire city 
and the people came out on the streets to talk of the war and 
if possible to hear more about the victory. It was estimated that 
there were ten thousand people on Main street, many of whom 
formed a line and marched to the Spotswood Hotel to hear 
speakers, then to the Exchange and to the Capitol Square. All 
over the city bonfires were burning, houses were illuminated; the 
Fayette Artillery fired a salute and some raised a Confederate 
flag on the Capitol and other public buildings. It seemed as 
if the war had begun in earnest. 



216 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1861 

The same day the convention sent William Ballard Preston, 
Alexander H. H. Stuart, and George W. Eandolph commissioners to 
interview Mr. Lincoln to ascertain what policy he would pursue in 
regard to the seceding States. Lincoln replied by repeating this 
portion of his inaugural address: "The power confided to me 
will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places 
belonging to the government, and to collect the duties and im- 
ports; but beyond what is necessary for these objects there will 
be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people 
anywhere." The commissioners received no satisfactory answer, 
and before they reported back to the convention Lincoln called for 
75,000 troops to march against the seceding States and sent to 
Virginia for her quota. Governor Letcher replied to Simon 
Cameron, Secretary of War, refusing to send one man from Vir- 
ginia to subjugate the Southern States. 

The day after this letter was written by the Governor the con- 
vention, after doing all in its power to bring about a settlement 
and to preserve the Union with honor, after fifty-four days of 
deliberation, April 17th passed the ordinance 'To repeal the ratifi- 
cation of the Constitution of the United States of America by the 
State of Virginia and to resume all the rights and powers granted 
under the said Constitution," At the time the ordinance was passed 
the State's Rights Convention was in session at Metropolitan 
Hall — Robert Chalmers, president — urging that Virginia secede 
and take her place with her Southern sisters. There had been 
difference of opinion as to methods, but now all parties were 
united in the common cause of protecting the State's rights. 

The Custom House in the city was seized by Col. J. L. Davis 
on orders from the government and a Confederate flag was raised. 
The sign over the Bank street entrance with "United States Court'* 
on it was torn down and dashed into the street. The Governor 
issued a proclamation calling upon all armed volunteer regiments 
and companies within the State to hold themselves in readiness 
for immediate orders. All over the city companies were being 
organized and were offering their services to Governor Letcher. 
The Council voted $50,000 for equipping the volunteer companies, 
and everywhere the war spirit was rife. 

On the night of April 17th the victory at Fort Sumter and the 



1861] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 217 

secession of Virginia was celebrated by the greatest torchlight 
procession ever witnessed in the city. Thousands were in line, and 
as they marched through the principal streets the great crowds 
cheered. Besides the torches there were transparencies, fireworks, 
and bonfires until the whole city was ablaze. Richmond greeted 
the advent of war with a glory of enthusiasm. 

While this was going on the Federal troops were moving. News 
was received that the Massachusetts troops, while marching through 
Baltimore to Virginia, were fired upon and many killed. This 
served to stir the people again, but they did not feel that danger 
was near. The peaceful Sabbath day dawned upon Richmond 
April 21st, the church bells began to peal forth their solemn call 
to prayer, when suddenly the roll of the drum and the harsh alarm 
of the Capitol bell summoned the people to arms, to arms ! Armed 
men were hurrying to their place of ineeting, the commands of the 
oflBcers were heard, and soon companies and regiments were march- 
ing toward the wharf. The report had come that a steamer with 
soldiers was on her way up the river to capture the ammunition 
brought from ]^orfolk a few days before. The Fayette Artillery 
marched down to the river and took a position while the other 
companies took position near the wharf. Governor Letcher was 
there and great crowds of people lined the hills to see the battle. 
It did not occur, however, because the boat did not appear. 

On the evening of April 22d there was an arrival in Richmond 
that stirred the whole city. Lincoln, through Francis Preston 
Blair, had offered Col. Robert E, Lee the command of the active 
army of the United States, but he declined. "After listening to 
Blair's remarks," he said in a letter to Revedy Johnson, "I declined 
the offer he made me to take command of the army that was to 
be brought into the field, stating as candidly and as courteously as 
I could that though opposed to secession and deprecating war 
I could take no part in an invasion of the Southern States." 
The second morning after this interview with Blair Colonel Lee 
sent to General Scott his resignation as an officer in the United 
States army and in two days thereafter, at the invitation of Gov- 
ernor Ivctcher, he was on his way to Richmond. All along the route 
he was cheered by the people, and when he arrived at the Central 
depot in this city his greeting was warm and enthusiastic. Judge 



218 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1861 

John Robertson and Adjutant General Eichardson met him and 
escorted him to the Spotswood Hotel. A great crowd of citizens 
had congregated there anxious to pay their respects to this officer 
who had made such a brilliant record in the Mexican War. Colonel 
Lee retired into the hotel, but the calls and entreaties for him 
were so earnest and continued that he had to appear and make a few 
remarks. He pledged himself to do his duty, and his whole duty, 
to the land of his birth. His presence acted with magic influence 
upon the people, who felt that in him they had secured the prize of 
the United States army. 

Governor Letcher this same day sent a message to the conven- 
tion that he had nominated, and with their consent would appoint. 
Colonel Lee commander of the military and naval forces of Vir- 
ginia. The convention unanimously endorsed his action and set the 
next day, April 23d, as the time to receive Colonel Lee. The ses- 
sions of the convention being secret, there were none present 
besides the members except the specially invited guests, the Gover- 
nor, his Advisory Council (Avhich consisted of Judge J. J. Allen, 
Prof. F. H. Smith, of the Virginia Military Institute, and Capt. 
M. F. Maury), and Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President 
of the Confederacy. At the hour of 12 Colonel Lee entered the 
Hall of the House of Delegates on the arm of Maj. Marmaduke 
Johnson, of Richmond, and the convention arose to receive him. 
His splendid military appearance sent a thrill through every soul 
present. Wlien half way up the aisle Major Johnson stopped and 
in measured tones said: "Mr, President, I have the honor to 
present to you and to the convention Major General Lee." Mr. 
Janney, the president, said: "Major General Lee, in the name of 
the people of our native State here represented I bid you a cordial 
and heartfelt welcome to this hall, in which we may yet almost hear 
the echo of the voices of the statesmen and soldiers and sages of 
bygone days who have borne your name, whose blood now flows in 
your veins. When the necessity became apparent of having a leader 
for our forces all hearts and all eyes, with an instinct which is a 
surer guide than reason itself, turned to the old county of Westmore- 
land. We knew how prolific she had been in other days of heroes 
and statesmen. We knew she had given birth to the Father of his 
Country, to Richard Henry Lee, to Monroe, and last though not 



1861] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 219 

least to your own gallant father, and we know well b}' your deeds 
that her productive power was not yet exhausted. We watched 
with the most profound and intense interest the triumphal march of 
the army led by General Scott, to which you were attached, from 
Vera Cruz to the Capital of Mexico; we read of the sanguinary 
conflicts and blood-stained fields, in all of which victory perched 
upon our banners ; we knew of the unfading luster that was shed on 
the American armies by that campaign, and we knew also what your 
modesty has always disclaimed — that no small share of the glory of 
those achievements was due to your valor and military genius. Sir, 
vre have by this unanimousi vote expressed our conviction that you are 
at this time among the living citizens of Virginia 'first in war.' 
We pray to God most fervently that you may conduct the opera- 
tions committed to your charge so that it will soon be said of you 
that you are the 'first in peace,' and when that time comes you 
will have earned the still prouder distinction of being 'first in the 
hearts of your countrymen.' When the Father of his Country 
made his last will and testament he gave his swords to his favorite 
nephews with the injunction that they should never be drawn from 
their scabbards except in self-defense or in defense of the rights and 
principles of their country, and that if drawn for the latter pur- 
pose they should fall with them in their hands rather than relin- 
quish them. Yesterday your mother, Virginia, placed her sword 
in your hands upon the implied condition that in all things you 
will keep it to the letter and spirit, that you will draw it only in 
defense, and that you will fall with it in your hand rather than 
that the object for which it is placed there should fail." 

General Lee was visibly affected by the words of confidence, and 
especially when the words used by his father in reference to Wash- 
ington were applied to him. His reply was short and simple. 
He said : 

"Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention, — Profoundly 
impressed with the solemnity of the occasion, for which I must say 
I was not prepared, I accept the position assigned me by your 
partiality. I would have much preferred had the choice fallen 
upon an abler man. Trusting in Almighty God, an approving 
conscience, and the aid of my fellow-citizens, I devote myself to the 



220 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1861 

service of my native State, in whose behalf alone will I ever again 
draw my sword." 

This was General Lee's first and last speech; his great life and 
mighty deeds were to speak for him. This scene, however, was so 
inspiring and of such importance that on motion of W. H. Macfar- 
land the injunction of secrecy was removed so far as the ceremony 
of receiving General Lee was concerned and it was permitted to be 
published to the world. 

In contrast with the noble action of General Lee, the people 
of Richmond thought of the part taken by another native Vir- 
ginian, Gen. Winfield Scott, who remained with the Federal army 
and was to command the forces which were to invade his native 
State. The papers were bitter in their denunciation, even calling 
him "Puss and Feathers Scott," and the women of the city were 
so incensed that they proposed to hold a meeting and request Gen- 
eral Scott to return the medal awarded him some years before 
by the Legislature of Virginia. 

The convention on April 25th passed an ordinance to adopt the 
Constitution of the Provisional Government of the Confederate 
States of America and agreed to the convention between the Con- 
federate States and Virginia. Virginia now being one of the 
Confederate States, on the 27th the convention invited the Presi- 
dent of the Confederacy to make Richmond the seat of govern- 
ment. This offer was accepted by the Provisional Congress and 
plans were made to move the seat of government here. 

Richmond now was like a great military camp ; the sound of the 
drum and the fife was heard in all directions. Companies were march- 
ing and drilling, and the recruiting offices were crowded with men 
eager to enter the service. And every train that reached the city 
brought a company of soldiers. There was a camp at the Fair 
Grounds on Broad street, the artillery were in camp near Richmond 
College, and at Howards Grove there was another camp. The 
ladies were busy making uniforms and tents for the soldiers, and 
the Council and citizens were doing all in their power to raise 
mioney for equipping the volunteers and for caring for their 
families when they were absent. In fact, little thought was given 
to any other subject but the war, the fitting of the soldiers, the 
caring for the sick and wounded, the defense of the city, and ulti- 



1861] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 221 

mate victory. Few thought it would be of long duration; the 
North thought sixty days would suffice to bring the seceding States 
to their senses, and the Richmond people believed that the Con- 
federacy would be established in a few months. 

The question of the ratification of the Ordinance of Secession and 
amendments to the Constitution were submitted to the people May 
23d. In Richmond there were 3,141 votes for the amendment and 
124 against, and all the votes in the city except four were cast 
for the Ordinance of Secession. 

The time had now come for the soldiers to go to the front and 
the people were beginning to realize what war really meant. The 
mothers, wives, sisters, and sweethearts were sad at bidding their 
loved ones good-bye, but theifr devotion was such that they would 
not hinder one from going to the defense of his country. It was 
well known that Lincoln's purpose was to invade Virginia — in fact, 
Alexandria was already taken — and to capture Richmond. The 
Blues, Capt. 0. J. Wise; Purcell Battery, Capt. R. L. Walker; the 
Howitzers, Capt. J. R. Branch, and the Fayette Artillery, were 
ordered to Fredericksburg. A large crowd assembled at the wharf 
May 24th to see the Third Regiment Virginia volunteers embark 
for the eastern part of the State. In that regiment were the 
following Richmond companies: Young Guard, Captain Charters; 
Emmett Guard, Capt. William Lloyd; Life Guard, Capt. John 
Stewart Walker; Sidney Guard, Captain Dance. The next day the 
First Regiment, under command of Col. P. T. Moore, left on the 
R., F. & P. road for Manassas. This regiment was made up of 
Richmond companies, which were as follows: Company C, Mont- 
gomery Guards, Capt. John Dooley; Company B, Capt. J. R. Lee; 
Company J, Capt. W. 0. Taylor; Company D, Governor's Body 
Guard, Capt. J. G. Griswold ; Company H, Richmond Grays, Capt. 
F. J. Boggs; Company G, Capt. W. H. Gordon; Company K, Vir- 
ginia Rifles, Capt. John Miller. The other companies which were 
mustered into ser\dce and sent to the front were: Sharp Shooters, 
Capt. R. A. Tompkins; Virginia Guard, Capt. S. T. Bayley; Rich- 
mond Grays, second troop, Capt. W. J. Smith ; Rangers, Capt. J. T. 
Rosser; Grays, Capt. Elliott; artillery company, Thomas J, Pey- 
ton, captain; Richmond Riflemen, Capt. Daniel Miller; Com- 
pany F, Capt. R. H. Cunningham; Richmond Zouazes, Capt. Ed. 



223 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [18G1 

McConnell; Jefferson Guard, Capt. T. J. Monciire; Thomas Artil- 
lery; Jackson Guard, Capt. Hiram B. Dickinson; Light Guard, 
Capt. G. A. Wallace; Confederate Gra3^s, Capt. Benjamin H. Nash, 
The following also entered the service: President's Guard, Cap- 
tain Eeed; Crutchfield Light Artillery, Capt. Stapleton Crutch- 
field; Otey's Battery, Capt. John Otey; Parker's Light Artillery, 
Dr. W. W. Parker; Purcell Battery, Capt. W. W. Dabney; Wise 
Mounted Guard, Capt. J. L. Hawley; Richmond Light Guard, 
Capt. Charles M. Wallace; infantry company, Capt. John Herbig.* 

Let us turn aside a while from war matters to take notice of other 
affairs. The street railway, after many difficulties, was at last 
finished, and in August two horse-cars began running. The city 
gave Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, vice president of the Con- 
federacy, a hearty welcome, and the members of the convention 
entertained him at supper. The Episcopal Convention met at St. 
Pauls May 15th. Bishop Meade preached the opening sermon. 
The next day the United Synod of the New School Presbyterian 
Church met at Dr. Eead's church, Rev. E. H. Crumpton, moderator. 

An important day in the history of Richmond was the 29th of 
May, when Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, 
arrived in the city, thus making Richmond the Capital of the 
Confederacy. It was early in the morning; a great crowd was 
assembled at the Petersburg depot to welcome him. He arrived 
from Petersburg at 7 :25, accompanied by Governor Letcher and his 
Advisory Council, Mayor Mayo, the City Council, and T. H. 
Wynne, of the House of Delegates. When he entered a carriage 
the air was rent with deafening cheers and a salute of fifteen 
guns, one for each State, was fired. President Davis was driven 
to the Spotswood Hotel and along the route people enthusiastically 
rushed to the carriage to shake hands with him. Anotlier large 
crowd waited at the hotel, and when he reached there he had to 
make a short address before they would be quiet. Arrangements 
were made for President and Mrs. Davis to occupy as the AVhite 
House the large mansion built by Dr. Brockenbrough, then owned 
by J. A. Seddon. The City Council bought and had furnished 
this splendid home, corner Clay and Twelfth streets, and asked 

♦For rosters of troops see Appendix. 



1861] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 223 

the privilege of presenting the house to President Davis as the 
city's testimony of her respect for his official and personal char- 
acter. The committee appointed by the Provisional Congress re- 
fused to receive it, because, they said, the Confederacy and not one 
city should bear the expense; so they offered either to buy it or 
rent it. The house and furniture cost $42,894, and during his stay 
in Eichmond President Davis occupied this house, now the Con- 
federate Museum. 

Well, the next day after President Davis arrived came General 
Beauregard and staff and four members of the President's Cabinet, 
Messrs. Toombs, Wigfall, C. G. Memminger, and Attorney Gen- 
eral Benjamin. These likewise were given an enthusiastic welcome. 

The offices of the Confederate Government were arranged as 
conveniently as possible. The President's office was in the Custom 
House, and Congress was in the Capitol; the Postoffice and War 
Department were in Mechanics Hall, the patent office in Goddin's 
Building, corner Eleventh and Bank streets; others were in the 
Custom House. 

Now that Richmond was the Capitol of the Confederate States, 
the Federal Government seemed more determined to capture it 
and the Confederates were more determined that she should not 
be taken. The Council employed a large number of negroes, and 
with the Confederate Government began diligent work in fortify- 
ing the city. James river was strongly fortified, and as it was 
thought that the enemy might attack by way of the Peninsula troops 
were sent in the direction of the York river. Here the first battle 
took place June 10th. At Bethel Church, in York county, the 
Confederate forces under Colonel Magruder won a signal victory. 
Several Eichmond companies were in this fight, and of course the 
city was eager to learn the full news of the battle. The joy over 
this victory served as an incentive to better work in preparation 
for other occasions. The noble women were working hard to clothe 
the soldiers and make them tents; the manufacture of powder, 
caps, and tent cloth was being pushed. Already in making detonat- 
ing powder for caps E. T. French and Dr. Joseph Laidley were 
killed. Troops were marching and drilling every day. The 
Tredegar companies, the Mounted Rangers, the Home Guard, and 
Home Artillery, under Col. T. H. Ellis, were organized to assist 



224 . RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1861 

in the defense of the city. Another important arrangement was 
the fitting up of hospitals for the Confederate soldiers and prisons 
for Federal soldiers. 

In the midst of these preparations the penitentiary again caught 
fire at 6 P. M. July 1st and the carpenter shop and the spinning 
and weaving factory were burned. The fire would have been more 
serious had it not been for a violent rain. The loss was about 
$8,000, but a more serious loss was to the troops in not being 
able to get the cloth which the convicts had been making. 

The large number of soldiers from Virginia and from all the 
other Southern States in camp around Richmond had been greatly 
reduced; they had been ordered to the front. Day by day regi- 
ments were going north to Manassas, and the belief was that in 
a short while there would be a great battle between the two armies 
in that vicinity. Kor did many weeks pass before their expecta- 
tion was realized. July 18th the great battle of Bull Run was 
fought, and the Confederate army, under General Beauregard, 
assisted by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, won a great victory. Excited 
crowds in Richmond remained all day around the bulletin board 
eager to get the news as it came over the wires. There 
was rejoicing over the victory, but many hearts were made sad 
when it was learned that a large number were killed and wounded. 
Three days later the news came of another great battle, July 21st, 
at Stone Bridge, in which General Beauregard commanded the 
right wing. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston the left, and President Davis 
the centre. The Confederate victory here was even more decisive. 
President Davis telegraphed: *^e have won a glorious but dear 
bought victory. Night closed with the enemy in full flight pursued 
by our troops." 

No time was given for exulting over the notable victory at this 
first battle of Manassas, because the wounded and the dead soon 
began to arrive at Richmond and the people had to bury their dead 
and care for the wounded. Besides a great number of Federal pris- 
oners were arriving, many of whom were wounded, and they, too, 
had to be cared for. They were carried to Libby Prison, corner 
Twentieth and Cary streets, and the hospital in connection with 
it. The wounded Confederate soldiers were carried to the hos- 
pitals as far as they could be accommodated, and many of the 



1861] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 225 

private homes of the city received the sick and wounded soldiers 
and cared for them as if they were members of their household. 

A public meeting was held the 22d, and it was determined to send 
a committee to Manassas to look after bringing the wounded sol- 
diers here and to arrange for them. Mayor Joseph Mayo was chair- 
man. A committee was also appointed to solicit subscriptions for 
the hospital work. As the bodies of the dead soldiers arrived they 
were tenderly buried either in Hollywood or Oakwood in the 
plot set apart for that purpose. The soldier's funeral was simple; 
there was no pomp, no show of military parade; the only martial 
music was the quiet beat of the drum keeping time with the 
funeral hymn the fife was slowly playing. 

Among the dead officers who were sent to Richmond were Col. 
F. S. Bartow, of Georgia; Lieutenant Colonel Johnson, of South 
Carolina, and Gen. Bernard Bee, of the same State. Their bodies 
were met at the depot July 23d by a military escort and conveyed 
to the Capitol, where they remained under a guard of honor of 
soldiers until the next morning, when they were sent South. 

The circumstances surrounding the death of General Bee makes 
it of special interest to A^irginians. When at last his own brigade 
had dwindled to a mere handful, with every field officer killed or 
disabled, he rode up to Gen. T. J. Jackson and said : "General, 
they are beating us back." The reply was : "Sir, we will give 
them the bayonet." General Bee immediately rallied the remnant 
of his brigade and said: "There is Jackson standing like a stone 
wall; let us determine to die here and we will conquer. Follow 
me." The men obeyed the call, and at the head of his column, the 
very moment when the battle was turning in our favor, he fell 
mortally wounded. 

President Davis returned to the city the 23d and a crowd gath- 
ered at the Spotswood to greet him. He addressed them on the 
great victory, praising Generals Beauregard and Johnston and the 
gallantry of our men. The Provisional Confederate Congress, 
which had met in the Hall of the House of Delegates July 20th, 
with Howell Cobb in the chair, passed suitable resolutions com- 
mending the ability and valor of the officers and men and thanking 
Richmond for the part she was taking in caring for the wounded. 
The galling defeat of the Federal army was pleasing to the 



226 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1861 

citizens of Richmond for many reasons, not the least of which was 
that Gen. Winfield Scott, who had boasted that he would soon 
march the forces into Richmond, was in command, and this defeat 
would mean his removal from the chief command. This soon 
occurred and General McClellan was put in his place. 

Among the hospitals especially fitted up for the soldiers were 
Chimborazo, with nearly 2,000 men; St. Charles Hotel, Spring- 
field Hospital, Gilliam's Factory, New Allen House, Grant's Fac- 
tory, Royster's, Masons' Hall, Twenty-fifth street; Temperance 
Hall, Soldiers' Rest, Clay street, and the new City Almshouse, 
which was a general hospital. 

War and the preparations for it and care of its results was the 
only business of Richmond now. The Council loaned the Con- 
federate States $50,000 and appropriated $10,000 for fortifying 
the city. Colonel Talcott was appointed to superintend the fortifica- 
tions. To meet the demands of the time the city had issued $300,- 
000 in small notes of less than $1. The grand jury indicted the 
city, but later the State law was changed and the notes circulated. 
Salt was getting scarce and was very high, so the convention passed 
an ordinance authorizing the seizure of all salt held for extorsion. 

The time had now come, November 6th, for the election of Presi- 
dent and Vice President of the permanent Confederate Govern- 
ment and Congressmen. Jefi'erson Davis and Alexander H. 
Stephens had no opposition. The venerable John Tyler was elected 
to Congress from the Richmond district, and later the Legislature 
elected R. M. T. Hunter and William Ballard Preston to the Con- 
federate Senate from Virginia. 

The State Convention met again November 13th. Robert L. 
Montague was elected president in place of John Janney, who re- 
signed. They adopted a new State Constitution December 5th, 
which was to be submitted to the people for ratification. It is 
interesting to know that at this time there were four important 
bodies holding meetings in the Capitol — the Provisional Confederate 
Congress, the State Senate and House of Delegates, and the Con- 
stitutional Convention. 

A great ovation was given Charles J. Faulkner, of Virginia, who 
arrived in Richmond December 19th. He had been appointed 
United States Minister to France, and after the secession resigned 



1862] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 227 

his position. He came to Washington to surrender his office, and 
he was there seized by the Federals and without trial was put in 
prison and kept several months. This indignity so aroused the peo- 
ple that when he came to Eichmond they wanted to show him special 
honor. Governor Letcher and Mayor Mayo met him and con- 
ducted him to the City Hall, where a great crowd had assembled. 
He spoke to the people, telling them of the attitude of England and 
France toward the Confederacy, and also of the treatment he had 
received at Washington. 

There was not a great deal of disorder in Eichmond at this time, 
considering the number of soldiers and strangers here, but gambling 
was rife, and night after night the police would break up faro- 
banks and other gambling dens. Notwithstanding the war, there 
were many social functions in the city, which were conducted with 
great brilliance. The officers of the government and of the army 
and navy joined the citizens in these festivities. 

This year, 1862, destined to be one of the most memorable in 
the history of Eichmond, began with a calamity : Marshall Theatre, 
at the southeast corner of Broad and Seventh streets, burned to the 
ground. At 4 o'clock January 2d flames were seen bursting out 
of the windows, and in a few hours the building was in ashes. 
No one was in the theatre at the time, and it was supposed to have 
been set on fire in several places. This was Eichmond's third thea- 
tre fire, the first being the disastrous conflagration of 1811. Mar- 
shall Theatre was built by Christopher Tompkins for a stock 
company in 1818 and was opened in 1819. It was named for Judge 
Marshall, and through the years it had figured largely in the his- 
tory of the city. The walls being unsafe were thrown down and 
the site cleared to make room for a new building, which was 
begun in March and was completed by the end of the year. 

Eichmond was called to mourn the death of one of Virginia's 
most distinguished sons. Ex-President John Tyler, after a sick- 
ness of less than a week, died in his room at the Ballard House 
January 18th. He was a member of the State Convention, which 
adjourned the previous month, being the only member who was a 
member of the Convention of 182P-'oO, and was also a member 
of the Confederate Congress. The whole city honored his memory; 
the Capitol bell tolled all day and the flags were lowered to half- 



228 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1863 

mast. His remains were conveyed to the Capitol and lay in state 
in the hall of the House of Delegates until the 21st, when the fun- 
eral took place. It was a cold, disagreeable day, but notwithstand- 
ing a large crowd of people came to show their respects. The 
procession, in charge of Col. Thomas T. Ellis, chief marshal, was 
composed of the military companies, pall-bearers (who were mem- 
bers of Congress), the President and Vice President and Cabinet, 
the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, judges of the courts, members 
of Congress and of the General Assembly, charitable organizations, 
officers of Confederate army and navy, mayor and city officials, and 
the citizens. They bore the remains from the Capitol to St. Pauls 
Church, where Bishop Johns conducted the funeral services, and 
from there the funeral cortege proceeded to Hollywood Cemetery, 
where he was buried not far from the grave of Monroe. 

Another sad death was that of 0. Jennings Wise, a young man 
of twenty-eight years, for a long time editor of the Enquirer. He 
was captain of the Blues and was killed at the head of his com- 
pany in the fight of Roanoke Island. His funeral was conducted 
by Revs. Charles Minnigerode and Joshua Peterkin, from St. 
James Church, February 16th, and he also was laid to rest in 
Hollywood, 

The first permanent Confederate Congress assembled in the 
Capitol February 18th. Crowds attended to witness the opening 
exercises. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President, presided in 
the Senate, and Thomas S. Bocock, of Virginia, was elected Speaker 
of the House. James Lyons, of Richmond, had been elected to 
represent the district in place of Ex-President Tyler. It was ar- 
ranged that the President should be inaugurated on Washington's 
birthday; so on the 22d an immense crowd gathered in the Capitol 
and on the Square. Col. Charles Dimmock was chief marshal. 
The Senate and House met in the Hall of the House of Delegates 
and President Davis and Vice President Stephens were escorted 
to the Speaker's desk. At 12 :30 the march was begun from the hall 
to the Washington Monument, where a large platform had been 
erected. Bishop Johns opened the ceremonies with prayer. Presi- 
dent Davis was then introduced and read his inaugural address, 
which was enthusiastically received by the great crowd assembled. 
After this Judge J. D. Halyburton, of the Confederate Circuit 



1862] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 229 

Court, administered the oath of office to the President and then to 
the Vice President. The military companies fired a salute and 
there was general rejoicing at the inauguration of the regular 
Government of the Confederate States. 

There was no time now to pause for the gaieties of the occa- 
sion; the cruel war was upon us and its stern demands were 
everywhere felt. The soldiers were being demoralized and stragglers 
were going and coming at liberty, among them being some north- 
ern spies; so to put a stop to this President Davis proclaimed 
martial law in Eichmond and in an area of ten miles around the 
city. He also forbade the distillation, selling, or giving away 
of liquor and closed all distilleries and saloons. MaJ. J. C. Porter 
was appointed provost marshal and Capt. A. 0. Godwin assistant 
in the eastern part of the city, and Capt. J. C. Maynard in the 
western. 

The city was stirred with joy when the news was received March 
8th that the Virginia, which had been made an ironclad with rail- 
road iron and named the Merrimac, had engaged in a fight off New- 
port News with several United States ships and had destroyed the 
Congress and the Cumberland. It was predicted that this won- 
derful boat was invincible and that she would open the blockade 
of the coast and even put the northern cities in peril. And the 
North feared it, too. Encouraged by this glorious victory, the 
Council and citizens took immediate steps to have ironclad boats 
built for the defense of Eichmond, The ladies of the city held a 
meeting at Broad Street Church, which was opened by Dr. D. S. 
Doggett. They formed the Ladies Defense Association to raise 
funds to build one of these ironclads. Mrs. Judge Clopton, Mrs. 
Vernon, Mrs. General Henningen, Mrs. E. C. Stanard, and Mrs. 
W. L. Montague were appointed a committee to devise plans for 
immediate work on the great project. 

The whole city grieved over the death of the venerable Bishop 
Meade, which occurred March 14th. Eight days before his death 
he assisted in the consecration of Bishop Wilmer, of Alabama, at 
St. Pauls Church. From this same church his funeral was con- 
ducted by Bishop Johns on the 17th. A large number of people 
came to pay their respects to him. 

Eichmond heard with much gratification the news that General 



230 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1862 

Lee had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Confederate 
forces. The vote on the ratification of the Constitution adopted 
by the convention December 5, 18G1, was taken May 13th, 14th, 
and 15th, and during the three days only about 500 votes were cast 
in the city and nearly all were in favor of the Constitution, and 
especially the clause restricting suffrage to those who pay their 
taxes. Several churches of the city gave their bells to be made 
into cannon. 

Since Eichmond had been made the Capital of the Confederacy 
the cry, "On to Richmond," had been the watchword of the Federal 
Government. The first battle of Manassas had tended to stifle the 
cry, and the city felt no uneasiness. Now, however, it was coming 
nearer home, and rumor after rumor made the citizens uneasy. 
The Federal army was on the Peninsula and the gunboats, which 
were thought invincible, were coming up the river. When on May 
9th it became known that these boats the day before had silenced 
the batteries at Day's Neck and Hardy's Bluff there was almost 
a panic in the city. Closely following this came the news that 
the Confederates had destroyed the Merrimac. In some way the 
report got abroad that the Governor and Confederate Government 
had decided to abandon the city. This was promptly denied by 
President Davis and Governor Letcher, who assured the people 
that both governments would do their uttermost to defend Rich- 
mond, and that the enemy could never enter until all the means 
were exhausted. There was a noble public spirit, and the brave 
people were willing to make any sacrifice to defend the city, and 
before she was surrendered to the gunboats they would cheerfully 
submit to her destruction. While the people were expecting the 
worst there was a rift in the clouds and the light of hope gleamed 
upon them. The gunboats, which many thought could go where 
they wished on their mission of destruction, and their commanders 
thought the same, undertook to pass Drewry's Bluff May 15th, 
"on to Richmond," but pass they did not, for when the Confederate 
batteries at that point had finished their deadly work four gun- 
boats and a monitor were thankful for the kind service of night that 
enabled them, defeated and crippled, slowly to creep down the 
river out of range of our guns. This victory, however, did not 
relieve the city; the enemy was at her gates hammering for admis- 



1862] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 231 

sion, and there was no disposition to open them, rather to fortify 
them the more. A public meeting was called by the Governor at 
City Hall May 15th, to organize for the defense of the city. Capt. 
J. B. Danforth presided, Dr. Woodbridge offered prayer, and 
Mayor Mayo and Governor Letcher spoke. Col. St. G. Rogers, 
Lieut. Col. William Munford, Col. R. M. ISTimmo, Peyton Johnson, 
W. S. Paine, and Lieut. C. 0. Lamotte were appointed a committee 
on defense of the city. A Home Guard of all over forty-five and 
between sixteen and eighteen was organized, the Tredegar Battalion 
was called into service, and by proclamation of the Governor all 
business was closed at 2 P. M., and at 3 o'clock the second-class 
militia drilled. It was felt that within a few days the fate of 
Richmond would be decided, and with it the fate of Virginia and 
of the Confederacy, for Richmond was the key to Virginia and the 
heart of the South. The Legislature, then in session, and the Con- 
federate Government, had resolved that if Richmond was taken 
the captors should pay dearly for their victory. The people were 
self-possessed but as determined as the victors at Marathon; they 
felt that if blood was to be shed there was no soil that would 
receive it more reverently and hold it more sacred as a libation 
poured out upon a country's altar than the plains about historic 
Richmond. Mothers, wives, sisters urged their loved ones on and 
bade them God-speed in saving their homes from the hands of the 
foe. An invincible determination had been formed that if the flow 
of blood could not stop the invading hosts the ashes of a great 
city would be the monument left to them. Nothing was too dear 
to sacrifice for the sake of the great cause save a noble people's 
honor. 

The preparations continued; the Council authorized all tobacco 
in the city to be moved to one locality so that it could be easily 
destroyed if necessary. The gunboats were within eight miles 
of the city and the Federal army within twelve. It was com- 
manded by General McClellan, who had been called by his northern 
admirers "Young Napoleon." He was slowly and steadily approach- 
ing the city, digging and fortifying himself as he moved onward. 
The North was expecting every hour to receive a message from 
their gra-^t general dated from captured Richmond ; and there was 



232 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1862 

but one thing between him and the city — only one — the Con- 
federate army under command of Gen. Eobert Edward Lee. 

There was quiet along our lines except now and then a skirmish, 
and some who did not know were impatient at the delay. Long, 
anxious days passed; the officers were busy, baggage was being 
carried to the rear, hospitals were being fitted up, stragglers re- 
turned to their regiments, and constantly regiments of our soldiers 
with bands playing marched through the city to the lines below. 
There was an ominous silence. Thursday came and followed the 
other days into the past; Friday recalled no unusual event. Sat- 
urday, May 31st, dawned upon the martial scene. Nine o'clock 
found large bodies of troops of Longstreet's division moving to- 
wards the enemy on the Williamsburg road with bands playing, 
colors flying, and the men hilarious with delight. The roads were 
heavy with mud, and the fields were dotted with large bodies of 
water from the recent rains. Gen. D. H. Hill was in command 
of this brigade of General Longstreet's and four of his own. The 
battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, began about 12 o'clock and 
raged until darkness covered the field of carnage. The Federal 
loss was more than 12.000 and their forces were driven back. The 
Confederate loss was small in comparison to that of the enemy. 

Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had well planned the battle of Seven 
Pines. After he had given orders to the troops to sleep on the 
ground they occupied and to renew the battle in the morning he 
was himself seriously wounded and had to be carried off the field. 
Gen. G. W. Smith assumed command of the army. General Lee 
and President Davis were on the battle-field on the 31st, and when 
riding back to Richmond that night President Davis informed 
General Lee that he intended to assign him to the command of the 
Confederate army defending Richmond. The next morning this 
order was sent General Lee: 

"Richmond, June 1, 1862. 
"Gen. R. E. Lee: 

Sir, — The unfortunate casualty which has deprived the army in 
front of Richmond of its immediate commander, General Johnston, 
renders it necessary to interfere temporarily with the duties to 
which you were assigned in connection with the general service, but 
only so far as to make you available for command in the field of a 
particular army. You will assume command of the army in eastern 



18621 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 233 

Virginia and North CJaroUna, and give such orders as may be needful 
and proper. 

Very respectfully, 

Jeffebson Davis." 

Early June 1st President Davis rode to the front to direct in 
person the transfer of the command of the army to General Lee. 
About 2 o'clock General Lee reached the field and assumed com- 
mand of the Army of Northern Virginia. 

On Sunday, June 1st, only a small portion of either army was 
engaged. The Federals in position were attacked by two Con- 
federate brigades and the attack was repulsed. Then four Federal 
regiments advanced and attacked the position of one Confederate 
brigade, and later these regiments were withdrawn. 

The battle of Seven Pines had severely checked McClellan's "On 
to Richmond." Besides the loss of thousands killed and wounded 
he had lost twelve or fifteen large guns and immense stores of every 
kind. It did more, it gave Lee time to strengthen his fortifica- 
tions, which was immediately done, and to work out his plan of 
attack upon the Federal army. 

The news of this battle was received in Richmond with gratifica- 
tion at the victory of the Confederate arms, but with pangs of 
sorrow at the loss of life and the suffering of the wounded. Every- 
where there was intense anxiety, which seemed to express a grim 
determination to do all in the city's power to resist the foe at her 
gates and to minister to the noble men who had fallen in her defense. 
Every available conveyance was pressed into service to bring the 
wounded to the city, and men and women gave themselves to 
dressing wounds, feeding the hungry, and ministering to the needs 
of the suffering. There were now thirty-two hospitals in the city, 
and Chimborazo alone had several thousand patients. Stores, fac- 
tories, hotels, warehouses, and the Baptist College were turned into 
hospitals, besides the hospital tents. Great numbers of prisoners 
were arriving also, and many of these were wounded and of course 
had to be cared for. Many of the churches gave their cushions for 
the wounded soldiers to lie upon, and the ladies at once set to work 
making mattresses. The people now realized as never before that 
the war was at their very door, yet there were no wavering lives. 



234 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1862 

but courageous hearts and resolute wills to sacrifice all upon their 
country's altar. 

The powerful enemy was still strongly intrenched within about 
five miles of Kichmond, and there was a feeling of insecurity within 
the city lest after all it should be taken. General Lee was planning 
to attack the enemy and drive him from before Richmond before 
reinforcements were sent, for the Federals had already planned to 
send General McDowell to reinforce General McClellan, but Gen- 
eral Jackson's brilliant victories in the Valley had occupied him 
there and there was fear lest Jackson would attack Washington. 
Lee knew that McClellan was strongly intrenched in his front and 
on the left wing, and the place for him to attack was his right wing, 
but he did not know the exact position of this wing. It was not 
long, however, before he knew accurately the position. That dash- 
ing cavalry leader. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, penetrated the enemy's 
lines, captured 170 prisoners, 300 horses and mules, and destroyed 
more than a million dollars' worth of stores, with the loss of but 
one man, Captain Latane. (The memorable picture of Mrs. 
Brockenbrough reading the burial service over this officer, when the 
Federal officer refused to allow a clergyman to perform the offices 
for the dead, is in thousands of Southern homes. It is entitled 
"The Burial of Latane.") Concerning this celebrated raid General 
Lee says : 

"The commanding general announces with great satisfaction to 
the army this brilliant exploit of Brig. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart with 
part of the troops under his command. This gallant officer, with 
portions of the First, Fourth, and Ninth Virginia Cavalry and 
part of the Jeff. Davis Legion, with the Boykin Eangers and a sec- 
tion of the Stuart Horse Artillery, on June 13th, 14th, and 15th 
made a reconnoissance between the Pamunkey and Chickahominy 
rivers and succeeded in passing around the rear of the whole 
Union army, routing the enemy in a series of skirmishes, taking 
a number of prisoners, destroying and capturing stores to a large 
amount. Having most successfully accomplished its object, the 
expedition recrossed the Chickahominy, almost in the presence of 
the enemy, with the same coolness and address that marked every 
step of the progress and with the loss of but one man, the lamented 
Captain Latane, of the Ninth Virginia Cavalry, who fell bravely 



1862] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 235 

leading a successful charge against a force of the enemy. In 
announcing the signal success of the army the general commanding 
takes great pleasure in expressing his admiration of the courage 
and skill so conspicuously exhibited throughout by the general, 
the officers, and the men under his command." 

Lee having gained the desired information, now planned for a 
severe attack upon the enemy. Day after day the two armies faced 
each other, and there was an ominous silence along the lines, except 
the skirmishes which now and then took place. Many people won- 
dered what would be the next move, and some were impatient, 
thinking that General Lee should act at once for the safety of 
the city. There was a master hand at the helm and these criticisms 
had no effect upon him. Suddenly the public lost sight of Jackson 
in the Valley. The question was, Where is Jackson? Some said 
near Winchester, some at Fredericktown, and others that he was 
reported at Strasburg. General Lee had requested Randolph, the 
Secretary of War, to keep Jackson's movements secret. While these 
questions were being asked Jackson rode from Fredericks Hall Mon- 
day, June 23d, and was in conference near Richmond with Gen- 
erals Lee, Longstreet, D. H. Hill, and A. P. Hill. On the night of 
the 25th his army was encamped near Ashland. Early on the 
26th Jackson moved towards Mechanicsville to relieve A. P. Hill. 
General Hill waited until 3 P. M. for Jackson, and fearing that 
there might be a failure of the plans crossed the Chickahominy at 
Meadow Bridge and moved on Mechanicsville, driving the Federal 
troops in front of him. He was now in front of the strongly 
intrenched lines on Beaver Dam creek. He renewed the attack on 
the morning of the 27th of June, and at this time Jackson crossed 
the creek above and the enemy abandoned his position and retired 
down the river and took position behind Powhite creek. General 
Lee ordered a general advance from right to left, and the enemy's 
breastworks were stormed and he was forced back towards the banks 
of tlie Chickahominy with great slaughter. Wlien night closed 
upon the scene there were no Federal troops in Lee's front north of 
the Chickahominy. 

This was the beginning of the great Seven Days Battle around 
Richmond. General Lee thus reports it: 



236 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [186^ 

"Headquabtees, June 27, 1862. 
"His Excellency, President Davis: 

Profoundly grateful to Almighty God for the signal victory granted 
us, it is my pleasing task to announce to you the success achieved 
by this army to-day. The enemy was this morning driven from his 
strong position behind Beaver Dam creek and pursued to that behind 
Powhite creek, and finally, after a severe contest of five hours, entirely 
repulsed from the field. Night put an end to the contest. I grieve to 
state that our loss in officers and men is great. We sleep on the field 
and shall renew the contest in the morning. 

"R. E. Lee, General." 

The next day the battle of Gaines' Mill was won, and on the 29th 
Magruder attacked the enemy near Savage Station. On the after- 
noon of the 30th Longstreet and A. P. Hill fought the battle of 
Frazier's Farm, or Nelson's Farm. Here the enemy was driven 
with great slaughter from every position but one, which he held 
until he was enabled to withdraw under the cover of darkness. 
Jackson crossed the swamp and reached the battle-field July 1st 
and pursued the enemy down Willis' Church road until he came 
upon him at Malvern Hill. Portions of the divisions of Jackson, 
D. H. Hill, Magruder, and Huger attacked the Federal position 
here, but for want of concert among the attacking columns failed 
to break the Federal line. The enemy retreated from this position 
and retired to the protection of their gunboats at Westover. Hia 
position here was so well defended by the gunboats and the intrench- 
ments that General Lee thought best not to attack him; so after 
seven days of marching and fighting, on July 8th he ordered his 
troops to return to their former position. 

In his report General Lee says : 'Tinder ordinary circumstances 
the Federal army should have been destroyed. Its escape was due 
to the causes already stated. Prominent among these is the want 
of correct and timely information. This fact, attributable chiefly 
to the nature of the country, enabled General McClellan skilfully 
to conceal his retreat and to add much to the obstructions with 
which nature had beset the way of our pursuing columns, but 
regret that more was not accomplished gives way to gratitude to 
the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe for the results achieved. 
The siege of Richmond was raised and the object of a campaign 
which had been prosecuted after months of preparation at an 



I 



1862] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 237 

enormous expenditure of men and money completely frustrated. 
More than ten thousand prisoners, including officers of rank, fifty- 
four pieces of artillery, and upwards of thirty-five thousand stands 
of arms were captured. The stores and supplies of every descrip- 
tion which fell into our hands were great in amount and value, 
but small in comparison to those destroyed by the enemy." 

The boast that the Federal army would celebrate the 4th of 
July in Richmond proved but a boast; the very flag that was to 
float over the city was captured and brought into the city. Gen- 
eral McClellan, who General Lee said after the war "was by all 
odds the greatest general" on the Federal side, had been badly 
defeated and driven to the cover of his gunboats, with great loss 
and tremendous slaughter of men. 

During the Seven Days' Battle the people of Richmond were 
taxed to their utmost to care for the wounded and bury the dead. 
Everyone who was able to nurse was pressed into service, for the 
hospitals were overflowing. Libby Prison, corner Twentieth and 
Cary streets, was packed with prisoners, so that many had to be 
carried to Belle Isle. But amid it all there was a great feeling 
of relief and much rejoicing over the victory. Every heart was 
grateful to General Lee and every tongue praised him. His rise 
in the public confldence was unprecedented. He had been charged 
with failures in western Virginia, for which he was in no way 
responsible, and without estimating the difficulties in his path 
many had allowed their high estimate of him to be overthrown. 
Now they realized their mistake and were ready to pronounce him 
the greatest general of modern times. No commander, they thought, 
could have planned and executed a better campaign. He first ren- 
dered the city impregnable and then arranged to disperse the 
enormous force which threatened it. Nor was this all. Under his 
leadership never did men fight more bravely nor was valor more 
surely and signally rewarded. 

For days and days there was quiet in the city, and the people 
left there were caring for the sick and wounded, preparing food, 
and doing all in their power for them. There was little business 
except supplying the needs of the people and preparing for war. 
The city was closely guarded on all sides, for the enemy was still 
in force near Westover. No one seemed to know what the next 



238 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1863 

move would be; there was quiet along the lines, but it was be- 
lieved to be only the calm before the storm, and every day news of a 
great battle was expected. And it came. General Lee had planned 
to draw General McClellan from the Peninsula by a move towards 
Washington. Jackson was already moving in that direction, and 
soon McClellan changed his base and was near Manassas, 

Thursday, August 28th, Jackson repulsed Pope, Friday Long- 
street repulsed McClellan, and Saturday, the 30th, General Lee 
attacked the combined forces of McClellan and Pope and utterly 
routed them at the second battle of Manassas. The news of the 
victory was received in Richmond with great joy, not only because 
of the success of the Confederate arms, but because it raised the 
siege of the city and again defeated the plan of "On to Richmond." 

The wounded soldiers and the prisoners began to arrive in a short 
time and the hospitals and Libby Prison were again overcrowded. 
The Baptist Female Institute was taken for a hospital and the 
Y. M. C. A. conducted one on Clay between Seventh and Eighth 
streets, which made the total number thirty-five or forty, besides the 
homes which were opened. 

The City Battalion, under Major Elliott, continued on duty with 
the soldiers of the regular army in the double line of breastworks 
which surrounded the city, for while the citizens felt more secure 
there was always danger. The exchange of prisoners was going on 
constantly, as many as three thousand Federal soldiers being 
marched out at a time. But there were other events of interest. 
The Confederate Congress again assembled August 18th and the 
Legislature met in extra session September 15th, both bodies en- 
deavoring to legislate wisely for the perilous times. The first 
counterfeiter of Confederate money was hanged in the gully back 
of the new almshouse August 32d. and a great crowd attended the 
execution. The hanging of spies and the shooting of deserters 
took place at the Fair Grounds, which was Camp Lee, every few 
weeks, and the morbid crowds seemed to find delight in witnessing 
these horrible scenes. Much of the offscouring of the North and of 
the South was in Richmond now and lawlessness was rife. Garrot- 
ing, which was choking and robbing people; thefts, hold-ups, burg- 
laries, incendiarism, and even murder, was of daily and almost 
hourly occurrence. Castle Thunder, on the north side of Cary 



1862] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 239 

street between Eighteenth and Nineteenth, and Castle Lightning, 
on the south side, were well-nigh full of disorderly Confederate 
soldiers. Among the other troubles of this time was the salt 
trouble. Salt was selling at $2 a pound and was scarce at this. 
The Council, to help the situation, contracted for 12,000 bushels to 
sell at $1.00 a bushel, but the contractor failed to deliver the 
salt. There was great fear lest the supply should give out, but 
though scarce the people managed to get some salt throughout the 
war. Lincoln proclaimed in September the abolition of the slaves, 
but it had no effect in Richmond. The price of negroes continued 
at $1,800 and $1,900 apiece. The Presbyterian Synod, New 
School, met at the Third Presbyterian Church October 22d, and 
many of the ministers attended. Now that winter was coming on 
and the soldiers were in need of clothing, Richmond held a public 
meeting to raise money to buy shoes for the army, and by this 
effort many a poor soldier was made comfortable on the long, cold 
marches. 

Inasmuch as Generals Scott, McDowell, McClellan, and Pope 
had failed in the "On to Richmond" expeditions, another Federal 
general was put at the head of the army and sent "On to Rich- 
mond." General Burnside intended to come by way of Fredericks- 
burg, but the fearful battle there Saturday, December 13th, and the 
laconic message of General Lee, "Enemy repulsed at all points," 
told that he would not be there at once. When Christmas came it 
did not bring great joy ; many spent the time in raising contribu- 
tions for the sufferers who lost their property by the Federal bom- 
bardment of Fredericksburg. 

Richmond was doing good service in religious work among the 
soldiers by her ministers, the Y. M. C. A., and other religious 
workers, but the supply of tracts and Bibles was almost exhausted. 
To remedy this Rev. Moses D, Hoge was sent to London to solicit 
a donation of Bibles for the soldiers. He sailed from a Confederate 
port in January, 1863, and went via Cuba. He was successful in 
securing from the British and Foreign Bible Society ten thousand 
Bibles, fifty thousand Testaments, and two hundred and fifty thou- 
sand Gospels and Psalms. 

The year 1863 opened with an epidemic of small-pox in Rich- 
mond, and among those who died of the disease was the sculptor 



240 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1863 

Abraham Gait, January 20th. A great crowd gathered again on the 
hills back of the new almshouse to see a negro woman, Margaret 
Ann Rutler, hanged for the murder of Samuel C. Tardy's child. 
These were verily days of horror. There was a terrible explosion 
February 13th that shook the whole city and many thought the 
Yankees had tried to blow up the city. It was the explosion of 
the powder works on Brown's Island, where a large number of 
men and women were employed making caps and preparing powder. 
Thirty-one women and two men were killed, and twenty-five women 
and five men were wounded. The news of the catastrophy sent a 
thrill of sorrow through every heart. 

President Davis proclaimed March 27th another day of fasting 
and prayer for Divine help and guidance in these times of great 
need, and the day was generally observed in Richmond, many of the 
preachers preaching appropriate sermons. Four fire insurance 
companies — the Merchants, Old Dominion, Virginia Fire and 
Marine, and the Virginia State — presented the city with another 
steam fire-engine, which was made in Richmond by Ettinger & 
Edmonds. The price of flour had gone to $200 a barrel, so the 
government impressed all in the city to dispose of it at a more 
reasonable price. 

We must pause here to notice the death of a hero, a well known 
colored blacksmith, who was respected by all who knew him, Gil- 
bert Hunt. In conjunction with Dr. J. B. McCaw he risked his 
life in saving women and children in the awful fire of the theatre 
December, 1811. He did such valiant service on this memorable 
occasion that his master set him free. Gilbert went to Liberia but 
did not like the place, so he returned to Richmond, where he 
lived until his death, at the ripe age of ninety years. 

Richmond had trouble without and trouble within. Provisions 
had gotten so scarce in the city that the poor could scarcely get 
food. Bread was scarce and high, meat was a luxury, and coffee 
and sugar there were none. About five hundred women of rough 
appearance and half-grown boys, armed with knives and hatchets, 
congregated at Fifteenth and Main streets April 2d. They soon 
became wild with excitement and began to break into stores and 
take bread, meat, and whatever they could lay their hands on. They 
marched to the Confederate Commissary on Gary street and soon 



ISG3] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 241 

entered that and took what they wanted. Mayor Mayo read them 
tlie riot act and ordered them to disperse, but they paid no atten- 
tion to him. President Davis spoke to them from a wagon, and 
while he was speaking some one threw a loaf of bread at him. He 
took tlie loaf and holding it up said : "You see bread is so plentiful 
that you throw it away." Governor Letcher also spoke to them on 
Franklin street urging them to disband. They gave no heed and 
continued plundering the stores at will. Bishop McGill was also 
sent for to assist in quieting the crowd, but without avail. At length 
the Public Guard, under command of Captain Ga}^, was called out, 
and not until they were ordered to fire did the crowd disperse and 
an end put to the "Bread Riot," as it was called. The women 
did much damage and caused considerable loss to the storekeepers 
along the line of their march. This was not reported in the papers 
at the time, because they did. not want the enemy to know the 
desperate strait of the city. 

Defeat did not stifle the loud cry of the North, "On to Richmond." 
Since General Burnside had failed he was replaced as the head 
of the Federal army by General Hooker, who was sent out on the 
same mission. He got as far as Chancellorsville, where he received 
a sudden and severe check. In his letter of May 3d to President 
Davis General Lee in a few words thus tells the story: 

"Yesterday General Jackson penetrated the rear of the enemy and 
drove him from all his positions from the Wilderness to within one 
mile of Chancellorsville. He was engaged at the same time in front 
by two of Longstreet's divisions. Many prisoners were taken, and the 
enemy's loss in killed and wounded is large. This morning the battle 
was renewed. He was dislodged from all his positions around Chan- 
cellorsville and driven back towards the Rappahannock, over which 
he is now retreating. We have again to thank Almighty God for this 
great victory. I regret to state that General Paxton was killed. General 
Jackson severely and Generals Heth and A. P. Hill slightly wounded. 

"R. E. Lee." 

While this battle was in progress the Federal cavalry, under 
General Stoneman, made a raid as far as Ashland, but was routed 
by Gen. W. H. F. Lee. 

The body of Gen. E. F. Paxton was brought to Richmond May 
7th, and the next day, escorted by the Public Guard and other 



242 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1863 

military companies that were available and a number of citizens, he 
was buried with military honors in Hollywood. 

Sunday, May 10th, as the sun was sinking in the west, Eichmond 
suddenly became overclouded with deep gloom. Nor was Richmond 
alone; all the bleeding Southland was overcast. People could not 
believe their ears; they thought they were dreaming when the 
heart-breaking news came that Stonewall Jackson was dead. No 
blow since the beginning of the war proved bo stunning as this 
blow. Yes, Lieut. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson had died Sunday at 
3 :30 P. M., at the residence of Thomas Chandler, near Guinea 
Station. His remains reached Eichmond at 4 P. M. Monday. All 
business was suspended and almost the whole city came to do honor 
to the memory of the great general. The bells of the place were 
slowly tolling as the train arrived. It stopped at Fourth and 
Broad and the coffin, enveloped in a Confederate flag, was borne to 
the waiting hearse. At 5 General Elzey gave command and the 
procession started, the band playing a funeral dirge. It moved 
slowly down Broad to Ninth and to the Grace street entrance to 
the Square. Here the military companies formed a line from the 
gate across the Square. The body was conveyed down this line 
to the Governor's Mansion and placed in the large reception room. 
The oldest inhabitant could not remember such a general exhibition 
of heartfelt sorrow as on this occasion. 

The next day the funeral procession, with Gen. G. W. Eandolph 
chief marshal, consisting of military companies, officers, the Presi- 
dent and Vice President, judiciary and officers of the Confederate 
government, city and State officials, societies, citizens and strangers, 
started for the Governor's Mansion, marched down Governor street, 
up Main to Second, then to Grace, and down Grace to the Capitol. 
Great crowds of sorrowing people lined the way. The bells were 
tolling and minute guns were being fired. Around the hearse were 
Generals Ewell, Winder, Elzey, G. H. Stewart, Churchill, Garnett, 
Corse, Kemper, and Commander French Forrest. When they 
arrived at the Capitol the body was tenderly borne to the hall in 
the south end of the building, the Senate chamber, where it lay 
in state. Crowds numbering tens of thousands slowly and sadly 
passed by, taking their last veiw of the features so beloved. Many 
wept, and all were bowed with deep sorrow. The casket was metallic 



1863] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 243 

with a glass plate, with this inscription engraved in silver: *T<t.- 
Gen. T. J. Jackson. Born January 21, 1824; died May 10, 1863." 

Early Wednesday morning the remains were removed from the 
hall to the Governor's Mansion, and at 7 A. M. they were taken to 
the Central railroad station to be carried by Gordonsville and 
Lynchburg to Lexington. Another sorrowing company of citizens 
and military escorted them to the depot. Accompanying the re- 
mains were Mrs. Jackson and daughter and Governor Letcher, 
members of his staff, Dr. Hunter McGuire, and others. 

While Richmond was not honored with the privilege of holding 
his precious dust, yet she should honor herself in erecting a 
suitable monument to this great man. The following June a sub- 
scription for this purpose was started, but times were so hard that 
little was raised. May not many more years pass before we shall 
unveil in this city Jackson's monument. 

After the battle General Lee wrote this letter to General Jackson : 

"Chancellorsville, May 4, 1863. 
"General: I have just received your note informing me that you 
were wounded. I cannot express my regret at the occurrence. Could 
I have dictated events, I should have chosen for the good of the 
country to have been disabled in your stead. I congratulate you upon 
the victory which is due to your skill and energy." 

The scenes were shifting so rapidly and the dangers were so 
great that the people had little time for mourning, even for so 
great a leader as Stonewall Jackson. The city was kept in a state 
of uneasiness by constant reports of "Yankee raids" : first on the 
Peninsula, then about Ashland and Hanover Courthouse. General 
Lee's army was now in Pennsylvania and these raids were made 
to draw him away, but there were sufficient forces about the city 
to protect it, so these movements did not affect him. The cry "On 
to Richmond" had now been changed to on to New York, Phila- 
delphia, Washington, and the North was greatly alarmed. General 
Hooker had been set aside like his predecessors and General Meade 
put at the head of the army. General Lee met him in the battle 
of Gettysburg July 1st. The news of the fight was disquieting 
to Richmond, and the general feeling was that if Jackson had been 
there to help Lee there would have been a great victory for the 



244: RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1863 

Confederate army. The loss was heavy on both sides, and orders 
came for Libby Prison to prepare to receive 6,000 Federal pris- 
oners. Then came the sad news of the Eichmond soldiers killed. 

The election for Governor of the State took place May 28th and 
Eichmond gave Thomas S. Flournoy a majority of 589 over William 
Smith, but the latter was elected. Several religious bodies held their 
annual meeting notwithstanding the times. The Episcopal Council 
met at St. Pauls May 20th, the Baptist General Association at First 
Church June 4th, and the Methodist Conference at Broad Street 
November 18th, Bishop Pierce presiding. 

Hard times ! Well, the people of Eichmond had complained of 
them in the years gone, but they had not known them until now. 
In addition to the sick and wounded in the city there were refugees 
from all over the South, and 14,000 Federal prisoners who had to 
be fed. Provisions were scarce and the prices enormous : Flour, 
$100 a barrel; apples, $25 a bushel; butter, $2.50 a pound; meal, 
$10 a bushel; beef, $2.00 a pound; molasses, $15 a gallon, and tea, 
$12 a pound. The women worked nobly to aid the sick and dis- 
abled soldiers who were on furloughs. The Council established a 
board of supplies to buy food in the country and sell it at cost. The 
Legislature prepared to fix a maximum price for articles of food, 
but the city opposed it for fear that such an act would divert the 
supplies to other markets. One of the worst results from the hard 
times was the thefts, robberies, burglaries, and even murders that 
were of daily occurrence. Castle Thunder was filled to overflowing 
with desperate characters. Even the price of negroes had gone 
up to $3,800 and $3,900 for a good farm hand. There was little 
of the old-time spirit of Christmas this year; those who had any- 
thing found their pleasure in dividing with their poor neighbors 
who were in want. 

At the beginning of the war some citizens of Eichmond had pre- 
sented a splendid horse to General Lee as a token of their esteem, 
but there was a strong feeling that the city as such should make 
him a present. The Council, therefore, appointed a committee to 
buy him a suitable home here. He heard of it and wrote the foUow- 
ins: letter: 



1863] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 245 

"Headquarters Army Northern Virginia, 

Nov. 12, 1863. 
"To the President of the City Council, Richmond, Va.: 

"Sir, — My attention has been directed to a resolution reported in the 
newspapers as having been introduced into the body over which you 
preside having for its object the purchase by the city of Richmond of 
a house for the use of my family. I assure you, sir, that no want of 
appreciation of the honor conferred upon me by this resolution or 
insensibility to the kind feeling which prompted it induces me to 
ask, as I must respectfully do, that no further proceedings be taken 
with reference to this subject. The house is not necessary for the use 
of my family, and my own duties will prevent my residence in 
Richmond. 

"I should therefore be compelled to decline the generous offer, and 
I trust that whatever means the City Council may have to spare 
for the purpose may be devoted to the relief of the families of our 
soldiers in the field, who are more in need of assistance and more 
deserving of it than myself. 

"I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

"Your ob't servant, 

"R. E. Lee, General. 

General Lee's own beautiful home, Arlington, had been con- 
fiscated by the United States Government and his personal effects 
sold at auction. His family, therefore, since 1861, had lived here on 
Franklin street between Seventh and Eighth, in the house now 
occupied by the Virginia Historical Society. To this home Gen- 
eral Lee came almost daily before the Seven Days' Battle and after- 
ward until he went to Manassas. He could be seen riding along 
with one or two of his aides, dressed in a simple gray suit, with no 
gorgeous insignia, no brilliant wreath, only three stars on his 
collar. When he rode, or when he walked along the streets, he was 
never subjected to any annoyance ; the passers-by looked at him with 
admiration, almost with reverence, and would often quietly say, 
"God bless you and protect you." 

At the beginning of the year the Legislature and the Confederate 
Congress were in session anci there were some entertainments. Wil- 
liam Smith, "Extra Billy." as he was often called, was inaugurated 
Governor January 1, 1864. and Governor Letcher, on retiring, was 
presented with a sword in appreciation of his services. On that 
same day President Davis and his wife held a reception at the 



246 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1864 

White House of the Confederacy and a large crowd attended. 
Another affair of interest took place January 9th. Gen. John B. 
Morgan was captured and put in the Ohio penitentiary. He 
escaped and came to Richmond. On the above day the City 
Battalion escorted him to the City Hall. The General and Mayor 
Mayo rode in a carriage together. A vast concourse of citizens 
were gathered at the south porch of the hall. The mayor introduced 
General Morgan, who responded in a short speech expressing hig 
appreciation of the enthusiastic welcome. He was followed by Gens. 
A. P. Hill, J. E. B. Stuart, Edward Johnson, Ex-Governor Letcher, 
and Judge Moore, of Kentucky. General Morgan visited Libby 
Prison and talked with many Federal officers whom he knew, 
especially Gen. ISTeil Dow. At night a ball was given him at the 
Ballard. 

The people of Richmond began to get despondent; the times 
were hard, our army in the South had been unsuccessful in several 
engagements, and altogether the prospect was gloomy. The papers 
did their best to cheer the people, but not with much success. Never- 
theless they had not lost heart, and did not relax their efforts. 
Everything was done to help the soldiers. A meeting was held in 
the Hall of the House of Delegates and an association was organ- 
ized to provide artificial limbs for the soldiers ; Rev. C. K. Marshall 
was president, James Lyons vice president, and W. H. Macfar- 
land treasurer. 

In February some of the Federal officers in Libby Prison dug a 
tunnel fifty feet, and of the 1,100 officers there eleven colonels, 
seven majors, thirty-two captains, and fifty-nine lieutenants escaped 
before it was discovered. The escape created a good deal of ex- 
citement, and efforts were at once made to recapture them. Fifty 
or sixty were recaptured. Not long after that, two squares above 
the prison, on Cary street between Seventeenth and Eighteenth, 
the Confederate Coffee Factory, for making artificial coffee, called 
Confederate coffee, the best they could get, burned down, entailing 
a loss of $100,000. The prisoners were greatly alarmed for fear 
the prisons would burn, too; for Libby, Castle Thunder, and 
Castle Lightning were scorched. 

The early part of February the bells rang and the city forces re- 
sponded promptly; stores and ofGces closed, and old and young 




The Lancasterian School. 



H' * « 



*_te- 



M 

















The Fair Grounds at What Is Now Monroe Park. 




Libby Prison from the Dock. 



1864] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 247 

marched to the defense of the city. The enemy made a movement 
to attack the city on the east, but were driven back. There was 
quiet for a while when on the 29th the tocsins rang another alarm 
and the city battalions responded. General Wilcox organized all 
the men here on furlough and all who could bear arms and went 
out to protect the city. Kilpatrick attempted a raid on Richmond 
along Brook turnpike. While he was dreaming of taking Richmond 
Gen. Wade Hampton suddenly appeared with his troops and 
routed him, taking 350 prisoners, killing and wounding many, and 
capturing a large number of horses. 

Another attempt was made Wednesday night, March 2d, by a part 
of this same command under Colonel Dahlgren. He had a lot 
of men "selected from brigades and regiments as a picked com- 
mand to attempt a desperate undertaking." He crossed at Hanover- 
town with his men dressed in Confederate uniform and expected to 
get into Richmond by stealth: but his movements became known 
and Capt. W. M. Magruder, with about 100 men, were in the 
woods near the road at Old Church. When the raiding party rode 
along the road the Confederates opened fire upon them, killing Dahl- 
gren instantly and many others, and captured ninety white men 
and thirty-five negroes. The diabolical purpose of these raiders 
was not known until Dahlgren's body was searched and orders to 
the officers and men and guides and prisoners were found. To his 
officers and men he said : 

*^e will have a desperate fight, but stand up to it. When it 
does come all will be well. We hope to release the prisoners from 
Belle Isle first, and having seen them fairly started, we will cross 
James river into Richmond, destroying the bridges after us, and 
exhorting the released prisoners to destroy and burn the hateful 
city, and do not allow the rebel leader Davis and his traitorous 
crew to escape." 

To his guides and runners he said : "Be prepared with oakum, 
turpentine, and torpedoes. Destroy everything that can be used 
by the rebels. Shoot horses and cattle, destroy the railroads and 
the canal, burn the city, leave only the hospitals, and kill Jeff Davis 
and his Cabinet." 



248 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1864 

When these orders became known some advocated hanging the 
prisoners, but better judgment prevailed. 

Dahlgren was a small, thin, pale man with red hair and a red 
goatee. He appeared to be between twenty-five and thirty, and was 
lame, having a wooden leg and using a crutch. His body was 
brought to Eichmond in a pine box and stayed at the York 
River depot most of the day. He had on a Confederate sliirt and 
pants and was covered in a Confederate blanket His corpse was 
removed in the afternoon and buried. Few men knew where his 
grave was. Later his father, Admiral Dahlgren, sent President 
Davis $100 in gold with the request that he use it in having the 
body taken up and sent to him. The President sent for Capt. 
Samuel Maccubbin, chief of the Confederate police, and ordered 
the body taken up and put in a decent coffin. Maccubbin went 
to Oakwood with the soldiers who buried him under the direction 
of General Elzey, but they found the grave empty. Upon inves- 
tigation they found that E. Lohman and Martin Meredith Lips- 
comb, with the help of a negro, had taken the body up to give it 
decent burial. It was taken to the house of one Green, on 
Chelsea Hill. Here Miss Van Lew and her brother and several 
Union men of Richmond met and had the body put in a metallic 
coffin. It was put in a cart and covered with fruit trees and 
driven through the lines by a negro to Hungary, where it was 
again buried and remained until after the war, when it was again 
taken up and sent to Admiral Dahlgren. Dahlgren's wooden leg 
was picked up by some one and his crutch was also found, and for 
months was on exhibition in the office of the WlUg. The fiery raid 
of the bitter officer and men thus proved an ignominious failure. 

After this bold attempt to burn tie city General Bragg was put 
in command of 15,000 cavalry to operate around Richmond. 

The exchange of prisoners of war was effected after some dis- 
cussion with the Federal authorities, and many of the Federal 
soldiers were sent to City Point under a flag of truce, and many 
of the Confederate soldiers were returned to Richmond. When 
the first detachment of them came a great crowd greeted them at 
the wharf with waving of handkerchiefs and cheers. They were 
escorted by the bands and City Battalion to Washington Monu- 
ment, where President Davis and Governor Smith addressed them. 



1864] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 249 

Afterward the ladies served the tired and hungry men with hot 
coffee and bread and meat. Richmond was eager to do all she 
could to relieve the sufferings of the noble defenders of their 
country. 

A sad occurrence was that of April 30th, when the little son 
of President Davis, Joseph, fell from the back porch of the White 
House and died in a short while from the effects of the fall. His 
funeral was from St. Pauls May 1st. Later the children of the 
city erected a monument over his grave. 

Orders came that May 7th all the Federal officers, prisoners in 
Libby Prison, about one thousand, should be removed to Danville. 
The men seriously objected, but that made little difference; as a 
war measure they had to go. There was fear that Richmond 
might be taken and the prisoners liberated. 

The cry of "On to Richmond" was still heard across the 
Potomac. General Meade had failed and general Grant was 
entrusted with the enterprise. He was given a large army and the 
expectation at the North was that he would be in Richmond in less 
than a month. He began to seek the desired goal and crossed 
the Rapidan. At the Wilderness he received a severe repulse 
by General Lee, May 6th, and at Spotsylvania Courthouse on the 
8th. Again on the 10th, 12th, 18th, and 19th General Grant 
vainly assaulted General Lee's position with tremendous loss. 
Wliile this fighting was going on around Spotsylvania Courthouse, 
Grant sent Sheridan with ten thousand horsemen widely around 
Lee's right towards Richmond. J. E. B. Stuart soon ascertained 
the plan and immediately followed with only three brigades — one 
was to follow Sheridan's rear and the other two were to be 
thrown across his route. These two reached Yellow Tavern, six 
miles from Richmond, before Sheridan. Here an unequal fight 
took place, Sheridan with ten thousand and Stuart with three 
thousand. Nearly all day of May 11th the two brigades held the 
Federal forces in check while Gen. J. B. Gordon's brigade attacked 
their rear. This gallant defense saved Richmond, for when 
Sheridan broke through the thin lines of gray Bragg had had time 
to bring his troops from below Richmond and was ready for battle, 
Sheridan prudently marched around the defenses and retreated 
back to Grant's army. 



250 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1864 

Yes, Richmond was saved bj the defense at Yellow Tavern, 
but the Confederacy had received an irreparable loss : (ien. J. 
E. B. Stuart was mortally wounded while leading the charge. He 
was brought to the home of his brother-in-law, Dr. Brewer, on 
Grace street near Monroe. Everything possible was done to save 
his life, but without avail; on the evening of Thursday, the IMth, 
about 8 o'clock, he died. The scenes about his deathbed were sadly 
impressive. President Davis was permitted to see him about 
noon ; taking his hand he said : "General, how do you feel ?*' 
"Easy," he replied, "but willing to die if God and my country 
think I have fulfilled my destiny and done my duty." In the 
afternoon he became delirious, and his mind wandered to the 
battle-fields, but later he came to himself and asked Dr. Brewer 
how long he thought he could live. The doctor told him frankly 
that his end was rapidly approaching. "I am resigned to God's 
will," he replied, "but I should like to see my wife." Mrs. Stuart 
was not able to reach his bedside until several houii? after his 
death. He disposed of his possessions, giving his horse to his staff, 
his gold spurs to Mrs. E. E. Lee, and his sword to his son. Then, 
turning to Rev. Dr. Peterkin, he asked him to sing "Rock of Agas" 
and he joined in as his voice would permit. At last he said: "I 
am going fast; I am resigned; God's will be done," and quietly 
and peacefully the Christian soldier fell on sleep. 

The funeral services were conducted from St. James Episcopal 
Church Friday, May 13th, at 5 P. M., by Drs. Peterkin and Minni- 
gerode. Gens. J. H. Winder, G. W. Randolph, J. R. Anderson, 
Lawton, and Commander Forrest, Messrs. McGowan, Chilton, 
Northrop, and Capt. Lee were pall-bearers. President Davis and 
all the city. State, and Confederate officials attended, and the mili- 
tary companies and citizens. His remains were placed in a vault 
at Hollywood, where he was later buried. The Council held a 
special meeting on the 14th and passed suitable resolutions on 
General Stuart's death, requesting Mrs. Stuart to permit his body 
to be buried here, and appointed G. W. Randolph, S. D. Denoon, 
and N". B. Hill a committee to prepare a design for a suitable 
monument to him and to recommend an inscription for the same. 

Not since the death of General Jackson had the death of a 
Southern leader produced such profound sorrow as the death of 



1864] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 251 

Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. "Stuart," said one of the generals who 
knew him, "was the best cavalry officer in America, He was the 
army's eyes and ears; vigilant always, bold to a fault, of great 
vigor and ceaseless activity, he was the best type of a splendid 
cavalryman. He had a heart ever loyal to his superiors, and 'duty' 
was 'the sublimest word in the language' to him." General Lee 
said in announcing his death to the army: "Among the gallant 
soldiers who have fallen in this war General Stuart was second 
to none in valor, in zeal, and in unflinching devotion to hia 
country. His achievements form a conspicuous part of the history 
of this army, with which his name and service will be forever 
associated. To military capacity of a high order and to noble 
virtues of the soldier he added the brighter graces of a pure life, 
guided and sustained by the Christian's faith and hope. The 
mysterious hand of an All-Wise God has removed him from the 
scene of his usefulness and fame. His grateful countrymen will 
mourn his loss and cherish his memory. To his comrades in 
arms he has left the proud recollections of his deeds and the 
inspiring influence of his example." 

Thousands of prisoners were being sent to Richmond and many 
wounded soldiers. The prisons and the hospitals were full, Chim- 
borazo Hospital, an aggregation of frame shanties under Dr. J. 
B. McCaw, in two years had admitted 47,176 patients, and the 
others a proportionate number. Richmond was nobly struggling 
with the great burden of her responsibility, 

"On to Richmond" could be heard from the south, where But- 
ler was trying to enter and Gen. G. T. Beauregard was holding 
him in check, and on the north Grant was pushing on. He left 
Lee's front at Spotsylvania Courthouse on the night of May 20th, 
and by a flank march started for the North Anna. When he 
reached there on the afternoon of the 23d Lee was in front of 
him and between him and Richmond. Lee's position here was 
strong and he intended to attack Grant, but was sick and unable 
to do so. Grant then moved from here, crossed the Pamunkey 
near Hanovertown, and marched south to Cold Harbor. Wlien 
he reached this place May 31st Lee was still in his front between 
him and Richmond. Though with scarcely one-third the number 



252 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1864 

of Grant's army Lee, by his great military ability, was able to 
hold him in check. 

Richmond now was in a state of dreadful anxiety. Knowing 
the overwhelming numbers of the Federal army and the relentless 
perseverance of General Grant, she did not know at what moment 
General Lee's brave soldiers would be overwhelmed and the city 
be at the mercy of the foe. The people were despondent; be- 
seiged by an army of more than 225,000 without, with thousands 
of suifering soldiers within, food so scarce that flour sold for 
$400 a barrel and meal for $75 a bushel, and meat — well, few 
knew the luxury of that article — the outlook was dismal indeed. 
Yet no one gave up; the suffering and distress inspired the people 
to the bravest and noblest actions of which they were capable. 
Every man that could bear arms went to the front, and the 
women courageously did their part in ministration. 

Early in the calm summer morning of June 3d the city was 
aroused by the doleful booming of cannon followed by the sharp 
crash of infantry. The sound had now become familiar, and 
all knew that it was the deathknell of thousands of American 
soldiers in the awful carnage of war. At 4:30 on this memorable 
morning, at the command of General Grant, one hundred and 
thirteen thousand men, forming double lines of battle six miles 
long, at Cold Harbor, "attacked along the whole line" the in- 
trenched army of General Lee and were terribly slaughtered at 
every point. The battle lasted about an hour, and during that 
hour destruction and death marked each charging column as their 
own. The carnage in front of the Confederate defense was in- 
describable, yet the men were ordered to attack again at 8 o'clock 
but would not. In this short hour's battle twelve thousand seven 
hundred and thirty-seven Federal soldiers had dropped from the 
ranks. And Richmond was still safe. 

General Lee thus reports the battle: 

"Headquarters Army Northern Virginia, 

June 3, 1864. 8:35 P. M. 
"Hon. Secretary of War: 

About 41/2 A. M. to-day the enemy made an attack upon the right of 
cur lines in front of General Hoke and part of General Breckenr'dge's 
line. He was repulsed without difficulty. He succeeded in penetrating 



1864] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 253 

a salient in General Breckenridge's line and captured a portion of the 
battalion there posted. General Finnegan's brigade of Mahone's Di- 
vision and the Maryland battal'on of Breckenridge's command imme- 
diately drove the enemy out with severe loss. 

Repeated attacks were made upon General Anderson's position, chiefly 
against his right, under General Klrshaw. They were met with great 
steadiness and repulsed in every instance. 

The attack extended to our extreme left, under General Early, with 
like results. Later in the day it was twice renewed against General 
Heth, who occupiel Early's left, but was repulsed with loss. 

General Hampton encountered the enemy's cavalry near Haines' 
shop and a part of Gen. W. H. F. Lee's division, and drove them from 
their intrenchments. 

Our loss to-day has been small, and our success under the blessing 
of God all that we could expect. 

"R. E. Lee, General." 

Let us turn from the carnage of battle to the humane side of 
life. There was much suffering in the city, and although the 
soldiers had but a scanty supply of food the officers and men of 
Gen. H. Heth's command, the Twenty-sixth Mississippi Regiment 
of Dove's brigade, on June 5th unanimously offered to give one- 
half of their rations for the next two days to be distributed 
among the poor women and children of Richmond. Mayor Mayo 
accepted the generous offer of these brave and noble men and re- 
turned to them the thanks of the city. 

The armies were still facing each other and Richmond was 
Grant's coveted prize. On the 4th and 5th there was skirmishing, 
and on the 6th all was quiet along the lines. General Grant 
began to move his army towards Westover, and on the 18th he was 
crossing James river. Soon his whole army was in front of 
Petersburg, but between him and the city was General Lee and his 
army, still holding him in check. 

There were sharp skirmishes around Petersburg, but no bold 
attack until more than a month had passed. In the Richmond 
Whig Charles J. Browne wrote a letter, July 19th, saying that 
the enemy intended to blow up Petersburg. The paper pub- 
lished the letter and the editor made this comment on what seemed 
to them a foolish notion: "Browne is not dreaming, but he is 
drunk, very drunk." However, subsequent facts proved that 
Browne was neither dreaming nor drunk. In the early morning 



254 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1864 

of July 30th the enemy began shelling Petersburg, and while this 
was in progress a mine was sprung under Pegram's Battery and it 
was blown up; two hundred and fifty-six South Carolinians and 
twenty-one men of Pegram's Battery were killed and missing. 
The enemy charged through the breach but were driven back with 
great slaughter and the works retaken by General Mahone. In 
this Battle of the Crater the Federal loss was about four thou- 
Band and the Confederate about eight hundred. 

Butler had made several attempts against Eichmond on the 
Bouth side, but had been repulsed by General Beauregard. In 
August he began a new plan of attack ; he undertook to ditch Dutch 
Gap so that boats could pass through. This was a work that 
Richmond had long wanted done, but she did not want it done 
by the enemy at this time; so while Butler's men dug the Con- 
federate ironclads stood off and fired upon them, making it both 
elow and inconvenient digging. 

One would think that while war was going on all around the 
people had little feeling of excitement to bestow upon other things. 
But not so ! there was an affair of honor that stirred the city. 
It was a duel between John M. Daniel, editor of the Examiner, 
and E. C. Elmore, Treasurer of the Confederate States. It was 
fought at 5:30 A. M. August 17th on Dill's farm in Henrico. 
H. Rives Pollard was Daniel's second and Lieutenant Thomas 
Taylor Elmore's. Mr. Daniel was slightly wounded. The trou- 
ble grew out of the editorial comment on the affairs in the Treas- 
urer's office; Elmore did not like it and sent the challenge. 

Times were growing harder; flour was $400 a barrel, butter 
$8 a pound, and bacon $8 a pound. The Council appropriated 
$30,000 for relief of the poor to keep them from starvation. The 
ladies formed the Richmond Soup Association to help feed the 
hungry. They made their soup with Irish potatoes at $40 a 
bushel. Sorrow, suffering, and woe unutterable alone were plenti- 
ful in these dark days. 

At the beginning of the year Richmond had given Gen. J. B. 
Morgan a hearty welcome. September 17tli she received with 
bowed head his remains. A goodly company escorted them to the 
Capitol, where they lay in state in the Hall of the House of Dele- 
gates until the afternoon. Then a long procession of citizens 



1864] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 255 

and soldiers conveyed the corpse to Hollywood, where, after the 
funeral services by Rev. George Patterson, it was placed in a 
vault. 

While Grant's main army was in front of I'etersburg Richmond 
was not forgotten. The toceins sounded the alarm September 
28th and every one who could grasped his arms. All business was 
closed down, only one paper was issued (the Whig), and this be- 
cause they had one man too infirm to bear arms. The next day 
the "Yankees" made an attempt on the city. All the local 
troops were at the front. Between 1 and 2 P. M. the enemy was 
so near the city that the bursting shells could be easily seen. 
They were repulsed at Taylor's Farm and driven back by Colonels 
Ihibois and Elliott. 

Scarcely had the people of Richmond begun to breathe more 
freely when the doleful bells, the ominous bells, began to ring 
another alarm. Immediately the men left their places of business, 
bade their loved ones good-bye, and went to the front. The 
newspaper Vas the size of a hand bill, there were none to print it. 
Frida}^ October 7th, the enemy advanced towards Richmond along 
the Darbytown road but were repulsed by Gen. John Gregg. He 
was killed at the head of his troops gallantly defending the city. 
His funeral was conducted from the Capitol on the 9th by Dr. 
James A. Duncan, of Broad Street Methodist Church, and the 
troops in the city, public officers, and citizens accompanied the 
remains to Hollywood. Another attack was made along the 
Darbytown and Charles City roads October 13th, and again tliov 
were repulsed. 

Crime was rife in the city. Murders were frequent, burir'ary 
and robberies were every day occurrences, and stealing was common. 
In Rocketts the thieves pulled a house down in the night and stole 
it. An incendiary fire October 18th burned eight or ten houses 
on Main street between Seventh and Eighth, making a loss of 
more than $150,000. So the people were beset without and within. 
But evil doers were punished when caught. Castle Tunder was 
full and hangings were frequent. Two negroes were hanged Friday, 
October 21st, back of the poor-house. Their crime was burglary. 
A great crowd, as usual, witnessed the interesting scene. 

Even in her poyerty Richmond never forgot those who were 



256 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

poorer. Christmas was at hand, and a mighty poor Christmas it 
was. The noble-hearted people were to find happiness in making 
others happy. There never were as many empty stockings as at 
this Christmas, but the soldiers were thought of. The plan was 
to give the soldiers a Christmas dinner, but it was thought best to 
make it a New Year's feast. The citizens, therefore, sent in their 
gifts and the good women made cakes and pies, and all was pre- 
pared in the Ballard House kitchen. So from January 2d to 4th 
the long line of soldiers who surrounded Eichmond were given 
one good dinner. And what a feast it was to men who had been 
living on the scantiest rations ! 

This kind act made the one cheering note of the opening 
year 1865. Lincoln had been reelected President in November 
and had announced his intention of sending hundreds of thou- 
sands of well-armed and equipped troops against the small num- 
ber of heroes in gray who were suffering for clothes, shoes, tents, 
and provisions. It is true Richmond was still free, but how 
long it would so remain none dared to say. Fortune for some 
time had been against the Confederate arms and some hoped 
that their suffering was about complete, that their measure was 
full, but not so; there were yet more bitter dregs in sorrow's cup. 
This year was destined to be the blackest in all the long series 
of years in Eichmond's history. Business moved on in a limited 
way, the negroes were on the corner at the beginning of the year 
(hiring time), as usual, and blacksmiths brought $1,200; drivers, 
$900; cooks, $300 to $500, and house girls $150 to $300 per year; 
but beneath it all was the heavy spirit of despondency that 
made the citizens expect the worst. 

There was a good deal of talking and writing about peace. 
The South was doubtful about the terms and was only willing to 
an honorable peace. Some New York papers advised President 
Lincoln to take advantage of the depression in the Confederacy 
and make a generous offer of peace and amnesty. James 
P. Blair and his son Montgomery came to Eichmond January 
11th to see if peace could be made. The papers and people asked, 
^^hat does Blair want in Eichmond?" They interviewed the 
Secretary of War and President Davis. They were handsomely 
entertained while in the city, and when they returned they car- 



18G5] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 257 

ried letters from Davis signifying his willingness to send or re- 
ceive a commission authorized to negotiate a peace. Mr. Blair 
returned again January 25th. A commission consisting of R. 
M. T. Hunter, Alexander H. Stephens, and Judge J. A. Campbell, 
Assistant Secretary of War, was appointed. They left January 
29th to meet President Lincoln and Secretary Seward. A large 
meeting of citizens and members of the Legislature and Con- 
gress met in the Hall of the House of Delegates February 1st. 
The meeting was addressed by Thomas S. Flournoy, John Goode, 
Thomas S. Bocock, and John Baldwin, of Virginia, and Lester, 
of Georgia, who advocated the prosecution of the war as the surest 
road to an honorable peace. The commissioners returned February 
4th, and on the 7th Governor Smith called a meeting of the 
citizens at the African church to hear Lincoln's proposition to the 
Confederacy. The place was packed out into the street. They 
reported that they were unable to agree; that Lincoln stated that 
he would not treat with the Confederate States or State separately, 
as that would recognize their existence as a separate power; no 
extended time or armistice would be gi'antcd without satisfactory 
assurances of complete restoration of the authority of the Con- 
stitution and laws of the United States over all places within 
the Confederate States; that they must accept whatever conse- 
quences may follow from reestablishment of this authority; that 
individuals subject to pain and punishment under the laws of 
the United States may rely upon a liberal use of power to remit 
the same; and that the proposed amendment to the Constitution 
against slavery would be enforced. The meeting decided by resolu- 
tion "to spurn with indignation due to so gross an insult the 
terms on which the President of the United States has proffered 
peace to the people of the Confederate States, and that they 
were determined to maintain their liberties and independence, 
and to that end they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their 
sacred honor." President Davis, Governor Smith, and Rev. Dts. 
Duncan and Burrows addressed the meeting. Other meetings 
of the same kind were held the 9th and the 10th, and they took 
as strong a position against the terms of peace as the first meet- 
ing. So the dove of peace departed. 

The people of Richmond were glad when Congress passed a 



258 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

bill making General Lee general-in-chief of the whole Con- 
federate army. They were also gratified when Col. John Pegram, 
son of Mrs. General Pegram, was made Brigadier General. He 
was only twenty-three years of age when this was done, November, 
1864; but he enjoyed this honor but a little while, for February 
6, 1865, two weeks after he was married, he was killed at the 
Battle of Hatcher's Eun while bravely encouraging his men. His 
funeral was from St. Pauls Church the 9th and was attended by 
the General Assembly and many citizens. 

A very sad occurrence was the fire of the early morning of Feb- 
ruary 22d, which burned 117 Main street, a house owned by 
William Ira Smith, and in it was burned to death Joseph Steb- 
bins, his wife, his daughter (nineteen), and his two little boys, 
ten and eight. Sorrow upon sorrow came to Eichmond. 

The Governor called for men for special service in protecting 
the city, for the periodical bell ringing had not ceased. Sheridan 
again came within fifteen or twenty miles of the city and was 
driven back. A new plan was adopted to supply troops ; recruiting 
negroes for service was begun according to a recent law of Con- 
gress. On the afternoon of March 22d a great crowd assembled 
on the Square to witness the parade of two negro volunteer com- 
panies. There were three companies of convalescent white sol- 
diers and two of negroes, under Maj. Chambliss. The sight was 
novel; there had never been a negro troop in Eichmond before. 
They drilled well, but not being uniformed they presented a 
ragged appearance. 

What of the two armies in front of Petersburg? Well, they had 
been at their business in a small way, but the spring campaign 
did not fairly open till March 28th, when Grant gave his orders 
to attack, and the next day the columns were moving to get 
around Lee's flank and get possession of his lines of transportation. 
The fight began at Five Forks the morning of March 30th and was 
continued the 31st. and the enemy was driven back. April 1st 
the Confederates, under Pickett, suffered a severe reverse. This 
was the beginning of the end. Grant sent orders for an attack 
along the whole line to be made the next morning at 4 o'clock. The 
assault was made and the thin brave line of gray was broken 
through. 



1865] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 259 

In Richmond, Saturday, April 1st, was a quiet day full of dark 
forebodings. The sound of the cannon came in mournful cadence 
from the south, still hope Avas not abandoned. The miserable have 
no other comfort but hope. 

Apiil 2, 1865, the holy Sabbath day! Its quiet dawn crept over 
Richmond. Children took their places in the Sunday school; the 
congregations gathered at the sacred places where prayer was 
wont to be made. The men of God expounded the sacred truth 
of the Prince of Peace, and the congregations united their hearts 
and voices in prayer to the Holy One for their country and for 
their soldiers. There was calm. The congregation of St. Pauls 
Church was disturbed. A messenger came up the middle aisle to 
the centre, where President Davis sat listening to the sermon by 
Dr. Minnigerode. A few words were exchanged, the President 
took his hat and walked briskly out of the church. What could 
it mean? 

Ah ! the most sadly memorable day in Richmond's history was 
at hand ; the day which for four long years had hung over the city 
like a dreadful nightmare had come at last. The message came 
from General Lee of the defeat at Petersburg, and the order to 
evacuate Richmond. Beautiful Richmond to be evacuated ! It was 
like the knell of doom. 

President Davis and the other officers of the Confederate gov- 
ernment hastily prepared to leave and to carry such records and 
etores as they were able. The officers of the State government and 
the soldiers were preparing to march. The news of the evacua- 
tion traveled over the city, spreading dismay and doom as it went. 
The people began to collect their valuables and hide them or pack 
them to carry them to a place of safety, if any such place could be 
found. The Council held a called meeting at 4 P. M. and invited 
Governor Smith to be present in order to determine upon the 
wisest course. They decided to appoint a committee in each ward 
to destroy all the liquor in the city. Another meeting was held 
afterward, at which the Secretary of War assured the Council that 
the pickets would be withdrawn at 3 A. M. Then the mayor was 
instructed to surrender the city to the Federal general on Monday. 
Judges Meredith and Lyons and several members of the Council 
were appointed to accompany him. 



260 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [I860 

The order of evacuation given by General Lee to General Ewell. 
who was in command of the army about Richmond, was as follows : 

PEtEBSBUEo, April 2, 18C5. 
*'Gen. Ewell: 

Move your command to the south side of James river to-night, cross- 
ing on bridges at and below Richmond; take the road with youi- troops 
to Branch Church, via Genet's bridge, to Amelia Courthouse. All wagons 
from Richmond will take the Manchester pike and Buckingham road, 
via Meddersville, to Amelia Courthouse. The movement will com- 
mence at 8 o'clock, the artillery moving out first quickly, the infantry 
following, except the pickets, who will be withdrawn at 3 o'clock A. M. 
General Stevens will indicate route to you and furnish guides. The 
cavalry must follow, destroying bridges, under superintendence of the 
engineering officers. The artillery not needed by the troops will take 
the road prescribed for the wagons, or such other as may be most 
convenient. W. H. Taylob, Adjutant." 

ISTight came on and with it came confusion and consternation 
indescribable. The streets were blocked with furniture and other 
household goods, which the people were attempting to move. All 
government store-houses were thrown open and what could not be 
carried away was left to be plundered by those who rushed in and 
secured bacon, clothing, and whatever else they could get. The 
Confederate troops were rapidly moving to the south. At midnight 
the committees appointed by the Council to destroy the liquor in 
the city began their work to keep it from stragglers and soldiers. 
Hundreds and hundreds of barrels of whiskey were rolled into the 
streets and their heads knocked out until the gutters roared with 
the freshet of whiskey. Many cases of fine liquors were thrown into 
the street and smashed. In some cases there was a scramble and 
-some of the bottles were carried away. At 1 A. M. it became known 
'that under the law of the Confederate Congress General Ewell had 
been ordered to burn the tobacco and cotton in the city to keep 
it out of the hands of the enemy. The mayor sent a committee, 
headed by James A. Scott, to remonstrate against burning the 
warehouses, but without avail. After 3 A. M. the torch was applied 
to Shoekoe, Public, Mayo's, and Dibrell's warehouses. The fire 
Taged like a devouring demon and soon leaped from the ware- 
liouses to the adjoining buildings, and on and on until it was be- 
yond human control. People in the district dragged their goods 



1865] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 2C)1 

into the street only to be trampled or burned there. Then came 
the most terrific looting. Men and women rushing ahead of the 
flames, broke open stores and factories and snatched their contents 
away. Property rights seemed to be wiped out. Wagons and 
carts were loaded with goods and carried away; some employed 
wheelbarrows, others carried their arms full, dropping what they 
had to seize more. Women were tugging at barrels of flour and 
children were straining themselves to move boxes of tobacco. The 
sidewalks were strewn with silks, satins, bonnets, hats, clothes, 
fancy goods, shoes, groceries, and merchandise of every description. 
There was no law and there were no officers; all was confusion. 
The roaring, crackling flames followed quickly the looters, making 
the destruction complete. Property owners stood helpless and 
looked on ; some were stunned by the awful sight, others wept and 
wrung their hands. Before sunrise there was a terrific explosion, 
which shook the whole city; the magazine back of the poor- 
house was blown up. Twelve inmates were killed and others 
injured. At 6 A. M. the evacuation was complete and Mayo's 
bridge and the railroad bridges were set on fire. 

The conflagration was at its height when the van of the Fed- 
eral army entered the city, the cavalry at full speed galloping up 
Main street. They asked the way to the Capitol, and dashed up 
Governor street. The people shouted with a great cry of dis- 
tress : "The Yankees ! The Yankees ! Oh, the Yankees have 
taken our city !" They proceeded at once to place a United States 
flag on the Capitol. General Weitzel took command and ordered 
the soldiers to stop all pillaging and to restore order. A large de- 
tachment was assigned to assist the fire companies in fighting the 
fire. About noon it was gotten under control by blowing up the 
Traders Bank building and other structures in its path. 

No pen can describe the awful destruction and desolation 
wrought by the fire; the very heart of the business section of 
Richmond was now a heap of smoldering ruins, marked by black- 
ened walls and broken chimneys. For the distance of half a mile 
down Main street there was nothing but the burning debris of what 
had been splendid business houses. The burned district stretched 
from the north side of Main street to the river, and from Eighth 
to Fifteenth east, and from Twentieth to Twenty-third streets. 



262 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

Nine hundred houses were burned, at a valuation of four millions, 
which, with their contents, reached nearly thirty millions of 
dollars. Among those burned were the Bank of Richmond, Bank 
of the Commonwealth, Bank of Virginia, Farmers Bank, American 
Hotel, Columbian Hotel, Enquirer and Dispatch buildings, Belvin 
Block, Confederate Postoffice building. State Courthouse on 
Capitol Square near Franklin, Mechanics Institute, and all build- 
ings back to Main ; the United Presbyterian Church, corner Eighth 
and Franklin, General Lee's home was in imminent danger, but 
was saved. Henrico Courthouse and the Confedrate navy yard were 
also burned. Never was there a sadder day in Richmond's history, 
and may there never be another like it. Many of the citizens who 
before had plenty were now reduced to poverty. To us to-day it 
seems a thousand times better for the Federal troops to have used 
all the tobacco in Richmond than to have brought this awful calam- 
ity upon an already afflicted city. 

General Ewell gives the following account of the burning of 
the city : 

"Spring Hill, Tennessee, Dec. 20, 'C5. 

"The middle of February I received a command from General Lee 
enclosing a law which I was directed to carry out — viz., to destroy 
cotton and tobacco exposed to capture by the enemy if it could not be 
removed.. 

"I sent Major Brown to Mayor Mayo to request him to call a meeting 
of the Council and advised the Council to send a circular embodying 
the law to the merchants and owners of cotton and tobacco. With 
Mr. Scott, a tobacco owner and councilman, I visited and inspected ail 
the warehouses containing tobacco, and after consulting we concluded 
that they could be burned without danger of a general conflagration. 
I gave instructions to Major I. H. Carrington to malie the necessary 
arrangements and requested Mr. Scott and other members of the 
Council to consult with him and give advice. The ordnance depart- 
ment offered to furnish barrels of turpentine to mix with the tobacco 
to make it burn, but this I did not accept for fear of setting fire to the 
city. 

"I sent for the mayor and several of the most prominent citizens and 
urged upon them the danger of mob violence, and begged them to en- 
deavor to organize a volunteer-guard force, but only one man vol- 
unteered. At 10 A. M. Sunday I received orders for evacuation and to 
destroy the stores which could not be moved. The guard force had to 
take the prisoners from Libby and Castle Thunder. 



1865] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 263 

"A mob of sexes, all colors, gathered, and about 3 A. M. set fire to 
some buildings on Gary street and began to plunder. The convalescing 
soldiers in the Square were ordered to repress the riot, but the com- 
mander reported that they were unable to do so, as the force was 
Inadequate. I ordered that the soldiers be marched to intimidate the 
mob, but without success. Many buildings which I had ordered to be 
spared had been fired by the mob. The Arsenal was thus destroyed, 
and a party went to the Tredegar Works to set them on fire, but were 
prevented by General Anderson, who had armed his men and ordered 
them to resist. The fire was applied to Shockoe and Von Groning's 
warehouses, and at the time there was no wind, but it soon began to 
blow from the southeast. At 7 A. M. the last troops reached the south 
side and the railroad bridge was set on fire." 

There have been many versions of the burning of Eichmond 
and the responsibility has been placed upon several, but this 
authentic statement from General Ewell, who was in command of 
the Confederate forces here, should settle the question. It is 
evident that there was little thought of burning the city when the 
tobacco and cotton were destroyed. 

As quickly as possible after the Confederate troops had 
evacuated the city, the mayor and the committee appointed to 
accompany him went with a flag of truce to the outside line of 
fortifications beyond Tree Hill farm near the junction of the 
Osborne turnpike and ISTew Market road that he might surrender 
the city to the general commanding the Army of the James. The 
following is the formal letter of the mayor : 

"Richmond, Monday, April 3, 1865. 
"To the General Commanding the United States Army in front of 
Richmond: 
General, — The Army of the Confederate Government having aban- 
doned the city of Richmond, I respectfully request that you will take 
possession of it with an organized force, to preserve order and protect 
women and children and property. 

Respectfully, 

Joseph Mayo, Mayor." 

And he did, for after four long, dreary, disastrous years the 
cry "On to Eichmond" had been realized by the Federal forces, 
and Eichmond, ruined and conquered, was at their mercy. Maj. 
Gen. Godfrey Weitzel, commanding the troops occupying Eich- 
mond, took up his residence in the White House of the Confederacy; 



264 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

Brigadier General Shepley, Military Governor of the city, had his 
headquarters at the Capitol, and Brigadier General Devers occu- 
pied the Governor's mansion. The provost marshal, Colonel Man- 
ning, had his headquarters at the City Hall, and later at the Old 
Stone House. 

The city was again under martial rule, and the soldiei-s at once 
restored order. They were considerate in their behavior and the 
law-abiding people treated them with respect. 

No newspaper had been published since March 31st, so on the 
afternoon of the 4th the Whig appeared in reduced form. At the 
head of the column William Ira Smith was announced as pro- 
prietor. It stated that with the consent of the military authorities 
it had resumed publication; that the editor and all who heretofore 
controlled the columns had taken their departure; that the pro- 
prietor and one attache of the recent editorial corps remained; 
that after conference with General Shepley, Military Governor, 
they cheerfully and willingly complied with the conditions of 
publication, and hereafter the Whig would be a Union paper. 

The mail to New York and the North, so long discontinued, 
was reestablished. Sutlers' stores sprang up at once — in sugar 
hogsheads, shanties, store-houses, wherever they could get — and 
they offered food and supplies at reasonable prices; but they were 
yet out of the reach of the people, for Confederate money was 
worthless, much of it having been thrown into the streets, and 
the people had no United States money. Such was the destitution 
on every hand that the Federal authorities had to issue rations to 
keep the poor from starving. 

While the confusion and excitement incident to the sudden 
change in the city's affairs was still at its height, April 5th there 
arrived by boat from Old Point a man whose name had often been 
uttered in Eichmond, but who had never visited the city before, 
President Abraham Lincoln. Accompanied by a few marines and 
some friends, he walked from the wharf where he landed through 
the crowded streets to the late mansion of President Davis. He 
remained there several hours in consultation and returned to the 
boat and was soon on his way back down the river. Not many 
recognized him, but those who did treated him with the respect and 
deference due to his position. Lincoln was not the only visitor 



1865] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 265 

to the city; hundreds of citizens from the North flocked to Rich- 
mond to see the city and visit the battle-fields near by; some came 
to look after friends; others came to take pictures and write up 
the place, while others still came on business to see if they could 
not make money. A large number of Confederate prisoners were 
brought here and placed in Libby Prison, which had held so many 
Federal officers. On the 8th twelve thousand Federal troops 
marched through the streets, and the people watched them with 
heavy hearts. 

Sunday, April 9th, a week since the long-remembered order to 
evacuate the cit}'^, the distress and suffering had been so great 
that the week seemed a veritable year, the military authorities per- 
mitted the ministers to hold services in the churches on condition 
that nothing be said against the Union or the army. Thither the 
people, broken-hearted and disconsolate, repaired for comfort and 
encouragement. In the breasts of many remained a vestige of hope 
that the cause of the South might yet triumph, but this day wit- 
nessed the passing of even this; at Appomattox Courthouse Gen- 
eral Lee surrendered to General Grant. The news soon reached 
Richmond and the people read these memorable words which closed 
a great volume of the country's history : 

"Headquarters Army Northern Virginia, 

April 10, 1865. 
"After fours years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage 
and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to 
yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the sur- 
vivors of so many hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast 
to the last, that I have consented to this result from no distrust of 
them; but feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that 
could compensate for the loss that would have attended the continua- 
tion of the contest, I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of 
those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. 
By the terms of agreement officers and men can return to their homes 
and remain there until exchanged. You will take with you the satis- 
faction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully per- 
formed; and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you 
his blessing and protection. With an increasing admiration of your 
constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance 
of your kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you an affec- 
tionate farewell. R. E. Lee, General." 



266 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

The Union soldiers fired the national salute of two hundred 
^ns on Capitol Square in honor of the surrender, but the sound 
of the guns like a dagger pierced the heart of every patriotic 
citizen of Eichmond. 

The war was over, the past was a memory, business was dead, 
and the people were in poverty, but an honor untarnished remained, 
and the future with hopeful voice invited them forward. 

There was. no time for repining; the citizens with brave hearts 
applied themselves to the task of rebuilding their wrecked fortunes 
and of restoring to their country her former prestige. A large 
number of prominent citizens issued a call April 12th to the Gen- 
eral Assembly, the Governor, and Lieutenant Governor to hold a 
meeting of the Assembly in Richmond April 25th to consider the 
peace of the State and the adjustment of questions of life, liberty, 
and property. Many prominent citizens of the State were also 
invited. The military authorities had consented to the meeting 
and promised that the United States would afford transportation 
from any place under their control. This was in accordance 
with the plan assented to by President Lincoln. The call for 
the meeting had just been issued when the next day it was 
rescinded by order of Gen. E. 0. C. Ord, who that day had as- 
sumed command of the State. 

Richmond was now having her first experience as a conquered 
city, and it was bitter indeed. Few cities ever started life 
anew with a darker prospect or with heavier hearts than this one. 
The marks of poverty and want were on every hand, and some were 
so near starvation that the United States authorities had to 
organize a commission to attend to feeding the poor. Added to this 
there was a great deal of crime in the city, and even murder was 
not infrequent. The sale of liquor was for a time prohibited, and 
the Federal officers, who were humane and considerate, did all in 
their power to restore order. Lincoln raised the blockade of the 
Virginia ports April 11th and business began to look up. The 
bells of the city, which had not struck the hour since the evacua- 
tion, again found their tongues and told the passing hours; the 
streets in the burned district were being opened, and many of the 
citizens were amid the ruins of their property cleaning bricks and 
preparing to rebuild. The Ballard, Exchange, Powhatan, and St. 



1865] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 267 

Charles Hotels were preparing to open. No person was allowed to 
leave the city without a pass from the provost marshal, and no 
visitor from the North was allowed in the city without an order 
from the President, Secretary of War, or General Grant. The 
soldiers were not allowed to use insulting language to the citizens, 
and the citizens were forbidden from using treasonable expres- 
sions towards the Federal government and from insulting the flag. 
Day by day the provost marshal's office was crowded with citizens 
taking the oath of allegiance and the parole of honor. President 
Lincoln issued his first amnesty proclamation at this time, which, 
with his efforts to restore the civil government by allowing the 
Legislature to meet, brought upon him the severe criticism of the 
radical people of the North. Notwithstanding the proclamation, 
Libby Prison had 3,000 Confederates held as military, political, 
and civil prisoners. The old building with the sign "L. Libby 
& Son, Ship Chandlers," was now more famous than the Bastile. 
The second Sunday of the occupation of Richmond by the Federal 
troops all the churches were again permitted to hold services except 
the Episcopal churches, and they were closed. The prayer in the 
Episcopal churches of the vSouth had been changed so as to pray 
for the President of the Confederate States, so General Ord 
ordered this changed to the President of the United States and 
all in authority. The clergymen could not change it, only Bishop 
Johns, and he was in Canada ; so these churches were closed. Before 
the next Sunday it was changed and the services were resumed. 

Unheralded and without escort, except five members of his staff. 
General Lee rode into Richmond over the pontoon bridge at the 
foot of Seventeenth street Saturday, April 15th, and proceeded 
to his residence on Franklin street. When he reached there a great 
crowd had gathered, and with uncovered heads they cheered the 
great chieftain. He acknowledged the welcome by raising his hat. 
As he descended from his horse many rushed up and shook his 
hand as a mark of their love and respect. He greeted them and 
retired into his house. 

The city this day was in a great state of excitement. The news 
came that the night before (Friday, April 14th), at Ford's Thea- 
tre in Washington, John Wilkes Booth had shot President Lin- 
coln and there was no hope of his recovery. Then it was announced 



2G8 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [18G5 

that he died Sunday morning at 7 :22 o'clock. Every thoughtful 
citizen of Eichmond looked upon this crime as a deplorable 
calamity, and on every hand there were expressions of regret and 
abhorrence. Even those of tlie most ultra Southern feelings be- 
lieved that Lincoln had planned for a speedy and liberal settlement 
of the existing difficulties in Virginia, and that he would have 
had the power to carr}'- out his policies, which Andrew Johnson 
did not have. The flags of the city were at half-mast, and on the 
day of his funeral (Wednesday, 19th) all business was ordered sus- 
pended, services were held in the churches, and a salute of twenty- 
one guns was fired. This fearful crime had thrown the v/hole 
country into a state of intense excitement. Many tried to con- 
nect Ex-President Davis with the assassination, and it has been 
stated that orders were issued for the arrest of General Lee but 
were afterward rescinded. When the shock passed away calm judg- 
ment prevailed and reasonable men saw the absurdity of connect- 
ing these noble men with this dastardly deed. Nevertheless hard- 
ships were imposed upon the South because of this crime from 
which she would have been saved. 

In the face of grief, despondency, and destitution, poor Richmond 
began slowly to arise Phoenix-like from her ashes. The Federal 
forces began to rebuild Mayo's and the Danville and Petersburg 
railroad bridges. The Times, published by C. H. Wynne, re- 
appeared April 21st. Since the evacuation there had been no 
banks in the city; all were swept away by the fire. The first to 
Btart was the First National, which was organized April 17th. 
Franklin Stearns, H. L. Kent. R. A. Lancester, Wellington Goddin, 
Lewis McKenzie, Charles Palmer, Henry McWilliams, H. G. Pant, 
and W. L. Hodge were the directors. H. G. Fant was made presi- 
dent and L. W. Rose cashier. The Bank opened in the Custom 
House May 10th, and was made by tlie Treasury Department a 
depository for United States funds. The railroads, except the 
York River, which was so badly damaged it could not be used, were 
opened under military supervision and trains ran as far as the 
places where the track was torn up during the war. The military 
authorities ordered that bread be sold at 6% cents a loaf, and this 
was a great boon to the poor, who had actually been suffering. 
The work of clearing the ruins progressed steadily and preparations 



1865 J RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 269 

for building were going on. The safes of the banks and stores 
were opened and their contents found intact. 

Many who had left Richmond during the war were now return- 
ing, and General Ord furnished transportation and sent to their 
homes many of the families who had refugeed to Richmond during 
the war. There were many novel scenes under martial rule. One 
day a great crowd gathered on Broad street to witness an amusing 
incident. A Frenchman struck a woman with his cane ; the drum- 
head court martial ordered that he be ridden down Broad street 
on horseback with his face toward the horse's tail, with a pla- 
card on his back, "This for striking a woman," and that the 
band accompany him playing the Rogue's March. It created great 
merriment, especially among the negroes and boys. The order in 
the city was very bad; burglaries were committed by night and 
robberies and thefts by day. The guards seemed to be doing their 
best to suppress them, but they were not successful. Sutlers and 
others were selling medals that were repugnant to the Richmond 
people. On the bar was U. S. Grant, and on the round pendant 
were the words "Capture of Richmond, April 3, 1865." Few 
were sold except to the soldiers, for the negroes had no money 
and the white people did not want them. 

Gen. W. H. Halleck was now commander of the department of 
Virginia and Gen. F. M. Dent, brother-in-law of General Grant, 
was military governor of Richmond. There was no court in the 
city and the need was sorely felt. General Halleck, therefore, 
established a Court of Arbitration and Conciliation, with jurisdic- 
tion except in criminal cases and cases involving the title of prop- 
erty; this court was to act until the government was restored. 
Judges J. A. Meredith, W. H. Lyons, and Henry W. Thomas were 
appointed to preside. Robert Howard was appointed clerk and 
Thomas U. Dudley sergeant of the court. 

Sunday, May 1st, the Army of the Potomac marched through 
Richmond homeward. Many people stood on the streets to see 
the sight. The blue line stretched from Manchester across the 
pontoon bridge on Seventeenth street, up Main and out Broad. 
They marched nearly all day, and during that time about fifty 
thousand Federal soldiers passed through the city. Generals Meade 
and Halleck stood at the City Hall to review the troops. A few 



270 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

days later a large part of General Sherman's army passed through 
the city. He stopped here at the Spotswood Hotel. The next 
day Sheridan, who before had vainly tried to get into Richmond, 
marched tlirough it with eight or nine thousand cavalry on to 
Washington. Never before had the women and children seen so 
many Federal soldiers. The same day that Sheridan passed 
through Richmond (May 10th) ninety-one boxes of Confederate 
books and papers were shipped to Washington. 

Day by day there were signs of recovery in the ruined city. 
The steamship line to New York was opened, and May 22 d Rich- 
mond College opened again for students. The National Bank of 
Virginia began business on the 15th, S. T. Suit, of New York, 
president, and John B, Morton cashier. 

Now that the negroes were free the military commander issued 
an order abolishing all ordinances and laws which restricted the 
liberty of the colored people, such as unlawful assemblages, re- 
quiring them to come off the streets at certain hours, and pro- 
hibiting them from keeping stores or cook-shops. The negroes 
scarcely knew how to use their liberty. 

Richmond was much disturbed when the news came that Ex- 
President Davis had been captured near Irwinville, Ga., May 10th, 
and had been brought a prisoner on the steamer Clyde to Fortress 
Monroe Friday, May 19th, and with him his family, Alexander H. 
Stephens, C. C. Clay, J. H. Reagan, General Wlieeler, and others, 
President Johnson had offered a reward of $100,000 for Mr. 
Davis's capture, so the Federal soldiers were eager to take him. 
The sufferings of this good man at Fortress Monroe is one of the 
black chapters in the military history of the United States. The 
people here were suffering all the agonies incident to the results of 
war, but their sympathies for their late chief executive were deep 
and their anxiety was intense. 

The United States Government organized a government of Vir- 
ginia at Alexandria February 13, 1865. Francis H. Pierpont 
was Governor, L. C. P. Cowper Lieutenant Governor, T. R. Bowden 
Attorney General, Charles H. Lewis Secretary of the Common- 
wealth, W. W. Wing Treasurer, and L. W. Webb Auditor. In the 
counties that had been conquered, called the loyal counties, the 
election for members of the General Assembly was held May 25th. 




The Federal Troops Entering Richmond. 




The Ruins of Mayo's Bridge after the Fire of 1865 



1 iMJiE 



rr; i 



S>MA*rf.-5ir,;,.-: 








The Ruins of the Confederate Laboratory near the Petersburg Railroad 
Bridge After the Fire of 1865. 



1865] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 271 

Now that Richmond was taken the seat of government was moved 
here. The citizens held a meeting and decided to make the best of 
the situation, so they appointed F. Stearns, R. F. Walker, S. T. 
Suit, C. G. Tliompson, G. \V. Smith, F. J. Smith, H. L. Kent, 
C. P. Word, J. W. McKiel, Robert Harvey, Col. J. L. Lomis, C. 
H. Wynne, and J. R. Hamilton a committee to arrange for the 
reception of the Governor and his associates. It was announced 
that they would reach Richmond May 25th. A large number of 
citizens, the City Council, military escort, and the committee of 
arrangements went to the wharf in Rocketts to meet the party 
and welcome them to Richmond. All came but Governor Pierpont ; 
he was delayed and did not reach the city until the next day. 
When he arrived Charles Palmer, of the reception committee, made 
an address, and the procession marched up Main to Ninth and to 
the Mansion. The citizens were glad to have a civil instead of 
a military governor, so a committee consisting of W. H. Macfar- 
land, R. B. Haxall, and W. Goddin waited on Governor Pierpont 
and expressed their gratification at his conciliatory spirit. He 
responded that he expected to organize the State government on a 
large and liberal basis; that the new Constitution which was 
promulgated by a convention at Alexandria December 13, 1864, 
was made during the war and had the marks of the fiery spirit of 
war legislation, but that he hoped that the incoming Legislature 
would correct the errors, as it had the power. The people were 
assured that Governor Pierpont would be liberal and reasonable, 
as he was, and they were much encouraged. President Johnson's 
amnesty proclamation was made on the 29th and that gave larger 
hope. 

Thursday, June 1st, was set apart as the day of prayer and 
humiliation on account of Lincoln's death. Public services were 
held in the churches by order of the military commander, flags were 
lowered to half-mast, all business was clewed, and all the public 
buildings were draped in mourning. Although these signs of 
mourning were in obedience to orders, yet the people of Richmond 
mourned his death, and later they had more reason to feel the 
affliction of his death. 

Among the first acts of Governor Pierpont was to restore the 
city government of Richmond. Mayor Mayo was authorized to 



272 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

hold his court in the City Hall, and June 7th he opened it for the 
first time since April 1st. He also appointed his police to guard 
the city during the day. D. J. Saunders, president of the City 
Council, was appointed manager of the gas and water works, and 
all the other city officers were reinstated. The Mayor's Court was 
again suspended on June 13th until after the election. The Gov- 
ernor also called the Legislature elected in the organized counties 
to meet in extra session June 19th. Lieutenant Governor Cowper 
presided over the Senate and James M. Downey was Speaker of the 
House. They were in session five days, and in that time passed 
acts for reorganization of the city government and removed the 
restrictions of the Constitution as it provided. The Governor in his 
message said: "Remove the restrictions. You cannot govern a 
State under a republican form of government when nine-tenths 
of the citizens cannot hold office or vote." 

Every few days a large number of Confederate soldiers returned 
to Richmond from northern prisons, and they were in abject 
poverty. They were without homes, had no food, and were in 
need of clothes and shoes. Many wore their Confederate uniforms 
because they had nothing else, and it was against military orders 
to wear Confederate buttons, so the street guards would stop the 
soldiers, cut off their buttons, and permit them to pass. The people 
of Richmond had little, yet they could not see the soldiers suffer; 
they therefore called a public meeting and raised funds to help 
these men on their journey. As usual the good women worked 
hard to make them comfortable until they could get home. 

In this time of depression, when Confederate money was worth- 
less and the people had little or no United States money, it seemed 
impossible to get the necessary funds to rebuild the business por- 
tion of the city which was burned. A public meeting was held at 
the Capitol June 20th to devise means to relieve the sufferers from 
the fire. J. A. Martin, a real estate agent of New Jersey, outlined 
a plan by which they could borrow money. But there was an 
obstacle in the way which hindered them : the Attorney General 
of the United States had given his opinion that citizens owning 
over $20,000 worth of property who had not been pardoned or had 
not taken the oath were prevented from selling their property, 
negotiating a bill of exchange, executing a promissory note, or rais- 



1865] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 273 

ing money by mortgaging their property. This filled the business 
men with gloom and apathy and caused forebodings which were 
fatal to energy and enterprise. This meeting adjourned to meet 
again the 28th, at which time a memorial was addressed to Presi- 
dent Johnson, in which it was set forth that nine hundred build- 
ings were destroyed by fire, with mills, factories, stores, dwellings, 
and their contents, and four-fifths of the whole supply of food in 
the city, and that but for the exertions of the United States army 
many would have suffered for food. The currency had depreciated 
and collapsed, and the people were prostrate, impoverished, and 
depressed ; nevertheless they did not yield to depression until con- 
fronted with this opinion of the Attorney General, and they begged 
him to open wide the door of amnesty and permit them to build 
their ruined city. J. Alfred Jones, R. A. Lancester, W. H. Haxall, 
and J. L. Apperson were appointed a committee to present the 
memorial to the President. They went to Washington, but met 
with litle encouragement from Johnson. He said that Southern 
people owning over $20,000 had assisted too largely in the "re- 
bellion." The committee returned home disappointed and sad, 
but later the restriction was removed. Then came another trou- 
ble in the constant trials to confiscate the property of the Southern 
people, and in some cases it was undertaken. Thad. Stevens, the 
Radical from Pennsylvania, advocated confiscation and distribution 
of the "rebels' " property among the negroes. Wiser counsel, how- 
ever, prevailed and the Federal Government dismissed the confisca- 
tion proceedings and tried conciliatory measures. Surely none 
but those who lived in those dark days can adequately tell of their 
bitterness. 

The newspapers had their share of trouble. A. M. Keiley was put 
in Castle Thunder several days for an editorial the military com- 
mander did not like, and the Whig (Robert Ridgeway, editor) was 
suspended a fortnight for the same offence. Later several other 
papers had the same experience. 

The first election since the fall of Richmond was held July 25th. 
Judge W. H. Lyons was elected to the Hustings Court; the attor- 
neys for the courts, the mayor, and the Council were also elected. 
The day the Council met to organize General Turner sent an officer 
to tell them they could not meet. Later they were allowed to hold 



274 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1865 

an advisory meeting, but with no power to act. The promise was 
made that the civil authority would be established in October. 
Lest these troubles should come from doubts about the loyalty of 
the citizens, a public meeting was held on the Square, presided 
over by Judge W. H. Lyons, at which the citizens stated their 
acceptance of the result of the war and pledged themselves to sup- 
port honestly and sincerely the Constitution and govermnent of 
the United States. 

The only courts in Richmond at this time were the Court of 
Conciliation, to which the general in command appointed H. W. 
Thomas and "William Green ; the Provost Court, Colonel McEntree 
presiding, and the Freedman's Court, for adjustment of matters 
among the colored people. Judge Bibb, of this court, was selected 
by the colored people, Judge Fitzhugh by the citizens, and Lieut. 
H. S. Merrill by the Freedman's Bureau. In 1832 Richmond had 
a court of oyer and terminer to try slaves and free negroes. 

Another election was held October 12th for Congressmen and 
members of the General Assembly. J. H. Gilmer was elected to the 
Senate from Richmond, and N. M. Lee, Littleton Tazewell, and P. 
R. Grattan to the House. Those elected to city offices at the first 
election who had been in the Confederate army were forced to 
resign. The election of Congressmen was useless, because they were 
not allowed to serve as "Virginia was not in the "Union. 

There were some encouraging signs even at this time. The 
National Express and Transportation Company was organized here 
October 31st, with a capital of three millions. Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston was president and Gen. J, D. Imboden general superin- 
tendent. The churches continued their work; the Episcopal Council 
met at St. Pauls September 21st, Bishop Johns presiding, and the 
Disciples Convention met at tlie Sycamore Church November 2d, 
Rev. Walthall presiding. General Grant arrived in Richmond 
November 27th, and stopped at the Spotswood. This was his first 
visit to the city since the surrender. 

The General Assembly met December 4th. One of the Delegates 
from Richmond, Littleton Tazewell, died December 1st. Thomas 
J. Evans was elected in his place. It continued in session until 
March 3d and was in many respects a model Legislature. In Jan- 
uary General Lee came to the city with Boliver Christian and ap- 



1866] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 275 

peared before the Committee on Schools and Colleges in behalf 
of Washington College, of which he wa,s president. The people and 
the Legislature showed him great deference. While here he was 
the guest of James Caskie, corner Eleventh and Marshall streets. 
A proposition was made in the Senate to call a Constitutional 
Convention, but Eichmond opposed it until the constitutional rela- 
tionship of the State to the Federal Government was established. 
On nomination of Governor Pierpont the General Assembly elected 
W. T. Joynes, R. C. L. Moncure, and L. P. Thompson to the 
Court of Appeals, and J. A. Meredith to the Circuit Court of 
Richmond. 

The year 1865 was the darkest in all the annals of the city, and 
a sigh of relief came from all when it had gone into the past. 
With the New Year 1866 there came the promise of better times. 
The civil seemed to be taking place of the military authority ; the 
Mayor's Court, with David J. Saunders, elected by the Council, 
presiding, was opened; the military police, who had acted well, 
were withdrawn January 1st, and the civil police, with Maj. J. H. 
Claiborne as chief, took charge. The President issued a long list 
of citizens whom he pardoned for the part they took under the 
Confederate Government. 

Other troubles soon presented themselves. The rents were so 
high as to be prohibitive. A meeting was held at the City Hall 
January 9th, called the Anti-High-Renters Meeting. J. H. Gilmer 
presided. Their purpose was to bring down to a reasonable stand- 
ard the unprecedented high rents being charged by the property 
owners in the city, which were oppressive. Later tlie property 
owners had a meeting and presented their side. In a few months 
rents were reduced. The other trouble was in regard to the usury 
laws. Money was scarce and consequently commanded a high rate 
of interest. The law in Virginia fixed the rate at 6 per cent. A 
public meeting was held and resolutions passed asking the Legisla- 
ture to so change the law as to make the rate 6 per cent, where 
there was no contract for a higher rate. Others places were paying 
10 and even 25 per cent., so it was hard to get money in Virginia. 
The law, however, was not changed. 

There were some social events at this time. A concert, composed 
of Richmond people, was given January 1 1th at Metropolitan Hall 



276 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1866 

for the benefit of Mrs. Stonewall Jackson. General Lee attended. 
There was a large crowd and it was such a success that it was 
repeated on the 13th, and a big amount was raised for this good 
cause. The city was taken by storm January 22d, when that cele- 
brated Virginia humorist, Dr. G. W. Bagby, "Mozis Adduras,'' 
delivered his lecture on "Bacon and Greens.'' The lecture was 
enjoyed so much that the Legislature tendered him the Hall of the 
House of Delegates in which to repeat it. A city that had been 
in sorrow and tears so long deserved a hearty laugh such as Dr. 
Bagby could produce. 

At the time of the evacuation the Richmond banks sent $250,000 
in gold coin south to Washington, Ga., to save it from capture by 
the Federal troops. Before it got to Georgia $150,000 was stolen, 
and when it got there General Wild, of the Fteedman's Bureau, 
captured the balance. It was ordered to Washington and put in 
the Treasury vault. President Johnson examined into the matter 
and decided that the money belonged to the Richmond banks and 
ordered its return here. There was general rejoicing that $100,000 
in gold was saved from the wreck. 

A Richmond citizen was highly honored when Dr. D. S. Doggett, 
pastor of Centenary Church, was elected a Bishop by the General 
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in ISTew 
Orleans in April. Bishop Doggett was one of the leading preachers 
of the South and was popular not only with his own denomina- 
tion but with all church people. His church hated to give him up, 
but was pleased to see him elevated to the bishopric. 

The people of Richmond felt very kindly towards President 
Johnson, who was trying to carry out Lincoln's policies, but against 
great difficulties. He vetoed the Civil Rights Bill in March, and 
on May 1st he issued an order restoring civil government and de- 
manding that wherever civil tribunals exist citizens should be tried 
before them and not before the military authorities. 

An important commission met in Richmond May 8th. During 
the war West Virginia had been taken from Virginia by Federal 
enactment. The Virginia Legislature appointed Hon. A. H. H. 
Stuart, John Janney, and Col. William Martin commissioners to 
m^eet a similar commission from West Virginia to confer as to the 
reunion of the States, and if they found this impracticable to 



1866] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 277 

arrange for a settlement of the outstanding claims between the 
States. The West Virginia Legislature failed to appoint their com- 
missioners, so the Virginia commission met in vain. 

It is interesting to note the progress of the city in all respects. 
The first sleeping-car made its trial trip to Ashland May 3d. A 
large number of invited guests, including Mayor Mayo, P. V. 
Daniel, president of the R., F. & P. railroad ; T. H. Wynne, presi- 
dent of the Southern Transportation Company ; 0. P. Baldwin and 
the mayor made speeches on the occasion. They congratulated the 
traveling public that they would no longer wake up at Aquia 
Creek with stiff necks and sore limbs, since this new invention 
made traveling comfortable and luxurious. The Petersburg rail- 
road bridge, which was burned with the other bridges on the 
morning of the evacuation, was opened May 36th. The builder 
issued this invitation to a number of distinguished citizens: "Col. 
Sam Strong will be pleased to have you participate in the inaugural 
ceremonies of the Richmond & Petersburg railroad bridge Satur- 
day, the 26th instant, at 11 A. M." A special train, drawn by a new 
engine, "Charles Ellis," took the guests over the bridge and down 
in Chesterfield, where a sumptuous banquet was spread. The 
social features added emphasis to the business progress. 

At this time a beautiful custom was inaugurated, which has 
since been kept up, and we hope will be so long as our people 
honor heroic deeds. The Oakwood Memorial Association was 
organized April 19, 1866, and the Hollywood later, although it 
adopted its Constitution at a meeting at St. Pauls Church May 
28th. The inaugural ceremonies of the Oakwood Association were 
held at St. Johns Church May 10th, the anniversary of General 
Jackson's death. Addresses were made by Dr. John E. Edwards 
and Gen. Colston, and a letter from General Lee was read, in 
which he expressed his regrets that he could not be present. Most 
of the business houses closed and hung crape on the door, with this 
inscription: "In honor of Stonewall Jackson and the Confed- 
erate dead." This being the seventy-third anniversary of the 
Richmond Light Infantry Blues, they celebrated it by marching to 
each cemetery in the city and placing flowers upon the graves of 
their dead comrades. May 2Sth and 30th hundreds of surviving 
Confederate soldiers, under Maj. Thomas A. Brander, went to 



278 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1866 

Hollywood and cut the weeds and grass and cleaned up the section 
in which their comrades were buried. The Hollywood Associa- 
tion observed May 31st as Memorial Day. Business was suspended, 
the stores closed, and the wliole city turned out to honor the fallen 
heroes. The long procession started at 9 A. M. Besides a large 
number of vehicles and citizens on foot the following companies 
were in line : First Virginia Regiment, Howitzer Battalion (three 
companies), Otey, Crenshaw, Purcell, Letcher, and Marye Bat- 
teries, Richmond Grays, Fayette Artillery, Young Guard, Life 
Guard, and the Lexington Cadets. The sight of these companies 
brought back many sad recollections. Many who a few years be- 
fore paraded with them were now under the sod. Flowers were 
tenderly and lovingly placed upon 10,000 graves, and special 
attention was paid to the graves of Generals Stuart, Morgan, and 
PegramL At the grave of General Stuart was a life size bust made 
by Richmond's talented sculptor, Edward V. Valentine. 

Times were hard, very liard; business was depressed, and the 
people were despondent, yet they were brave and their courage 
was equal to the emergency. They projected business enterprises 
in face of difficulties. The Tobacco Exchange was established 
■June 19th. The street railway completed before the war was torn 
up to use the rails in making Confederate ironclads. The time 
had now come to rebuild the road, and the company was organ- 
ized in June. Joseph Jackson, Jr., was president, and Mr. Gill, 
the city engineer, was to have charge. The plan was for a double 
track from Rocketts up Main and up Broad to Brook road and 
a single track up Eighth and Ninth. After much delay in getting 
rails and ties the road was completed January 28th and the fa- 
miliar horse cars were hurrying up and down the streets; fare 
10 cents. The Richmond and Newport News railroad was organ- 
ized and the route surveyed. The ground for the new road was 
broken in Newport News August 32d by the president, E. L. 
Hamlin. This was a bold venture for the times, and perhaps 
the road would have been completed but for reconstruction. How- 
ever, it was a beginning which found ite completion many years 
later. 

Politics, like other things, began to revive ; a meeting was held at 
the Capitol July 16th of the Breckenridge, Bell, and Douglass 



1866] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 279 

people of 1S60, to send delegates to the Philadelphia Convention. 
Col. John Kutherford was chairman and Maj. A. B. Guigon sec- 
retary. The delegates were appointed, but on complaint of the 
people they were recommended for election. 

The people were having trouble with the worst class of negroes. 
Already there had been a riot at Chimborazo, where the negroes 
had a camp in the buildings used for a Confederate hospital. 
Wardwell and Hunnicutt, two white men, were making incendiary 
speeches to them, which was inciting them. They organized a 
company of 500 with muskets and sabres and drilled every night 
at Xavy Hill. Many negroes were coming in from the country 
with satchels and others things and there was fear of an uprising. 
General Terry's attention was called to it and he at once ordered 
them to disband and deliver up their arms. The better class had 
no trouble, but many did not know how to use their freedom, 
taking it for license to commit crime ; so almost every day a num- 
ber were sent to jail and the penitentiary. 

Since the terrible epidemic of 1832 Richmond had been in con- 
stant dread of Asiatic cholera, and every summer there came the 
note of warning; unnecessary, many thought. The note became 
louder and louder this summer of 1866, when it was announced that 
cholera had appeared in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. 
The warning, however, was not heeded, and on August 3d a case 
of cholera was reported in Richmond. Some doubted that it was 
cholera, but the alarm spread and so did the cholera. In one house 
in the valley near the Lancasterian School there were seven cases. 
A cholera hospital was fitted up at the old Fair Grounds, now 
Monroe Park. Dr. F. W. Hancock, president of the Board of 
Health, aided by his associates, did all they could to prevent its 
spread, but they were helpless. It increased from six to twelve 
cases a day, the most of which were fatal. It was not confined 
to any part of the city, but appeared among the poorest and the 
wealthiest. Gen. Henry A. Wise had the disease but recovered. 
Poor Richmond ! It seemed that her cup of woe was not only full 
but brimming over. Her reviving business was now arrested; the 
people from the country would not come to the city, and as many 
as could get away went. The epidemic, though not so severe as 
that of 1832, continued until the middle of October. 



280 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1866 

In spite of all difficulties the business men of Eichmond were 
pressing forward. A public meeting was held October 2d to 
take steps to build an air line railway from Eichmond to Lynch- 
burg, and a committee was appointed to plan for the enter- 
prise. Eichmond College had suffered greatly during the war, so 
an effort was made to raise money to repair the loss. At a meet- 
ing of the Baptists Drs. Jeter, Burrows, Jones, and Curry suc- 
ceeded in raising $10,000, a considerable sum for the times and 
conditions. 

Dr. James A. Duncan, the matchless pulpit orator, served his 
term at Broad Street Methodist Church and on December 2d he 
preached his farewell sermon to an immense audience. His genial 
spirit and his great ability endeared him to the people of Eich- 
mond. 

Christmas this year was a sad one: times were hard and many 
people were suffering from want. And the new year did not 
open with a brighter prospect. A dark, angry cloud of sectional 
hatred and bitterness hung over Eichmond and the South. Thad 
Stevens and the radicals with him were urging in Congress their 
plan of reconstruction in the South, and from their temper and 
character the people knew what to expect. Eichmond was fortunate 
in one very essential element of prosperity, she could boast of 
clean and able courts. The Court of Appeals was composed of 
Judges Moncure, Joynes, and Eives; Judge J. A. Meredith of 
the Circuit Court, and Judge W. H. Lyons of the Hustings 
Court. 

The purpose of the Federal soldiers was to erase even the 
memory of the Confederacy, and anything that tended to revive it 
was put under ban. In passing down Franklin street a soldier saw 
a Confederate flag on George S. Palmer's porch. General 
Granger immediately wrote to Mayor Mayo and ordered his ari'est, 
stating that he must be held responsible for this grave offence. 
The mayor communicated with. Mr. Palmer, who, upon investiga- 
tion, found that some of the children in playing soldiers had 
found the flag and committed the grave offence by flinging the 
banner upon the outer walls. The general reluctantly accepted 
the explanation and did not insist upon condign punishment. 
The expected happened and the evil long dreaded was now 



1867 J RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 281 

realized. Thad Stevens carried out his nefarious plans and Rich- 
mond and Virginia March 13, 1867, passed into the nightmare of 
military reconstruction. Gen. J. M. Schofield, who had already 
succeeded General Terry, was put in command of Virginia. Under 
the provisions of the Sherman-Sliellabarger law, as it was called, 
military rule was established in Virginia. One fortunate aspect 
of the case was that Virginia had a broad-minded, considerate 
gentleman as commander in General Schofield. He announced 
that all officers of the Provisional Government would continue to 
perform their duties; that the military power would be used 
only to carry out the provisions of the act. The people seemed 
resigned to their fate and determined to accept the hard situation. 
The New York World, in opposition to the measure, said: "If 
the South should resist martial law they would be fighting in as 
righteous a cause as any in which a patriot ever drew his sword." 

The effects of military rule were soon felt. The time of the 
spring elections was drawing near, but the Council, under com- 
mand of General Schofield, rescinded the order for the elections. 
The negroes were now entitled to vote, and no election could be 
had until they were properly registered under military supervision. 
The white people exhorted the negroes to unite with them in 
selecting the best men. A number of the respectable negroes of 
the city on April 12th wrote a letter to Marmaduke Johnson, W. 
H. Macfarland, and R. T. Daniel, stating that they were sur- 
rounded by circumstances new and novel, and being desirous to act 
only as loyal citizens asked that they address them and give them 
such advice as would help them at this time. They agreed, and 
a large meeting of whites and blacks was held in the Theatre 
April 15th. Solon Johnson, colored, introduced R. T. Daniel, 
who spoke, advising cooperation with the best white people. Major 
Sturdivant and Dr. Burrows also spoke. Good would have been 
done, but on the 17th a radical convention was held at the African 
church, G. W. Hawxhurst president and Lewis McKenzie and J. 
"W. Hunnicutt vice presidents. The radical and incendiary speeches 
here ruined what was done at the Theatre meeting. For the next 
several days bitter speeches were made to hordes of negroes on the 
Capitol Square, which greatly inflamed them. 

The city was shocked by a terrible accident at the Clover Hill 



282 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

coal mines April 3d; thirty whites and tliirty-nine negroes were 
killed. Their families were left destitute, so Eichmond at once 
began to raise a subscription to help them. 

The greatest curse at this time visited upon Eichmond was 
the judge of the United States District Court, John C. Underwood. 
The Legislature passed a resolution February, 1866, stating that 
John C. Underwood, elected senator from Virginia by the Alex- 
andria Legislature, deserves the reprobation of the General Assem- 
bly for the part taken to overthrow the government in Virginia 
and reduce the State to a territory. At the United States Cir- 
cuit Court held in Norfolk in May and presided over by Judge 
Underwood an indictment for treason was found against Ex- 
President Jefferson Davis. Underwood set the trial for the June 
term in Eichmond. June 5th came and Judge Underwood opened 
his court in the courtroom in the Custom House. Many citizens 
and members of the bar attended. T. J. Brady, W. B. Eeed, and 
G. W. Brown, of counsel for Mr. Davis, were in their seats. W. 
H. Barry, the clerk, called the grand jury and Underwood pro- 
ceeded to address them. He spoke of the treasonable and licentious 
press of the city, and added that Eichmond was made more in- 
famous among men for the part she took in the criminal slave trade 
than all the coast of Africa. The city abounded, he said, in 
murders, lusts, arsons, and self-conflagrations, which made it 
worse than heathendom. The Whig the next day said: "Under- 
wood has maligned the State of Virginia and slandered the city 
of Eichmond; he has showoi himself a more ignorant blockhead 
and a more malignant blackguard than ever before." After this 
charge to the jury W. B. Eeed, of Philadelphia, asked the court 
what was to be done about the indictment against Mr. Davis : if it 
was to be tried the}^ were ready and would ask that the prisoner 
be brought from Fortress Monroe to the court; that if it was to 
be suspended or postponed they would like to know it, as they 
might represent a dying man wlio had already been thirteen 
months in prison suffering tortures, and a part of this time he 
had been forced to wear iron shackles. Assistant District Attorney 
Hennessy stated that as District Attorney Chandler was not present 
he could not give an answer. Tlie next day Underwood atated 
that he could not consent to a speedy trial and that he would post- 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 283 

pone the case until the first Tuesday in October, when he expected 
the Chief Justice, Mr. Chase, and the district attorney to be 
present. When the appointed time arrived counsel for Mr. Davis 
asked the judge if the case would be called. Underwood replied: 
"There will be no United States Court in Richmond next week; 
I expect to be in Alexandria." Unable to get a trial of Ex- 
President Davis on the indictment, his counsel sued out a writ 
of habeas corpus, returnable in Richmond May 13, 1867. Judge 
Underwood opened his court May 6th, and charged his grand 
jury. Never before in tlie State of Virginia was there such a 
charge, and it is hoped there never will be another like it. He 
said: "In tliis room we occupy (the offices of the Confederate Gov- 
ernment had been there) dwelt the fiery soul of treason, rebellion, 
and civil war, and hence issued that fell spirit which starved by 
wholesale prisoners for the crime of defending the flag of our 
common country, assassinated colored soldiers for their noble and 
trusting labors in behalf of a government that had as yet only 
promised them protection, burned towns and cities with a barbarity 
unknown to Christian countries, scattered yellow fever and small- 
pox among the poor and helpless, and finally struck down one of 
earth's noblest martyrs of freedom and humanity. 

"Richmond, where the slave trade so long held high carnival, 
where the press has found the lowest depths of profligacy, where 
licentiousness has ruled until probably a majority of births were 
illegitimate or without tlie forms of law, where the fashionable and 
popular pulpit had been so prostituted that its full fed ministering 
gay Tx)tharios generally recommended the worship of what they 
most respected — pleasure, property, and power." The Whig the 
next day said : "Certain of his allusions to this city are the most 
wantonly mendacious, brutally libellous utterances that ever came 
from the bench of any civilized country. They sink the author 
beneath the fellowship of the lowest jailbirds. It is impossible to 
give expression to the scorn and contempt which every honorable 
man must feel for the depravity of a heart that can engender 
calumnies so vile." Such was the fair-minded judge, the minion 
of justice ( ?) before whom Jefferson Da^^s was to be tried. Jus- 
tice herself wept at the usurper of her place and the prostitution of 
lier name. 



284 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase granted the writ of habeas 
corpus and directed that Davis be brought to court in Richmond 
the second Monday in May, the 13th. 

Mr. Davis had been in confinement in Fortress Monroe for nearly 
two years, and now for the first time since his imprisonment he 
was to go beyond the walls of the fort. Saturday, May 11th, a great 
crowd gathered at the wharf at Old Point to see the distinguished 
prisoner. He, Mrs. Davis, General Burton, and others took the 
steamer John Sylvester for Richmond. There was no guard of sol- 
diers. General Burton's delicacy of feeling and chivalrous acts 
towards Ex-President Davis showed him to be a gentleman who 
was a real soldier. All along the river at various landings crowds 
gathered to get a glimpse of the noted prisoner. At Rocketts a de- 
tachment of thirty-five men of the Eleventh United States Infantry, 
under Maj. D. M. Vance, guarded the approaches to the wharf to 
keep back the crowd, and a company of United States artillery, 
under Colonel Dupont, took position in front of the landing to 
guard the prisoner. The surrounding hills were covered with 
citizens anxious to get a view of their late chief executive. At 5 :30 
P. M. the boat came in sight and the excitement was intense. Wlien 
the boat landed Mrs. Davis appeared leaning on the arm of James 
Lyons. They with Mrs. Lyons drove immediately to the Spots- 
wood. Then appeared Mr. Davis, General Burton, Dr. Cooper, 
Judge Ould, and Bftrton H. Harrison. Mr. Davis, General Burton, 
Dr. Cooper, and Mr. Harrison took seats in an open carriage, an 
artilleryman took a seat by the driver, and a party of mounted 
soldiers followed as a guard. They moved up Dock street to 
Eighteenth and thence to Main to the Spotswood Hotel. There 
was a great crowd of men and women along the streets. No 
demonstration was permitted, but the men raised their hats as the 
Ex-President passed. All exhibited a profound personal respect 
and an earnest sympathy with the sufferings of the prisoner 
and a deep hope that he would be saved from the impending perils. 
When the carriage reached the hotel the great crowd gave way and 
in a loud whisper his presence was announced in the words, "Here 
he comes." The carriage stopped at the private entrance and 
General Burton first stepped out, then followed Mr. Davis; almost 
every head was uncovered, but no one dared to cheer for fear it 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 285 

would prejudice the ex-chieftain's case. He went into the hotel 
without raising his eyes. Every one noticed the effects of his 
long confinement; he was very pale, his hair was gray, his cheeks 
thin and furrowed; sickness, sadness, and suffering had left their 
deep mark upon him. Mr. Davis and his wife occupied rooms 
121 and 122, the same they occupied when he came from Mont- 
gomery to Eichmond in 1861 as President of the Confederacy, but 
alas ! how changed were conditions now ! The only military 
guard with Davis, due to the consideration of General Burton, was 
the general's orderly. Many friends of the distinguished prisoner 
called to pay their respects. 

Sunday in Richmond was a day of suppressed excitement and 
intense anxiety; the trial of Jefferson Davis was everywhere dis- 
cussed, and people wondered what the outcome would be. Early 
Monday, May 13th, the city was astir and crowds soon thronged the 
streets near the Spotswood and the Po^toffice building. At 10 
A. M. two companies of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of artillery 
were stationed in the vicinity of the hotel and courtroom. Mr. Davis 
was expected to appear at 11 o'clock and a carriage drove up to 
the front door. This was a ruse, for while the people waited there 
Mr. Davis, with General Burton, Dr. Cooper, and Major McElrath, 
were conducted to the rear of the Spotswood, where they took a 
carriage and were driven up Ninth street to Main and to Tenth 
and to the Bank street entrance of the Postoffice building. Mr. 
Davis was taken to the office of United States District Attorney 
Chandler. 

The courtroom, which was on the upper story of the PostoflBce 
building in the southern end, a room about forty feet square, was 
densely packed long before 10 o'clock. Among the distinguished 
men present were : Horace Greeley, Judge W. H. Lyons, James 
Lyons, W. H. Macfarland, Alexander Holladay, Robert Johnson, 
General Fitz Lee, General Imboden, John Minor Botts, General 
Schofield, General Brown, General Burton, General Chalfin, 
Judges Crump and Meredith, John Mitchell, and others. Judge 
Underwood entered at 11 :18 and Deputy Marshal Duncan, stand- 
ing near the judge, said : "Hear ye, hear ye, hear ye ! Silence is 
commanded while the Circuit Court of the United States is in 
session. God save the United States." About ten minutes later 



286 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

Mr. Davis entered the door to the left of the judge, with General 
Burton and two or three oflicers of the army. All eyes were fixed 
upon him as he took his seat, and many a heart breathed a silent 
prayer to the God of Justice to protect an innocent man. As Mr. 
Davis sat alone Colonel Harrison, his private secretary while 
President, through courtesy, was invited to come and sit by him. 
Counsel for Mr. Davis were Charles O'Conner, Mr. Shea, and 
T. J. Brady, of New York ; George W. Brown, of Baltimore : W. B. 
Eeed, of Philadelphia; J. Randolph Tucker, Judge Ould, and 
James Lyons, of Virginia. 

Judge Underwood said: "The court being honored by so many 
of the noblest defenders of the country, the usual routine is 
omitted. The court is ready to receive any communication from 
General Burton." 

General Burton came forward in front of the clerk's desk and 
conferred a moment with O'Conner. He then returned to the seat 
occupied by Ex-President Davis, who rose, and the two came for- 
ward in front of the judge and took seats, surrounded by Davis' 
counsel. 

O'Conner said : "If your honor please, the writ of liaheas corpus 
under which the proceedings are about to be had reads as follows : 

" 'ThePresident of the United States, to Brig. Henry S. Burton 
and to any other person or persons having custody of Jefferson 
Davis, greeting : 

" 'We comjnand that you have the body of Jefferson Davis, by you 
imprisoned and detained, as it is said, together with the causes of 
such imprisonment and detention, by whatsoever name tlie said 
Jefferson Davis may be called or charged, before our Circuit Court 
of the United States for the District of Virginia, at the next term 
thereof, at Richmond, in the said district, on the second Monday 
in May, one thousand eight hundred and sixtj^-seven, at the 
opening of the court on that day, to do and receive what sliall 
then and there be considered concerning the said Jefferson Davis. 

" 'Witness : Salmon P. Chase, our Chief Justice of the Circuit 
Court of the United States, the first day of May, in the year 
1867. W. H. Barry, Clerk of the Ct. Court of U. S.' 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 287 

"We present here," continued Mr. O'Conner, "the indictment 
found against him, and he is here to meet the allegations it con- 
tains/^ 

The United States of America, District of Virginia, to wit: — In the 
Circuit Court of the United States of America, in and for the District 
of Virginia, at Norfolk, May term, 1866: 

The grand jurors of the United States of America, in and for the 
district of Virginia, upon their oaths and affirmations, respectively, do 
present that Jefferson Davis, late of the city of Richmond, in the county 
of Henrico, in the district of Virginia aforesaid, yeomen, being an in- 
habitant of and residing within the United States of America, and 
owing allegiance and fidelity to the said United States of America, 
not having the fear of God before his eyes, nor weighing the duty of 
his said allegiance, but being moved and seduced by the instigation of 
the devil, and wickedly devising and intending the peace and tran- 
quillity of the said United States of America to disturb and the Govern- 
ment of the said United States of America to subvert, and to stir, move 
and incite insurrection, rebellion and war against the said United States 
of America, on the fiftenth day of June, in the year of our Lord 1864, 
in the city of Richmond, in the county of Henrico, in the district of 
Virginia aforesaid, with force and arms, unlawfully, falsely, maliciously, 
and traitorously did compass, imagine, and intend to raise, levy and 
carry on war, insurrection, and rebellion against the said United States 
of America; and in order to fulfill and bring to effect the said traitorous 
compassings, imaginations, and intentions of him, the said Jefferson 
Davis, afterward, to-wit, on the said 15th day of June, in the year of 
our Lord 1864, in the said city of Richmond, in the county of Henrico 
and district of Virginia aforesaid, and within the jurisdiction of the 
Circuit Court of the United States for the Fourth Circuit, in and for 
the said district of Virginia, with a great multitude of persons, whose 
names to the jurors aforesaid are at present unknown, to the number 
of five hundred persons and upward, armed and arrayed in a warlike 
manner — that is to say, with cannon, muskets, pistols, swords, dirks, 
and other warlike weapons, as well offensive as defensive, being then 
and there unlawfully, maliciously, and traitorously assembled and 
gathered together, did falsely and traitorously assemble and join them- 
selves together against the said United States of America, and then and 
there, with force and arms, and falsely and traitorously, and in a war- 
like and hostile manner, array and dispose themselves against the said 
United States of America, and then and there — that is to say, on the 
said 15th day of June, in the year of our Lord 1864, in the said city of 
Richmond, in the county of Henrico and district of Virginia aforesaid, 
and within the jurisdiction of the said Circuit Court of the United 



288 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

States for the Fourth Circuit in and for the said district of Virginia, 
in pursuance of such, their traitorous intentions and purposes afore- 
said, he, the said Jefferson Davis, with the said persons so as aforesaid, 
traitorously assembled and armed and arrayed in the manner aforesaid, 
most wickedly, maliciously, and traitorously did ordain, prepare, levy, 
and carry on war against the said United States of America, contrary 
to the duty of allegiance and fidelity of the said Jefferson Davis, against 
the Constitution, government, peace, and dignity of the said United 
States of America, and against the form of the statute of the said 
United States of America in such cases made and provided. 

This indictment found on the testimony of James F. Milligan, Geo. 
P. Scarburg, John Goode, Jr., J. Hardy Hendren, and Patrick O'Brien, 
sworn in open court and sent for by the grand juy. 

L. H. Chandler, 
United States Attorney for the District of "Virginia. 

The Grand Jurors: J. R. Bigelow, Jno. T. Taylor, Geo. C. Herrs, R. 
Hodgkin, L. D. Harmon, and C. W. Nowland, of Alexandria; W. N. 
Tinsley, Wm. Fay, B. Wardwell, T. Dudley, Jr., Burnham Davis, of 
Richmond; Isaac Snowden, J. Gillingham, of Fairfax; F. Decordy, C. W. 
Singleton, Jno. T. Daniels, Jno. H. Borum, W. S. Webber, C. L. Cole, 
W. T. Hanson, and C. H. Whitehurst, of Norfolk. 

General Burton delivered the prisoner into the hands of the 
court and the marshal served the proper process upon him. 

Evarts, of the prosecution, announced that it was not their inten- 
tion to ask for trial at this time. O'Conner then asked for bail, and 
Chandler thought the bail should be $100,000 and there should 
be twenty securities at $500 each. This was agreed upon and the 
following signed the bond : Horace Greeley, Augustine Schell, 
Horace Clarke, Cornelius Vanderbilt, D. J. Jackson, of New York; 
Aristides Walsh, Pennsylvania; W. H. Macfarland, E. B. Haxall, 
Isaac Davenport, Thomas E. Price, Abram Warwick, Gustavus A. 
Myers, W. W. Crump, James Lyons, James Thomas, J. A. Mere- 
dith, William Allen, W. H. Lyons, John Minor Botts, T. S. Dos- 
well, of Virginia. 

Judge Underwood said: "The marshal will discharge the pris- 
oner." For a few minutes there was breathless silence; tlien the 
suppressed feeling broke forth in every part of the hall into 
clapping of hands, stamping of feet, and loud huzzahs from hun- 
dreds of throats. The crowd which had been eagerly waiting out- 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 289 

side took up the cheer and all the vicinity resounded. The court 
adjourned and many rushed to Mr. Davis to congratulate him. 
After the greeting he moved rapidly through the passage and 
by the open door of the room that was his office while President 
of the Confederacy and down the iron stairs he had so often 
ascended with the weight of empire on his shoulders and into 
the street, where the carriage awaited him. The great crowd 
cheered as he was driven to the hotel. 

When he reached the Spotswood and greeted his wife the scene 
was indeed affecting. Dr. Minnigerode, his former pastor, soon 
came and had prayer with him. Friends were coming all the after- 
noon to greet him. At night the Ex-President and his wife left on 
the steamer Niagara for Norfolk to visit their children. Thus 
closed the first scene in the trial of Jefferson Davis, and in fact the 
only scene. Mr. Davis came to Richmond November 22d, expecting 
to be tried on the 25th. November 26th the case was postponed 
until the fourth Monday in March, when Chief Justice Chase would 
attend. General Lee, James Seddon, John Letcher, and others 
were summoned as witnesses at this time and were not before 
the grand jury, which found another indictment, covering fifty-one 
pages, against Mr. Davis. March 26, 1868, the case was again 
postponed until October. Judge Chase did not come to Richmond 
until December 3d. Counsel for Davis made the motion to quash 
the indictment against him. After argument on both sides Justice 
Chase was in favor of quashing the indictment and Underwood 
was opposed. The case then went to the United States Supreme 
Court, but in the meantime, in the United States District Court 
February 11, 1869, in obedience to the instructions of the Attorney 
General of the United States, a nolle prosequi was entered in the 
case of both indictments against Jefferson Davis and the securities 
were discharged from further responsibility. After long humilia^ 
tion and suffering Jefferson Davis was again a free man, and the 
people of Richmond, who had been in a state of great anxiety be- 
cause of his situation, were relieved of their burden. 

Richmond has always been glad to entertain men notable in any 
sphere of life. Of all the visitors to the city there have been few 
to whom it offered so much of interest as the eminent and modest 
visitor who came unheralded Saturday evening. May 18th, Gen. 



290 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

U. S. Grant, and with him his wife and daughters and several 
friends. The people of Richmond could never forget General 
Grant's noble and manly conduct to General Lee and his men 
after the surrender. "No man/' said General Lee, "could have 
behaved better than General Grant did under the circumstances. 
He did not touch my sword; the usual custom is for the sword to 
be received when tendered, and then handed back, but he did not 
touch mine." General Grant did not show himself in Eichmond 
after the surrender nor exult over a fallen people, but mounted his 
horse and rode off to Washington. And such was his magnanimity 
that he would not come to Richmond for some time after the war, 
and when he came he entered quietly as the humblest citizen and 
departed in like manner. While here the party visited the battle- 
field of Cold Harbor. 

Another visitor of note arrived Saturday, June 1st, Andrew John- 
son, President of the United States. The Council and citizens 
appointed a committee, of which Mayor Mayo was chairman, to 
tender to him the hospitality of the city. W. H. Seward, A. W. 
Randall, and others were with him. They stopped at the Spots- 
wood and remained over Sunday. They attended worship at St. 
Pauls, visited Camp Grant, and were entertained at dinner in 
the evening. The party left early Monday morning for the South. 

Richmond was called upon to mourn the death of one of her 
most distinguished and beloved citizens : Judge W. H. Lyons died 
June 18th. His funeral took place from the First Presbyterian 
Church the 20th, Dr. T. V. Moore officiating, and the interment 
was in Hollywood. All business was suspended during the funeral, 
the stores closed, and the people in large numbers turned out to 
honor the memory of the faithful and just Judge of the Hustings 
Court. The procession was a long one, and the day was as still 
as Sunday. 

General Schofield appointed Col. H. B. Burnham, of the United 
States army, a native of New York, to fill the place of the lamented 
Judge Lyons. General Schofield was vacating the city offices 
rapidly and filling them with military appointees, the majority 
of whom had come to the city with the army. 

This was a time of great bewilderment and uneasiness to the 
people of Richmond. July 17th the new registration under military 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 291 

supervision began, and a larger number of negroes were registered 
than whites. A good many white people refused to register be- 
cause, they said, to do so would dishonor Virginia by cooperating 
with the Eepublicans; others could not register because they 
could not take the ironclad oath that they had not willingly helped 
the cause of the Confederacy or held office under it and that they 
would render allegiance to the Government of the United States. 
The radicals were continually holding meetings in the Capitol 
Square to arouse the negroes so that they would register and vote 
with them. When the registration closed there were 5,063 whites 
on the books and 6,120 colored. After two elections gross frauds 
were discovered in the registration of negroes, and accusations were 
brought against the officer in charge, who was displaced and a new 
registration ordered. 

A general amnesty proclamation was issued by President John- 
son September 7th restoring all who would take the oath to sup- 
port and defend the Constitution of the United States except the 
chief executive officers and heads of departments of the Confederate 
government. In view of this public meetings were held and tha 
white people were urged to register. 

Eichmond was pressing forward notwithstanding the mountains 
of difficulties in her way. The corporate limits were extended in 
July under an act of the last Legislature, the Tobacco Exchange- 
had already been organized, and July 18th the Com and Flour 
Exchange was opened, with R. B. Haxall president. There were 
now eleven banks in the city — the First National, National Bank of 
Virginia, National Exchange Bank, Planters National, Union Sav- 
ings, Richmond Banking and Insurance Company, Insurance and 
Savings Bank, City Bank, Merchants and Planters Savings Bank, 
Merchants and Mechanics, and the Dollar Savings Bank. A meet- 
ing was held September 6th to reorganize the Board of Trade, and 
at this meeting a constitution was adopted and the name changed 
to the Richmond Chamber of Commerce. The organization was 
completed October 9th by the election of D. J. Burr, president; 
Isaac Davenport, first vice president; T. W. McCance, second vice 
president; Capt. P. G. Coghlan, secretary ; J. L. Apperson, treasurer. 
An act of almost unprecedented boldness for such times of depres- 
sion was the decision at the election September 16th, when it was 



392 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

voted that the city should subscribe to $2,000,000 of Chesapeake 
& Ohio railroad bonds. The Central and Covington & Ohio were 
to be consolidated into the Chesapeake & Oliio; 3,059 votes were 
cast for the proposition and 168 against, and of these only 550 were 
white. This election was the inauguration of negro suffrage in 
Richmond, and nearly all the negroes voted with the white people. 
The election was later set aside and a new one held January 2, 
1868, at which time 1,805 voted for the two million subscription 
and 175 against it. The Council was therefore authorized to sub- 
Bcribe to the stock. 

An effort was made to hold an agricultural fair, when the Vir- 
ginia Horticultural and Pomological Society had their exhibition 
October 16th. There was not a large crowd and not a great dis- 
play ; Virginia then had little to display, but it was a good beginning 
after the war. 

The most important election of the State was now about to be 
held. The last Legislature had passed an act providing for a Con- 
stitutional Convention, because under the act of Congress Vir- 
ginia could not be readmitted into the Union without the adoption 
of a new Constitution. The State was now under the Alexandria 
Constitution, promulgated in 1864. General Schofield ordered 
the election for delegates to be held October 22d. Richmond was 
entitled to five delegates, and the Conservatives, or white citizens, 
nominated Marmaduke Johnson, N. A. Sturdivant, Alexander H. 
Sands, William Taylor, and Thomas J. Evans. The negroes, car- 
pet-baggers, and some white radicals held a disorderly meeting on 
Capitol Square and nominated J. W. Hunnicutt, John C. Under- 
wood, James Morrisey, Lewis Lindsey (colored), and James Cox 
(colored). The election was held the 22d and the Conservative 
ticket had the majority, but General Schofield continued it the 23d 
and 24th and the radical ticket was elected, much to the humiliation 
of the Richmond people. This Constitutional Convention, composed 
of some Conservatives, twenty negroes, and many carpet-baggers 
and radicals, met in the Hall of the House of Delegates Decem- 
ber 3d. The seats of the Richmond crowd was contestedf, but to 
no purpose. Never in the history of Richmond had such a dis- 
reputable convention met within her borders. Constitutional Con- 
vention ! It seems like mockery to call this crowd by such a name 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 293 

when one thinks of the conventions composed of such men as 
Jefferson, Henry, Madison, Mason, Monroe, Marshall, Randolph, 
and such noble sons of Virginia. One Platte nominated David 
B. White temporary chairman, and Eev. Mitchell opened with 
prayer. J. W. D. Bland, a negro from Prince Edward, was 
made temporary secretary. John C. Underwood was elected presi- 
dent and George Rye secretary. The attendance was four-fifths 
negroes. On the second day a motion was made for a stenographer. 
A distinguished Richmond delegate in a stately manner rose to 
speak to the motion — Lewis Lindsey, by name, a negro by birth. 
With violent motion of hands and loud voice he spoke. We venture 
to quote the speech of this maker of Virginia's fundamental law. 
He said : "Mr. President, I hopes in this late hour of the struggle 
that ole Virginny have been imperial ; that no good thinking man 
can suppose for a moment that we desire to misrepresent the idea 
that we can't quality the ability of the stenography to report for 
this convention. I hope every good thinking gentleman will ob- 
serve the necessity of having a stenography, and that they will be 
willing to see that the gentleman is justly deserve. I hope now 
that every gentleman will now see the necessity of having this 
stenography so that we can then be able to understand the prin- 
ciples of their position. With my ability I hope you will." The 
Richmond delegate having thus distinguished himself before the 
black cloud of admiring witnesses in the gallery sat down with 
great satisfaction in a puddle of his sweat and glory. Hunnicutt, 
another distinguished Richmond representative, with "Uncle" Rev., 
"Dr.^' Bayne (colored), of Norfolk, was a conspicuous figure in the 
'^ones and Banjo Convention." This agregation was indeed Vir- 
ginia's last humiliation. Resolutions of all kinds were proposed 
and passed ; such as those requiring railroads to permit all delegates 
to ride in first class cars, cleaning the river, limiting the time 
of hired labor, approving the impeachment of President Johnson; 
in fact, they attempted to grasp all elements — political, legislative, 
social, and industrial. The disgraceful scenes during the session 
of the so-called convention made Virginia bow in shame. Hunni- 
cutt called Col. R. M. T. Hunter a traitor, and Mr. Hunter, of 
King George, indignantly called him a lie. Hawxhurst charged 
Underwood with being implicated in a bribery transaction and asked 



294 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

for an investigation. Here pandemonium broke loose and the 
whole affair came near breaking up in a fight. A negro or carpet- 
bagger offered a resolution that every man owning $5,000 worth of 
property who voted for the ordinance of secession should pay extra 
taxes to repay the loyal men who lost property during the war. 
J. N. Liggett, who had already expressed his contempt and dis- 
gust of such a convention, offered the following substitute : 
"Whereas, General Butler is about to favor Eichmond with a visit, 
resolved, that the citizens thereof be requested to observe more 
than ordinary vigilance in the preservation of their State and 
silverware." "Beast" Butler, as he was generally known in these 
regions, came to Eichmond January 13, 1868, and harangued the 
negroes at the African church. The next day he was invited to 
address the convention. When he entered all the Conservative 
members, city reporters, and General White arose and left the hall 
in disgust. This motly gathering adjourned April 17th, and three 
days afterward the Conservative members issued an address against 
the Constitution, which was to be submitted to the people for 
ratification, calling it a "monstrous and infernal thing, the spawn 
of malice and cunning." That it was not inflicted on the State as 
it came from the soiled hands of this ignorant and malicious horde 
was largely due to General Grant's kind offices in allowing the peo- 
ple to vote on an expurgated Constitution. 

There was no lack of excitement in these stirring times, and the 
scenes were quickly shifted. A criminal trial began October 30, 
1867, which excited greater and more continued interest than 
any that ever had been held in Eichmond, or, as to that, in the 
State. A mysterious and atrocious murder' was committed Feb- 
ruary, 1867, on Drinker's farm, a few miles below the city. A 
negro man February 28th found the dead body of a young white 
woman in the woods about one hundred yards from a private road. 
The body was dressed in clean clothes and had the appearance of 
having been shot, but the bullet did not enter the skull, so did not 
kill her. She appeared to have been murdered by having been beaten 
and choked to death. W. C. Moncure, the deputy sheriff, summoned 
a coroner's jury. They viewed the body and examined witnesses. The 
toll-gate keeper remembered seeing the week before a man and 
woman come by in a wagon and the man returned without the 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 295 

woman. The wagon was red, the running gear white, and the horse 
bay. With these slender clues the body was ordered buried and 
the jury returned their verdict that an unknown woman had come 
to her death by the hands of an unknown person. The whole city 
was horrified and there was a strong desire to arrest the culprit, but 
there was faint hope of finding him. A woman's bonnet was found 
at the house of George Turner, near b}^, and a description of this 
and the clothes of the woman was published. The body was dis- 
interred and brought to Richmond March 11th and identified as 
that of a girl who lived near the jail, but this proved a mistake. 
Then she was identified as a girl from Norfolk, then as one named 
Edwards, and again as one named Slaughter. These were also mis- 
takes, and the body was again buried as an unknown. Every one 
except very few despaired of finding the murderer, but murder will 
out. The city was greatly stirred June 13th when Detective Knox 
and Constable Cole brought to the Henrico jail a young man twenty- 
four years old, with blue eyes, small but not unpleasant mouth, light 
brown hair, ruddy complexion, of slight build, about five feet 
nine inches tall. The young man was arrested on George Turner's 
farm charged with killing his wife. "I have no wife," he said with 
great coolness and unconcern; nevertheless he was taken into cus- 
tody and against the name of James Jeter Phillips the charge of 
murder was written. In Phillips' trunk at Turner's, where he was 
employed, was found a lot of woman's wearing apparel. The pris- 
oner was examined before Justice Nettles at Henrico courthouse 
June 18th. J. B. Young was prosecuting attorney and the counsel 
for the defendant were Johnson and Guigon and Spalding and 
Thomas. Immense crowds not only packed the courtroom but 
the streets outside. The brother and sister of the murdered woman 
identified the clothes found in the trunk as those of their sister, 
and the stockings as those knit by her mother. The examination 
continued until the 24th and Phillips was sent on. He was in 
July examined before the Magistrate's Court, consisting of George 
D. Pleasants, W. H. Yeatman, J. F. Childrey, and John E. Friend. 
The body of the woman was again exhumed and identified as that 
of Mary Emily Pitts, who was married to Phillips by Rev. W. A. 
Baynham at her mother's, in Essex county, July, 1865. Phillips 
was in the Confederate service and was on a sick furlough and 



296 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

was nursed in the home of Mrs. Pitts, a widow. When he recovered 
he professed to love the girl and married her. Bail was refused 
him and he was sent on to the Circuit Court to be tried before 
Judge Joseph Christian. Judge Christian opened his court in the 
Hall of the House of Delegates and October 30th he called the case 
of the Commonwealth against Jeter Phillips. Col. Marmaduke 
Johnson, Judge W. W. Crump, and A. B. Guigon and George 
Thomas appeared for the defense and Col. J. B. Young for the 
prosecution. The plea of Jurisdiction was entered, then a motion 
made to quash the indictment, and both were overruled. After 
much difficulty the following jury was secured : William Christian, 
William Reedy, E. A. Glenn, J. R. Crenshaw, J. Gardiner, J. W. 
Carter, L. Kepler, D. M. Harlow, W. S. Woodson, W. E. Walker, 
T. P. A. Goodman, and Norman Smith. The trial continued 
from day to day and large crowds attended. The prisoner walked 
from the Capitol to Henrico jail several times a day, and attracted 
much attention along Main street. Argument was concluded 
November 20th and the case given to the jury. The next day the 
jury reported that they could not agree. Judge Christian sent them 
back, and on the 23d they still disagreed and were discharged. 
They stood ten for conviction and two for acquittal. The case then 
went over until April and was postponed until June 15th. Then 
three or four hundred veniremen were summoned and a jury could 
not be gotten. Twenty-five men were summoned from Albemarle 
and twenty-five from Alexandria. From these the following jury 
was obtained : T. A. Waters, W. H. Muir, W. F. Dennis, J. R. Hen- 
derson, W. W. Adams, J. N. Wheeler, L. D. Harman, W. H. Mc- 
Cafferty, S. W. Houchins, W. S. Johnson, James Coone}^ and C. F. 
Mankin. The trial continued until July 9th; on that day the jury 
retired to the Senate Chamber about 9 A. M. and deliberated until 
11 :20. The prisoner seemed no more concerned than if he had 
been a third party in the proceedings. While the jury was out he 
smiled as if he were paying court to the young ladies, evidently 
expecting a hung jury again. The hall was packed, and when the 
jury came in there was breathless silence. The prisoner stood up 
without the slightest concern and heard the verdict read by Clerk 
Ellett: "We, the jury, find the prisoner guilty of murder in the 
first degree, as charged in the indictment." He did not move a 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 297 

muscle in his face and sat down as coolly as possible. The usual 
motions were made and overruled. Judge Christian asked him 
July 10th, when about to sentence him, if he had anything to say. 
He replied : "Nothing; nothing more than to protest my innocence 
before Almighty God and man." He was sentenced to be hanged 
November 6, 1868. 

This proved to be in many respects the most remarkable criminal 
case in Virginia. Judge W. T. Joynes, of the Court of Appeals, 
granted a writ of error October 20th and the case was argued before 
the Court of Appeals November 4th, and a new trial was refused, 
Judge Kives delivering the opinion. A respite of sixty days from 
November 6th was granted him and the prisoner still maintained 
a stoic indifference. 

Before the sixty days expired Underwood, the judge of the United 
States Circuit Court, discharged Sallie Anderson and Caesar Grif- 
fin (negroes), convicted of felony, on the ground that there were 
no legal courts in Virginia, and that therefore the Court of Henrico 
as now constituted was illegal and pretended. Counsel for Jeter 
Phillips immediately applied to Underwood for a writ of habeas 
corpus on the ground that the judges of the Court of Appeals 
who refused him a new trial were disqualified under the Fourteenth 
Amendment. The writ was awarded returnable February 9, 1869. 
It looked as if Underwood, by his high-handed proceedings, was 
going to empty the penitentiary and release Phillips, but he was 
checked in his lawless administration of law. A petition was sent 
to the Supreme Court praying that Underwood be restrained 
from further action in these cases, which it was held was in dis- 
regard of "his duty as a judge and the Constitution and law of 
Virginia and in violation of the Constitution of the United States, 
whereupon the State of Virginia prays a speedy remedy and a 
writ of prohibition directed to the said John C. Underwood, judge 
as aforesaid, and prohibit him from any further action or proceed- 
ing in the cases before mentioned, and especially in that of James 
Jeter Phillips, in derogation of the Constitution of the United 
States, and of the Constitution and laws of the State of Virginia, 
The State of Virginia, by T. R. Bowden, Attorney General of 
State, and James Lyons, of counsel." 

The Court of Appeals issued the following: 



298 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1867 

"It is ordered this 29th day of January, 18G9, that said motion 
be heard Friday next, the 5th day of February, and that in the 
meantime a copy of this order be served on Hon. John C. Under- 
wood, and that no further proceedings be taken in either of the said 
cases until the further order of this court." 

Underwood postponed the hearing of tlie Jeter Phillips habeas 
corpus writ and the prisoner was again respited by Governor Wells 
until March 26th. The Supreme Court, Chief Justice Chase 
delivering the opinion, reversed Underwood's ruling in the Caesar 
GrifSn case and established the legality and validity of all acts done 
in pursuance of their official duties by public officers of Virginia 
down to the time of their removal from office by the joint resolution 
of Congress. Underwood therefore denied and dismissed the 
petition of Jeter Phillips. Justice Chase granted him an appeal 
May 13th, on the ground that the sheriff of Henrico was not 
legally an officer. A petition signed by each member of the jury 
was presented to Governor Wells asking him to commute Phillips' 
sentence to imprisonment for life, but he refused. A similar 
petition signed by two hundred and fifty was presented to Gover- 
nor Walker November 9, 1869. Chief Justice Chase rendered 
the decision of the Supreme Court May 2, 1870, refusing to inter- 
fere in the case. Another petition for commutation to life im- 
prisonment signed by five hundred and fifty was presented to Gov- 
ernor Walker June 24th. The Governor granted Phillips another 
reprieve from July 1st to July 22d. On the 14th he refused to 
interfere further with tlie sentence of the court. Thirteen different 
dates were set for the execution of Jeter Phillips and he was 
reprieved twelve times. When told that the Governor had refused 
to commute his sentence and that he must be hanged July 22, 1870, 
his indifference gave way and he became much excited. 

The day of retribution came at last, three years and nearly six 
months after the murder. By 10 A. M. the streets about the jail 
were crowded with people. Only a few were admitted to the 
execution. Phillips, who had been ironed and chained to the 
floor, was now released. The gallows upon which the negro Taylor 
was hanged, originally built for Phillips, stood gaunt and dismal 
in the jail yard. Drs. Jeter and Dickinson marched with the 
prisoner to the gallows. He was pale but calm. After Sheriff 



1867] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 299 

Smith read the sentence Dr. Jeter read the following confession 
from the culprit: 

"Richmond, July 22, 1870. 

"I, James Jeter Phillips, condemned to be hanged on the charge 
of murdering my wife, and expecting soon to appear in the pres- 
ence of my Creator and Judge, make this full confession and 
statement: I acknowledge that I am guilty of the crime for which 
I am condemned and deserve the punishment which the law de- 
nounces against me. The circumstances as brought out at the trial 
are for the most part correct. We had lived unhappily. Sunday 
evening my wife and I walked to Drinker's farm. My wife sat 
down and I shot her with a small parlor pistol which only hurt and 
stunned her but did not kill her. I then choked her and beat 
her to death. After that I walked back to Eichmond and stayed at 
the St. Charles Hotel Sunday night." 

At 1 :20 the black cap was pulled over his face and at 1 :25 the 
drop fell. The body was suspended for thirty minutes, and James 
Jeter Phillips was pronounced dead and the demands of the law 
were satisfied. Thus ended the most notable criminal case in the 
State of Virginia. 

There had been very little politics in the State of Virginia since 
the beginning of the war and practically none afterward; military 
rule was the order of the day. In the two elections in Richmond 
it had been a question of the defense of native Virginians against 
negroes and carpet-baggers. The Conservative party of the State, 
composed of her native and upright citizens, met in convention at 
the Richmond Theatre December 11, 1867. A. H. H. Stuart was 
made president, R. M. T. Hunter, S. McDowell Moore, Thomas 
Jefferson Randolph, Thomas S. Bocock, Robert S. Preston, T. S. 
Flournoy, James L. Kemper, C. W. Kewton, W. H. Macfarland, 
George W. Boiling and Wood Bouldin, vice presidents. After a 
harmonious meeting a platform was adopted and an organization 
perfected. There was a general determination to deliver the State 
from the hands of the spoilers as soon as military rule was sus- 
pended. 

The very sight of the oldtime leaders was refreshing to the peoplo 
of Richmond; they hoped that it would not be long before Vir- 
ginians ruled Virginia, for now it was practically a monarchy ruled 



300 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1868 

by one man, the general in command. General Schofield had done 
as well as any stranger could have done under the circumstances; 
he was considerate and kind, but others were over him who urged 
him on. He removed Governor Pierpont April 7, 1868, who had 
made a good Governor, and put in Gov. Henry H. Wells, of Mich- 
igan, who was objectionable to all except the negroes and carpet- 
baggers. He also removed the recorder and judges of the Hust- 
ings Court, and in May he removed Mayor Mayo, who had been 
kept in office by the people fifteen years, and put in his place George 
Chahoon, a native of New York. The other city officers were re- 
moved in quick succession and their places were filled with the 
travelling gentry who, with their carpet-bags, came to Virginia 
during or after the war seeking what and whom they might devour. 
Removals became the order of the day; General Schofield himself 
was transferred from command of Virginia to take the place of 
Secretary of War, made vacant by E. M. Stanton's resignation after 
his failure to impeach President Johnson. Richmond hated to 
give up General Schofield, who had made a good officer; besides, 
ehe felt that " 'twas better to endure the ills she had than fly to 
others she knew not of." General Stoneman succeeded General 
Schofield in command. 

The people had one great reason for believing that better times 
would come, and that was that they could not be worse than they 
had been. There were other reasons for hope. The impeachment 
proceedings against President Johnson having failed he continued, 
in spite of the radicals, to pursue his liberal policy. He proclaimed 
a general amnesty to take effect July 4, 1868. It granted a full 
and unconditional pardon to all and every person who directly 
or indirectly participated in the late so-called rebellion except such 
as were under indictment or presentment for treason or felony 
before any Federal court of competent jurisdiction, with restitution 
of all rights of property except as to slaves and as to property of 
which any person should have been already legally divested under 
the laws of the United States. This meant a great deal to the 
people at that time, who had been greatly worried by ironclad oaths, 
disfranchisement, and inelligibility to office — more than we of 
to-day, who are free, can appreciate. 

A familiar scene passed from its conspicuous place August 3d. 



1868] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 301 

Libby Prison as a prison was closed and the prisoners were carried 
to the late residence of John Minor Botts, "Elba Park," which 
stood between Broad and Clay streets near Elba Station, where they 
were kept, and the old prison was rented for a fertilizer factory. 
"Thus passes the glory of the world." 

When Richmond heard that "Old Thad Stevens," of Pennsyl- 
vania, had died August 12th, she very cheerfully bowed to the will 
of the Creator. 

The German Evangelical Lutheran Church on Sixth street was 
dedicated August 23d by Rev. M. Gros (Louis Ix)chner was pastor) 
and three days later the Lutheran Synod met there. 

The election for President of the United States came off Novem- 
ber 3d. 

The Conservatives of Richmond held a meeting and ratified the 
nomination of Horatio Seymour and Frank P. Blair, and the 
Republicans held a meeting in the Square and ratified the nomina- 
tion of U. S. Grant and Wilcox. This was all Virginia could do; 
she was under the Union but not of it; she was neither in the 
Union nor out of it; she was somewhere, but nobody except the 
general commanding could tell where. General Grant was elected, 
however, without her assistance. 

The city was pursuing the even tenor of her way when shortly 
after 9 o'clock November 24th she received a sudden shock. H. 
Rives Pollard, a well known citizen, editor of The Southern 
Opinion, was about to enter his office, near Main and Fourteenth 
streets, when suddenly there was the report of a gun and Pollard 
fell to the pavement and expired in a few minutes. The news 
spread rapidly and soon men left their places of business and 
rushed to the spot. The crowd was so great that the street near 
the place was jammed. In a short while it became known that 
James Grant had been arrested charged with the shooting. Tt 
seems that Pollard wrote a very severe article in his paper about 
a member of Grant's family, and this was generally supposed to 
have caused the shooting. For weeks and weeks the murder of 
Pollard was the subject of conversation — on the streets, in the 
hotels, in the places of business, and in the home. Pollard was 
shot from a window on the opposite side of the street. The feeling 
was so intense in Richmond that out of four hundred veniremen 



302 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1869 

a jury could not be obtained, so thirty men were summoned from 
Norfolk, and out of these a jury was selected. After a fair trial 
Grant was found not guilty. 

The outlook for 1869 was scarcely as favorable as that of 1868. 
Money was difficult to get, times were hard, military despotism was 
making its baneful influence felt everywhere, and no one could tell 
when Virginia would be readmitted. Notwithstanding the dismal 
prospect Richmond's courage did not fail, for, born of a deep 
consciousness of right, it urged her on to a better day. 

John Minor Botts, for many years a distinguished citizen of 
Richmond, died in Culpeper and his remains were brought here. 
They lay in state in the Senate Chamber and were buried from 
St. James Church January 10th, Rev. Joshua Peterkin officiating. 
The interment was in Shockoe Cemetery. A public meeting was 
held at the Capitol and suitable resolutions on his death were 
adopted. Botts was always a strong Union man and opposed seces- 
sion. His sentiment was so pronounced during the war that at 
one time he was imprisoned in Libby as inimical to the Confed- 
erate Government. He figured prominently in the civic and politi- 
cal life of Richmond. His father, it will be remembered, was burned 
tx) death in the great theatre fire. 

On account of constant military interference and general laxity, 
resulting from the condition of negroes and stragglers, crime was 
rampant in the city. Every day there were hold-ups, thefts, 
burglaries, and murders were not infrequent. Thieves were after 
everything, some officially and many unofficially. Nothing was 
spared; they broke into St. Peters Cathedral and stole the com- 
munion service and then stripped Bishop McGill's kitchen. They 
entered the house of Thomas U. Dudley, corner Second and Frank- 
lin, and stole the water pipes from the basement and left the 
place flooded. Some were charged with robbing the United States 
Government, some the State, and some the city. 

The work of removal was constantly going on, but the men of 
questionable character were not removed ; only the native Virginians 
were removed to make places for the carpet-baggers and others. 
R. T. Daniel, the Commonwealth's Attorney elected by the people, 
had to make place for another. Colonel Egbert, of Pennsylvania, 
was put in Major Poe's place as chief of police. Judge Meredith 



1869] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 303 

was removed and Colonel Bramhall was put in his place. The 
sheriff was removed and Major Elderkin put in his place. The 
judges of the Court of Appeals were removed and military officers 
put in their places. There was another removal that was entirely 
acceptable to the goo'd people of Eichmond and tended to put 
them in better humor with the authorities. General Stoneman re- 
moved his excellency, Governor H. H. "Wells, of Michigan, now 
of Virginia, and himself assumed the executive functions. Wells, 
relieved of duties to a people who despised him, took a train for 
Washington, a wire was pulled, and General Stoneman, a fair 
officer and a man of character, was removed. General Webb was 
put in command until General Canby could ascend his throne as 
monarch of Virginia, and General Webb put back the illustrious 
Wells. Everybody could say, "Times change and we change with 
them." In the coming and the going Miss Elizabeth L. Van Lew 
(the daughter of John Van Lew, a hardware merchant, who one 
day left Richmond, went beyond the lines and joined the Federal 
army and was afterwards a military-appointed councilman of the 
city), the same Miss Elizabeth, came into the very remunerative 
position of postmistress of the city of Eichmond. Her service in 
reporting things in and about Eichmond was not for naught. It 
was said that she kept the Federal generals posted as to the plans 
and movements of the Confederate Government during the whole 
war, serving as a spy. 

The carpet-baggers and negroes held a convention in Petersburg 
and nominated H. H. Wells for Governor, J. D. Harris (a negro) 
for Lieutenant Governor, and T. E. Bowden for Attorney General. 
Honors were coming to the Governor in quick succession. He 
enjoyed one distinction that no other Governor of Virginia ever en- 
joyed : twelve days after his nomination (March 22d) he was 
arrested on a warrant sworn out by Edgar Allan and W. H. 
Samuels charging him with robbing the United States mail by 
perloining a letter written by Samuels to Allan. The case came 
before United States Commissioner Major Chahoon, who wanted 
to appoint negro policemen for Eichmond. The United States 
District Attorney said: "You can dismiss the case upon my 
motion ; I assume the responsibility," whereupon Chahoon dismissed 
it and the horde of negroes present applauded. 



304 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1869 

The better class of Republicans, white and colored, held a con- 
vention and nominated Gilbert C. Walker for Governor, John F. 
Lewis for Lieutenant Governor, and James C. Taylor for Attorney 
General. The Conservatives had nominated a ticket headed by 
Col. Robert E. Withers for Governor, but knowing Colonel Walker 
to be a man of character and ability, and seeing that it was best to 
unite on such a man, the nominees resigned and the Conservatives 
threw their strength to Colonel Walker. Shortly after his nomination 
Colonel Walker, J. B. Crenshaw, and Franklin Stearns addressed 
a great crowd of representative citizens on the Capitol Square. 
Governor Wells addressed a negro convention at Ebenezer Church. 
It was known that the sympathies of President Grant were with 
the Walker ticket. 

Richmond had her last carnival of death, public execution, Sat- 
urday, May 29, 1869. Albert Taylor, a negro, was to be hanged 
for the murder of a negro woman named Hubbard. He was taken 
from jail and placed in a wagon on his cofRn and driven through 
the streets accompanied by forty-eight armed police. The gallows, 
which had been built for Jeter Phillips and was afterwards used 
for him, was taken from the jail yard and erected in the valley 
back of the almshouse, where the Locomotive Works now stand. 
Four or five thousand people cheerfully waited on the surrounding 
hills to see the tragedy. Rev. John Jasper (colored) prayed with 
the condemned man, and before the black cap was pulled over him 
Taylor made a preachment of about thirty minutes, in which he 
warned his hearers not to come to the rope's end as he had. His 
hands and feet were pinioned and the trap sprung, and for twenty 
minutes his lifeless body swung between heaven and earth before the 
gaze of the interested crowd. 

Richmond was excited over an "affair of honor" that rumor 
said was about to be had near here between Capt. Robert W. Hughes, 
of The State Journal, and Col. W. E. Cameron, about a piece 
written by Colonel Cameron in the Petersburg Index. They were 
prevented from fighting the duel in Virginia but repaired to Korth 
Carolina and fought. Both men were brave and chivalrous, and 
faced each other without flinching. At the first shot Colonel Cam- 
eron was wounded in the breast and was not able to stand and 
fire the second time. The parties having obtained satisfaction the 



1869] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 305 

meeting adjourned. Colonel Cameron was not mortally wounded, 
and later recovered. 

The political situation in Virginia was getting very warm; the 
whole State was aroused. It was the carpet-baggers and negroes 
against the whites, and the Underwood Constitution, with the test 
oath and disfranchisement, against the expurgated edition of it. In 
Eichmond Colonel Walker and many leading citizens were address- 
ing the people, among them Judge Ould, A. M. Keiley, W. S. Gil- 
man, Marmaduke Johnson, Judge Joe Christian, T. S. Flournoy, 
W. T. Sutherlin, and others. 

A political meeting and barbecue was held on Vauxhall Island 
July 2d. A great crowd was present, and Col. James R. Branch, 
who was nominated for the Senate from Richmond on the Walker 
ticket, was to speak. The crowd wanted to cross the bridge from 
Mayo's Island to Vauxhall Island, but they did not have tickets. 
Colonel Branch and others stood on the bridge to see that the 
people were allowed to cross. The bridge suddenly broke and Col- 
onel Branch, Robert Ashby, and Policeman Kirkland were killed 
and many wounded. The news created great excitement in Rich- 
mond, where Colonel Branch was very popular. He was a public- 
spirited, bright, active young business man, the son of Thomas 
Branch, During the war he commanded first a battery and' then 
a regiment of artillery. His popularity was attested by the resolu- 
tions of the various business associations of the city and by the 
crowd that attended his funeral at St. Pauls Church Sunday after-' 
noon. Dps. Minnigerode and James A. Duncan conducted the 
service. Great crowds thronged the streets and the procession to 
Hollywood was nearly two miles in length. 

The election came off July 6th and the Walker ticket swept the 
State The expurgated Constitution was also adopted. Governor 
Walker came to Richmond July 8th, and the rousing reception 
given him had not been witnessed since before the war. He arrived 
at the Petersburg depot at noon, and an immense crowd of citizens 
met him, A committee, headed by R. T. Daniel, Dr. G. K. Gilmer, 
A. M. Keiley, Franklin Stearns, Col. H. C. Cabell, and others?, 
welcomed him. The great ovation accorded him reminded one of 
the ante-bellum scenes. Among those who welcomed him were 
J. L. Hunter and Abram Hall, two leading colored citizens. There 



306 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1869 

was great rejoicing that the State had been saved from Wells and 
his crowd. 

Richmond and Henrico sent to the Senate Charles Campbell, A. 
R. Courtney, and Norman Smith, and to the House A. Bodeker, 
A. M. Keiley, L. H. Frayser, J. S. Atlee, J. B. Crenshaw, W. 
Lovenstein, G. K. Gilmer, and S. Mason. 

Another notable day in the history of Richmond was June 24, 
1869; notable because after nearly three-fourths of a century of 
effort the celebrated Washington monument, the pride of the city 
and the ornament of the Square, was completed. As before stated, 
the cornerstone was laid February 22, 1850, and the equestrian 
statue was unveiled February 22, 1855. The sculptor (Crawford) 
died before the unveiling; he had, however, completed all the 
models except the statues of Lewis and Nelson and the trophies. 
Randolph Rogers completed it. The site was selected February 4, 
1850. The Crawford model was selected from the forty-one 
presented. The first plan included the statues of Jefferson, Henry, 
Marshall, Morgan, Richard Henry Lee, and an allegorical figure of 
Virginia. Later Andrew Lewis was substituted for Morgan, James 
Monroe for General Lee, and James Madison for the allegorical 
figure. Then George Mason and Thomas Nelson were put in the 
place of Madison and Monroe. Jefferson and Henry were the only 
small statues ready at the time of the unveiling. Mason was put 
in place in 1860; Marshall, March 4, 1867; Lewis, September 26th, 
and Nelson September 27, 1867; "Justice and Retribution," August 
17, 1868; "Colonial Times and the Bill of Rights," December 15, 
1868; "Finance," June 15, 1869, and "Independence," June 24, 
1869. Two shields for the east and west sides were made, one 
Virginia and the other Libertas, Ceres and Eternitas, but they were 
too large and were rejected. They were in the basement of the 
Capitol for a long time. The original act provided that the cost 
of the monument should not exceed $100,000, and when it did 
exceed this amount there was an official investigation. It was found 
that the amount was not sufficient, so it was added to from time 
to time until $349,281.99 was raised. The total cost when com- 
pleted was $259,913.26, leaving a balance of $89,368.73. To-day 
this splendid monument ranks with the greatest pieces of statuary 



1869] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 307 

in the world, and why shouldn't it, when it represents some of the 
world's greatest men ? 

Eichmond has always been interested in education of every kind. 
Very early in her history she saw the need of a free school and 
established the Lancasterian School. This school continued through 
the years to do eflScient service, but the city outgrew it. As late 
as June 12, 1866, the Council appropriated $4,000 to this work, 
and it was continued until 1871. Soon after the evacuation the 
subject of public schools was discussed in the Council, but nothing 
was done until June 9, 1869, when the Council passed an ordinance 
to establish public schools in Eichmond. A Board of Education, 
consisting of seven members, one of whom and chairman was the 
mayor, was established. July 12th the same year $15,000 was ap- 
propriated and arrangements were made to open white and colored 
schools in October. Eight teachers for white children and twenty- 
five for colored children were appointed, and October 4th the 
schools opened with Andrew Washburne as first superintendent. 
Henry K. Ellyson, E. M. Manly, David J. Burr, and Luther E. 
Page, with the superintendent and mayor, constituted the first 
board. A normal school was also opened on Capitol street between 
Ninth and Tenth. This continued until 1872, when the School 
Board bought the apparatus and furniture and the first of October 
opened the first public high school. From these small beginnings 
the public school system of Eichmond has grown until to-day it is 
the pride of the city and among the best in America. 

General Canby, the commander of Virginia, who was really the 
monarch of the State, was causing a good deal of uneasiness. He 
was removing every officer of the civil government and was sub- 
stituting men from the Federal army. Tlie whole Council was 
removed and one appointed by him put in. Wlien the Legislature 
was about to meet he declared that all would have to take the test 
oath, which meant that only the carpet-baggers and negroes could 
take their seats. The thought of such a Legislature gave the people 
a nightmare. General Grant came to our assistance and Attorney 
General Hoar sent his opinion that the members did not have to 
take the test oath. This gave the people great relief. 

Eichmond mourned the loss of several distinguished citizens at 
this time. Col. T. P. August, colonel First Eegiment Virginia Vol- 



308 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESE3NT [1869 

unteers, died July 31st; Maj. N. A. Sturdivant August 7th, and 
Gustavus A. Myers August 20th. The bar of the city felt the loss 
of these three members. 

There were many signs of returning prosperity in the city. The 
Masons, who had long been using the old hall on Franklin street 
between Eighteenth and Nineteenth, now opened a new one in the 
western part of the city. St. Albans Hall, corner Main and Third 
streets, was dedicated March 2d, and after the ceremony a banquet 
was served and many of the leading Masons of the State spoke. A 
synagogue was dedicated on Mayo street September 1st, and another 
sign of progress was the extension of the street railway to Holly- 
wood Cemetery. 

Since long before the war the Council had been discussing the 
question of an increased water supply for the city and clearer 
water. Now the proposition was brought up to purchase sixty-two 
acres of land west of Hollywood and build a new reservoir, so as to 
secure for the city an unfailing supply of clear water. City Engi- 
neer John B. Crenshaw estimated the cost of the new reservoir to 
be $267,640, but it was destined to be discussed many more years 
before it became a reality. The Council in September appropriated 
$5,000 for a fire-alarm and police telegraph system, and by Janu- 
ary Sth the old bell on the bell tower in Capitol Square, that had 
so often called the citizens to arms to protect the city from the 
enemy and had called them to save it from fire, now went out of 
use except to toll on funeral occasions. A school of theology for 
negroes, something very new in Richmond, was established in Sep- 
tember by Rev. Dr. Nathan Colver, who founded Tremont Temple 
in Boston. 

Another very marked sign of improvement to the citizens of 
Richmond was the resignation of H. H. Wells, of Michigan, as Gov- 
ernor. General Canby appointed Gilbert C. Walker. This gave 
great satisfaction to the people, not only of the city but of the 
whole State. Justice John B. Crenshaw swore in Colonel Walker 
as provisional Governor September 21st until Virginia should be 
readmitted. He appointed Col. W. E. Cameron his secretary. 
Many of the citizens called and offered their congratulations. 

For some time the Legislature had been prohibited from meeting 
by the generals in command, but General Canby ordered it to meet 



1869] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 309 

October 5th. The members came and he witliheld the election 
certificate from twenty-seven members, and to the others he ad- 
ministered various and sundry oaths to support the Constitution 
and not to figlit any more against the United States, and generally 
to be good the rest of their lives — a hard oath for some of the crowd 
to take. Nevertheless the House was opened the 6th with prayer 
by Dr. John E. Edwards. Zephania Turner, of Rappaliannock, 
was elected Speaker and John Bell Bigger clerk. Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor John F. Lewis presided in the Senate. Governor Walker 
sent a manly, straightforward message, and among other things 
he recommended that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments 
to the United States Constitution be adopted, as Virginia could not 
be readmitted until it was done. It had been nearly ten years 
since the Old Dominion had a representative in Congress, but the 
time was drawing near when she should be once more represented. 
The Legislature October 19th elected Lieutenant Governor John 
F. Lewis United States Senator for six years and Judge John W. 
Johnson for two years. 

The Court of Appeals appointed by the military commander or 
king, composed of Majors H. B. Burnham, Dorman, and Wil- 
loughby, met October 12th. and out of deference to the popular will 
adjourned until January in the expectation that the State would 
be readmitted by that time and a permanent court duly elected. 
This delicacy of feeling and consideration was highly appreciated 
by the people. 

There was one judge that sat in Richmond whom the most daring 
would not accuse of either delicacy of feeling or consideration and 
few would be so rash as to charge him with being greatly affected 
with the sense of justice. There had been a big swindle of the 
government in revenue stamps by some of the carpet-baggers, and 
when the case came before Underwood he renewed his abuse of 
Eiclimond, much to his delight and to the disgust of the people. 
Many called to mind the memorable words of the great John Mar- 
shall, "The worst curse with which an angry God can afflict a 
people is a vicious, a venal, or a corrupt judiciary." 

Amid all the stern realities of reconstruction days "Richmond had 
some amusement. John Robinson's circus came and stayed sev- 
eral days to cheer the drooping hearts, and Wyman paid the city 



310 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1869 

a visit and entertained crowds at the Metropolitan Hall with the 
egg-bag and talking "Tommy." The first agricultural fair for 
many years was held November 2d. Large crowds attended, and 
Maj. W. T. Sutherlin, the president, deserved much credit. Con- 
sidering the ravages of war and the rage of reconstruction, the 
exhibits were very good. One exhibit was of special interest — the 
cradle in which Henry Clay was rocked, sent by Mrs. Edward Grif- 
fin, of Henrico. Evidently it was a compromise cradle in which 
i;he statesman was rocked. Altogether the fair reminded the people 
of the great occasions before the war. 

Several representative bodies met in Eichmond at this time. The 
Synod of Virginia met in the Second Presbyterian Church October 
28th, Dr. Richard Mcllwaine moderator. The Virginia Methodist 
■Conference met at Broad Street Church, of which Dr. John E. 
Edwards was pastor, November 10th; Bishop Doggett presided. 
It was announced that Dr. W. E. Munsey, the greatest pulpit 
orator in America, would speak on the 12th, and crowds packed 
the church. When he preached on the night of the 15th thousands 
were turned away, and those who heard him declared that never 
before had they heard such eloquence. Later Dr. Munsey delivered 
his great lecture on "Man" at Broad Street Church. 

During the Conference the pastor, Dr. Edwards, got into serious 
trouble. Some one went into his study and stole the trunk which 
contained all his sermons, the work of thirty-five years. One might 
have thought that a visiting preacher was running short and wanted 
to get a new supply ; but no, a negro stole the trunk and carried it 
to a ravine and opened it. When he discovered that he had stolen 
:a trunk of sermons, without even reading one he left the trunk 
and all and departed. The Doctor was glad when the missing 
trunk came home and the sermons reappeared. 

The National Board of Trade, with representatives from every 
State in and out of the Union, met in the Hall of the House of 
Delegates December 1st, Hon. Fred. Fraby president. Richmond 
gave them a warm welcome. David Burr, president of the Cham- 
ber of Commerce, delivered the address. Saturday evening, Decem- 
ber 4th, the Richmond Chamber entertained the visitors royally at 
a banquet at the Exchange Hotel ; Monday they were taken on an 
(excursion down the river. The delegates from the North returned 



1869] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 3I] 

with high ideals of Richmond's hospitality if we did keep some of 
them from visiting us for four long years. 

General Canby was still in a removing mood. Now he removed 
John J. Crutchfield from the office of weighmaster of the city 
and put in a stranger. The general would not permit him to 
manage the hay scales for the city, but later his fellow-citizens 
committed to him the scales of justice to manage for many years 
in the city's court. 

Near the close of this year some of Richmond's most useful 
citizens passed away: B. W. Finney, a member of the Bar; Col. 
P. A. Woods, October 18th; Dr. Lawrence R. Waring, one of the 
city's most popular physicians, November 5th; A. W. Nolting, A. 
Pizzini, and Judge J. S. Caskie, December 15. 

Christmas came, and it was like the old-time Christmas. It 
seemed as if Richmond was again coming back to her old self. 
With the festivities of the holiday the year closed and the most 
memorable decade in the history of Richmond closed with it, and 
all were glad that tlie sorrow and sufferings through which they 
had passed was now only a memory. 



313 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1870 



CHAPTER IX 

Glad with the hope of a new era which seemed to be dawning 
upon her, Richmond, brave and determined, struggled to arise from 
her ruins and her woe .to become what she had been, the queen of 
the Southland. Encouraged by the thought that the despotism of 
the military commander would soon pass like the other nightmares 
of reconstruction, when the day of her freedom broke and she would 
again become a State of the Union, she girded her loins and went 
forth to noble efforts. Her population at this time was 27,928 
whites and 23,110 negroes, making a total of 51,038. The value of 
her real estate, as reported by the United States Census officers, was 
$24,327,400, and personal property $4,269,300; total assets, $28,- 
596,700. The future of Richmond and the State depended upon 
the admission of Virginia back into the Union and the conditions 
of that readmission. The heavy hand of the military ruler was 
felt every day. At this time Charles Wittlesey, Attorney General 
of Virginia, was removed and J. C. Taylor was put in his place. 
The bill for readmission passed the House and was now before the 
Senate. Some carpet-baggers went to Washington to lobby against 
the bill. Charles Sumner fought it bitterly, saying "that A-'irginia 
is smoking with rebellion." Senator Jefferson nobly defended the 
State. After some amendments the bill was passed and the House 
concurred in the amendment January 24th. That day the State 
Journal published an extra, and the negro boys were crying papers, 
saying : " 'Bout Virginny back in de Union." The people did not 
rejoice until they heard the terms of admission. The next day the 
Council passed resolutions congratulating the friends of the bill and 
asking General Canby to fire a salute of one hundred guns, which 
was done at 12 M. from the Square. A great crowd gathered and 
several speeches were made. President Grant approved the act 
January 26th, and the Constitution adopted by the people became 
the law. At one time the State was threatened with the absolute 
dominion of negroes and adventurers, but Virginia escaped the fate 



1870] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 313 

of some of her Southern sisters, who had to endure carpet-bag gov- 
ernment and negro rule. The affairs of the State were now in the 
hands of her people, and for this result they were indebted to the 
generous and firm interposition of General Grant. Now every one 
felt that if the people were relieved from the embarrassment of old 
debts, which it was impossible to pay now, they could with con- 
fidence and courage address themselves to the future. 

The great and important task of reestablishing the State gov- 
ernment, to take the place of military rule, was now the absorbing 
thought. Governor Gilbert C. Walker, who had been elected by the 
people, took the constitutional oath as Governor of Virginia and 
immediately entered upon the duties of his office. His first act was 
to proclaim Virginia a State of this Union and to call a meeting 
of the General Assembly February 8th. He then appointed John 
L. Marye Lieutenant Governor in place of Lieutenant Governor 
Lewis, who went to the United States Senate after readmission. 

General Canby surrendered his authority under the reconstruction 
act January 28th and the people were free from military rule, and 
all military prosecutions were dismissed. 

Business began to revive at once and the citizens felt that the 
new era had come. There was a meeting of the citizens in the 
Chamber of Commerce February 11th to inaugurate a movement 
for a new railroad — a "Straight Shoot," as they called it, from 
Clifton Forge to Richmond and Richmond to Newport News. 
Thomas W. JlcCance was president of the meeting. There was a 
large attendance of the leading business men of the city and all 
were enthusiastic over the new road, which was to be the Richmond 
and Alleghany. Delegates were appointed to railroad conventions to 
be held in Lynchburg and in Powhatan county. 

Rev. Dr. W. A. Smith, former pastor of Trinity Methodist 
Church in Richmond and president of Randolph Macon College, 
died March 1st at the residence of Dr. J. C. Granbery, and his 
funeral was conducted from Centenary Church by Dr. John E. 
Edwards and Bishop Doggett. 

Consternation was created when it was announced that the city's 
fire apparatus had been seized and would be sold at public auction 
at 12 M. March 14th. It was to satisfy an execution in the hands 



314 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1870 

of J. S. Wright, deputy sheriff, in favor of W. B. Jones & Co. and 
W. B. Ratcliffe, in what was known as the Whiskey Claim against 
the city. These firms, with a number of others, claimed damages 
for the whiskey destroyed by order of the Council April 2, 1865, 
the night of the evacuation. Bond for $17,000 was given by the 
following citizens personally: Albert Ordway, B. W. Gillis, W. C. 
Dunham, Horace L. Kent, J. L. Pelouze, and Henry Miller, and the 
fire apparatus was released. These men deserved the thanks of the 
city. After a good deal of discussion the Whiskey Claim was settled 
by a committee appointed by the Council. 

The General Assembly met February 8th and proceeded with 
their great task of reorganizing the State Government, with the 
strong and statesmanlike advice of the Governor in his message. 
Early in the session they passed the "Enabling Act," which em- 
powered the Governor to appoint a new Council for the city of 
Eichmond to serve until July 1st. The Governor requested that 
ward meetings be held and nominations be made to him. This was 
done, and he displaced all the military appointees in the Council 
and put in the following: Clay ward — E. J. Euker, William 
Jenkins, W. H. Scott, W. D. Chesterman, F. P. Brannon ; Monroe — 
W. E. Tanner, M. L. Straus, William English, William Davis, 
Frank Glasgow; Madison — James A. Scott, Albert Ordway, T. W. 
McCance, Peyton Wise, W. C. Dunham; Marshall — Henry Bodeker, 
George Ainslie, J. J. English, J. E. Boissieux, Thomas Flaherty; 
Jefferson — J. M. Higgins, C. Zimmer, C. E. Whitlock, J. E. Mul- 
ford, J. H. Greanor. This Council met March 16th and organized 
by electing Capt. James A. Scott president. They then elected H. K. 
Ellyson mayor and MaJ. John Poe chief of police, and other public 
officers. 

The new mayor, H. K. Ellyson, having qualified Wednesday, 
March 16th, notified George Chahoon, the mayor appointed by the 
military commander, that he would take charge of the office the 
next day. When the 17th came it proved to be a day of great 
excitement in Richmond, the beginning of the "Radical Rebellion." 
Chahoon refused to yield his position, stating that he did not recog- 
nize the authority of the new Council to elect a new mayor. John 
Van Lew and other members of the military council also refused to 
give up their office. Mayor Ellyson sent a note to Chahoon that he 



1870] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 315 

had assumed the office of mayor, and that he must turn over all 
the books, property and other things of the office to him. Military 
Chief of Police Egbert tried to uphold Chahoon with his force. 
Major Poe and Captain Taylor went to the First station and 
demanded possession and were refused by the officers there. Eg- 
bert closed the Second and Third stations and arrested the 
new policemen. Major Poe established his headquarters at 1441 
east Main street and enrolled a large number of citizens as 
special police. Chahoon applied to Governor Walker for a com- 
pany to preserve order and the Governor refused, telling him 
that H. K. EUyson was mayor. Major Poe then sent a force of 
men, under Captain Pleasants, to the City Hail to take charge. 
Chahoon had there a guard of twenty-five or fifty negroes, who dis- 
persed when the officers threatened to fire upon them. Chahoon 
and another guard of negroes were at First Market Station, but 
they also came down when Captain Taylor and his men took charge. 
Chahoon remained there under voluntary arrest. A great crowd of 
negroes and white people watched the proceedings with intense ex- 
citement. John Henderson, a negro, refused to move when ordered 
by one of Major Poe's men and drew a pistol on the officer, who 
inunediately shot him. When this became known General Canby, 
without authority, sent three companies of soldiers from Camp 
Grant to take Market Hall and put it in the hands of Chahoon. 
When the negroes saw the soldiers coming they shouted, screamed, 
and threw up their hats. Major Poe, to avoid bloodshed, ordered 
his men to fall in line and march to his headquarters. As the police 
marched the crowd of negroes hooted, jeered, and threw missiles at 
them until the policemen had to fire their pistols in self-protection. 
The Council met March 18th and resolved to use their utmost power 
to uphold Mayor Ellyson. In the meantime the mayor held his 
court in the City Hall and Chahoon also held a court. The whole 
city was excited as she had not been since the war. Captain Taylor 
and his men captured the Second Station, but Chahoon held the 
Third, and put his negroes on guard in the fire department. 

Governor Walker called General Canby to account and demanded 
of him his reason for interfering in matters of the State without 
request and without authority. Canby had to acknowledge that he 
had transgressed his powers. The negroes seemed to think that they 



316 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1870 

had a right to do as they wished, and when Major Poe's men went 
to arrest a negro, Ben Scott, Policeman R. 0. Bush was shot and 
killed. Scott resisted arrest and was shot hy the officer. 

Chahoon, seeing that he was losing the fight against law and 
order, applied to Underwood for an injunction against Mayor Elly- 
6on and he set March 23d for the hearing. Ex-Governor Wells and 
H. A. Wise appeared for Chahoon and Judge J. A. Meredith, L. H. 
Chandler, R. T. Daniel, and James Nelson for Mayor Ellyson. 
Underwood, sitting in the United States Court, heard the case and, 
of course, decided everything against the city of Richmond and in 
favor of Chahoon and his negro cohorts. He granted the injunction 
and disallowed the right of appeal. Chahoon issued a proclamation 
March 31st as mayor calling upon the people to observe order, but 
Mayor Ellyson continued to hold his court and kept his police on 
duty. Judge Wellford, of the City Circuit Court, issued an order 
to Chahoon to deliver the books, &c., of the office to Mayor Ellyson, 
but he disregarded it. An order of ejectment from the United 
States Court was issued against Mayor Ellyson, and April 4th a 
United States marshal tried to eject the mayor of Richmond, but 
failed. Mayor Ellyson would not yield to unauthorized force. In 
the meantime the Council applied to Chief Justice Chase to dis- 
solve Underwood's injunction, and the Chief Justice heard the 
motion in Washington April 7th and set May 1st as the time to 
hear the case. 

Chahoon proposed April 11th to Mayor Ellyson to submit the 
case to the Virginia Court of Appeals, which had just been elected 
by the Legislature, consisting of Judges R. C. L. Moncure, Waller 
R. Staples, Joseph Christian, William T. Joynes, and Francis T. 
Anderson. Mayor Ellyson agreed and Chief Justice Chase con- 
sented, stating that he thought it properly belonged to the State 
courts. 

The case came before the Court of Appeals on a writ of habeas 
corpus of Arch. Dyer and J. H. Bell, held unlawfully by "H. K. Elly- 
son, representing himself as mayor of Richmond." The writ was 
returnable Monday, April 18th. The case was ably argued on both 
sides and on the 20th the court took the matter under advisement. 



1870] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 317 

It was announced that the opinion would be delivered April 25th, 
but for some reason the time was changed to Wednesday, April 27th. 

The room in which the Supreme Court met was on the third 
floor of the Capitol, in the northeast corner. It was separated from 
the Governor's apartments by a thin partition. The entrance to 
the room was from a hall on the side of the building towards the 
Washington Monument. The access to the gallery of the court- 
room was near the entrance to this hall. Under the gallery was a 
vestibule with doors in the centre opening into the courtroom. 
Opposite t^hese doors in the east end of the room was the platform 
upon which the judges sat. The room was occupied by the Vir- 
ginia Senate during the war, the Senate Chamber being occupied 
by the Confederate House of lleprescntatives. Under the court- 
room was the Hall of the House of Delegates. The space outside 
of the railing before the judges' platform accommodated about 200 
people and the galleries about 100. 

Before eleven o'clock the corridor, the galleries, and the lower 
flooi" of the courtroom were packed with citizens, mostly white, 
who had come to hear the decision. The reporters were at their 
tables and about twenty-five lawyers were present. A general good 
humor prevailed and the crowd, though eager, was happy. Judge 
Joynes entered from the conference-room and went over and spoke 
to Ex-Governor Wells. He went back, and in a few minutes re- 
turned with Judge F. T. Anderson, and the two took their seats to 
await the arival of their colleagues. Suddenly at the centre door 
under the gallery there was a loud report like the explosion of a 
gun. All eyes were turned in that direction, when instantly there 
was another loud report, and, to the horror of all, the gallery gave 
way, carrying the timbers overhead, and then the main floor went 
down with a terrific crash. With a stifling cloud of dust there came 
a great wail of horror, with the agonizing cries and shrieks of the 
wounded and dying. That portion of the room where the judges sat 
did not go down and thus many were saved. A large number clung 
to doors and windows and saved themselves from the awful ruin 
beneath. The bell in the bell tower sounded the alarm of fire, for 
many thought that the Capitol was on fire from the white dust that 
was pouring from the windows. The fire companies were soon on 



318 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1870 

the spot and the Square was filled with distressed citizens eager to 
rescue the wounded and the dying. The scene beggared description 
when they entered into what was once the House of Delegates and 
saw the tall yawning walls which looked down upon them, the con- 
fused mass of broken timbers, twisted iron, smashed furniture, 
covered with plastering, and beheld underneath this rubbish hun- 
dreds of bleeding and suffering citizens, many mashed beyond 
recognition and smeared with blood and dirt. The Senate chamber 
was turned into a temporary hospital, but it was too small, so the 
bodies of the dead and wounded had to be carried out and placed 
upon the grass. The moans of the suffering and dying, mingled 
with the shrieks of loved ones as they recognized the dead body of 
one dear to them, made this scene one of the most horrible Rich- 
mond has witnessed since the memorable Theatre Fire, December 
26, 1811. Carriages, spring wagons with mattresses, and every 
vehicle that could be used for an ambulance was called into use. 
Every doctor in the city was hurried to the place, and for hours 
the work of rescue and of ministering to the wounded was kept up 
until everybody was taken from the debris. Fortunately the House 
of Delegates was not in session, else there would have been more 
killed. The following is the list of the killed : 

P. H. Aylett, attorney at law; N. P. Howard, attorney at law; Pow- 
hatan Roberts, attorney at law; Dr. J. B. Brock, reporter Enquirer and 
Examiner; J, W. D. Bland, Senator from Prince Edward; W. A. 
Charter, chief engineer of Fire Department; Samuel A. Eaton, clerk 
of Mr. Chahoon; Robert H. Maury, land agent; W. H. Davis, 
coal merchant; David S. Donnan; Major Samuel H. Hairs- 
ton, of Henry county; B. F. Robinson, of Cumberland county; 
John Robinson, colored. Baptist minister; Thomas D. Quarles; Charles 
J. Grinnan, of Washington; Edward Ward, of Tredegar Works; Capt. 
James Kirby; Col. T. H. Wilcox, Charles City county; Ash Levy; Col. 
P. Woolfork, Caroline county; R. E. Bradshaw; W. H. Thompson; 
T. P. Foley, Deputy United States Marshal; E. M. Schofield, City 
Assessor; John Turner, Page county. House of Delegates; John New- 
man; Henry Forsyth, Staunton; Charles Watson; Thomas Culling- 
worth; Hugh Hutchinson; Joseph Robinson; Lewis N. Webb; James 
A. Blamire; John Baughn, Manchester; W. E. Randolph, New York; 
S. E. Burnham, New York; Samuel Hicks; G. S. Taylor, Richmond 
county; S. G. Taylor, Richmond county; B. W. Lynch, Manchester; 
T. A. Brewis, Alexandria; J. D. Massie, Goochland; Julius A. Hobson, 



1870] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 319 

City Collector; William Dunn; D. S. Dugger; Hugh Grady; Samuel G. 
Taylor; Clark Brown (colored); Senator Bland (colored), Prince Ed- 
ward; Thomas S. Baldwin. 

Policemen killed — W. C. Dunham, Capt. D. D. Tourgee, Sergeant 
Joseph P. Cox, Privates William Cray, James N. Walker, Joseph A. 
Seay, John Kerr, Sidney Coleman, Michael McCarthy, John P. Maher, 
Shultz; Watchmen John L. Regan, Hisbie. 

Wounded — Governor Wells, H. K. Ellyson, George Chahoon, Judge 
J. A. Meredith, George L. Christian, Col. George W. Boiling, Hon. Thos. 
S. Bocock, Attorney General W. C. Taylor, Rev. George W. Nolly, 
Major John W. Daniel, and about 250 others. 

The hats and caps taken from the ruins were placed at the foot 
of the Washington Monument and made an immense pile that was 
pathetic in the extreme. The whole city soon heard the sad news 
and was plunged into the deepest grief. All business ceased and 
crape was placed on many doors. Great crowds stood around the 
Capitol until dark in silent sadness. The next day a great meeting 
of the citizens was held on the Square. Governor Walker presided, 
Dr. Hoge opened with prayer, Judge W. W. Crump offered suitable 
resolutions expressing the city's profound sorrow, and Judge Ould, 
Major Keiley, and Ex-Governor Wise spoke. It was a quiet and 
solemn gathering. This was the day of funerals in the city, 
as was also the following day, the 29th. Every hearse in the city 
was busy all day carrying the dead to their last resting-place. All 
the business institutions and every organization adopted resolutions 
of sympathy, and from over the Stat« and the United States and 
Canada came messages of sympathy. 

The Governor appointed May 4th as a day of humiliation and 
prayer on account of the awful disaster. In Eichmond the houses 
were draped, all business suspended, and services were held in all 
the churches, with sermons appropriate to the occasion. Imme- 
diately a relief fund was started, many from New York, Phila- 
delphia and other places sending thousands of dollars. The com- 
mittee to which was intrusted the funds — John Purcell (chairman), 
Isaac Davenport (treasurer), T. W. McCance, John Enders, E. 0. 
Nolting, and W. M. Sutton— finally reported that $80,603 had been 
received and that they had distributed $77,201, leaving a balance 
of $3,402. North and South vied with each other in sending 
sympathy and contributions. Richmond realized, as she stood with 



320 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1870 

broken heart in her gloom, that sorrow breaks down every barrier 
and makes the whole world kin. 

The Senate met on the 29th in the chamber and the House of 
Delegates on the portico of the. Capitol, and adjourned to meet at 
the Ballard House until a suitable place could be procured. Reso- 
lutions were offered to pull down the Capitol and build a new one, 
but it was finally decided to repair the old building, and the work 
was given to General Newberry. 

The Court of Appeals met the 29th in the courtroom of the 
City Hall and decided that the "Enabling Act" was constitutional 
and that H. K. Ellyson was mayor and Major Poe chief of police. 
The fight, however, did not end here. H. K. Ellyson headed the 
Conservative ticket and George Chahoon the Radical. From the 
first returns it seemed that Chahoon and his ticket were elected, but 
when the five commissioners counted the votes a ballot box from 
Jefferson ward was missing and they awarded the certificate of elec- 
tion to H. K. Ellyson and the Conservative ticket. These men re- 
fused to take the offices unless fairly elected. The case was taken to 
Judge Guigon's court and he set aside the election and ordered 
a new one. A. M. Keiley was elected mayor on the Conservative 
ticket, defeating G. W. Smith, the Radical. Later Chahoon was ar- 
rested for implication in the Haunstein forgery case and was tried 
and convicted, receiving four years in the penitentiary. The Su- 
preme Court granted him a new trial and he was again convicted 
and sentenced to two years in the penitentiary. Later Governor 
Walker pardoned him on condition, it was said, that he leave the 
State. Thus ended the great mayoralty fight, which proved to be 
one of the most memorable affairs in the history of Richmond. 

The Legislature granted Richmond a new charter, which pro- 
vided for three city courts — the Circuit Court, to which they elected 
Judge B. R. Wellford; the Hustings Court, Judge A. B. Guigon; 
and the Chancery Court, Judge Edward H. Fitzhugh. In these 
judges and those of the Court of Appeals Richmond again felt that 
her interests were secure in the hands of such able jurists and men 
of high character. 

Richmond slowly recovered from her last great calamity and with 
brave heart set her face towards the brighter future. The fire dis- 
trict had been rebuilt with fine buildings except here and there a 



1870] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 321 

vacant lot. The Old Dominion Steamship Company had put a 
splendid new iron steamer. The Wyanoke, on the New York-Kich- 
mond line, and when she arrived at Kichmond September 27th a 
banquet was tendered the leading citizens on board her. The re- 
turning prosperity had been hindered by the protracted drought, 
which had cut the corn crop short, destroyed many of the vegetables 
and burnt up the pastures. But greater trouble awaited the people. 
The water in the river was low and clear September 30th, when a 
message was received from Lynchburg that a terrible freshet was 
raging there, carrying away bridges, houses and property of all 
kinds near the river. The warning was immediately sent out in 
Richmond and many began removing their goods, but some thought 
as there had been so little rain around the city the report was 
exaggerated. From 11 A. M. to 12:30 there was a rise of four 
feet in the river, and from 2 to 6 P. M. eighteen inches. Many 
thought this was the flood that had visited Lynchburg, but it was 
only the water from the Rivanna and smaller streams. From 6 
to 8 P. M. the water i-ose two feet, and from 8 to 10 P. M. six 
inches, and all the time the people were working hard removing 
their property to high places. From this time on through Saturday, 
October 1st, the water continued to rise rapidly until 10 o'clock 
Saturday evening, when the river was 24 feet 9 inches above low- 
water mark. The surging muddy water rushed with reckless fury, 
carrjdng destruction and ruin in its wake. Huge timbers, great 
trees, upturned dwellings, portions of bridges, mills — flour and 
corn — furniture and all kinds of property went dashing by. The 
people worked desperately to save what they could, but that was 
small in comparison to what was lost. Main street from below St. 
Charles Hotel (old Bell Tavern) to Seventeenth street was a sheet 
of water impassaltle except in boats. A large schooner was in the 
street to carry passengers. Mayo's bridge was swept away at 3 
P. M. with a great crash and the water was still rising. The Dan- 
ville Railroad bridge was in great danger. The planks were knocked 
off the sides and cars loaded with iron were put on it to hold it 
down. The York River railroad tracks were five feet under water. 
The Old Market was flooded, and along Shockoe creek great damage 
was done. Rockctts was submerged, the people were driven from 



322 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1870 

their houses, and many houses were swept away. The docks, 
wharves, mills, and everything in the lower part of the city were sub- 
merged. The mayor called upon the citizens to help remove the 
tobacco from Mayo's warehouse, and in this way thousands of hogs- 
heads of tobacco were saved. The gas-houses and water-works were 
put out of commission, and though there was enough water the 
city had none, and when night came the people were in darkness, 
except where a small lamp or a few tallow candles made darkness 
visible. But worst of all, many lives were lost in the angry waters. 

To the joy of all, Saturday night at 10 o'clock the water began 
to fall. But what fearful damage it had wrought ! In Kocketts 
twenty families had their homes swept away, and altogether the 
property loss was nearly one million dollars. Besides, after the 
flood assuaged the great mass of mud and trash in the streets and 
along the river banks had to be removed, and this cost had to be 
added to the loss. 

This was the worst freshet that had visited Richmond since May, 
1771, the monument of which, at Turkey Island below the city, has 
already been mentioned and the inscription given. In this flood the 
warehouse at Westham, with 300 hogsheads of tobacco, was swept 
away and Byrd and Shockoe warehouses in Eichmond greatly 
damaged. 

All travel was now interrupted; the railroads were torn up and 
the canal in many places was washed away. A ferry carried pas- 
sengers between Richmond and Manchester. There was great suf- 
fering from the flood, and the people liberally contributed to aid 
their unfortunate brothers. Great confusion had resulted from the 
freshet, but affairs began to assume their normal aspect. The Gen- 
eral Assembly, which was delayed in opening on account of the 
flood, began October 5th, and both houses sat in the Capitol, the 
first time since the awful calamity. 

Edwin Forest, the noted actor, appeared the 6th at the Theatre 
in Othello, and a crowd greeted him. 

Another great sorrow bowed the heart of Richmond at this time. 
The news had been received that Gen. Robert E. Lee was para- 
lyzed and rendered speechless at his home in Lexington September 
28th, but the people hoped that the attack was slight and that he 



1870] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 323 

would soon be able to attend to his duties as president of Washing- 
ton College. But the news came that he was worse and then this 
sorrowful message was received : 

"Lexington, Va., Oct, 12, 1870. 
"General Robert E. Lee died this A. M. at 9:30. He began to grow 
worse this morning and continued to sink until he breathed his last. 
He died as he lived, calmly and quietly, and in full assurance of faith 
in the Lord Jesus Christ." 

The news quickly spread through the city and the effect of it was 
crushing. Places of business closed, all the bells began to toll, 
and the whole community was in the deepest grief. All classes — 
the white, the black, the young, and the old — felt the great sorrow, 
for no one was more loved, revered, and trusted than this great hero. 
The next day business was also suspended, crape was on nearly every 
door, and the public buildings were draped in mourning. All places 
of amusement were closed and the flags were placed at half-mast, 
even the United States flag on the Cnstom House. Governor 
Walker sent a special message to the Legislature and each house 
passed resolutions of sorrow and immediately adjourned in honor 
of his memory. The constant tolling of the bells, with the signs 
of mourning and the expression upon the people's faces, eloquently 
told of their deep affection for the great and good man. The 
Council held a special session and passed resolutions asking that 
his body rest in Hollywood. They also ordered that the chamber 
be draped for six months, that each member wear crape for thirty 
days, and that a committee of five be appointed to arrange suitable 
funeral exercises. The funeral was held at Lexington October 15th 
and likewise observed in Richmond. The ladies of Hollywood 
Memorial Association immediately determined to erect a monument 
in Richmond to General Lee and called upon all to assist, especially 
the soldiers of the Ex-Confederacy. The State Fair opened Novem- 
ber 1st and Ex-President Davis and many leaders of the Lost 
Cause were here, so the third memorial meeting in honor of General 
Lee was held at the First Presbyterian Church and many officers 
and soldiers were present. Gen. J. A. Early was temporary chair- 
man, Ex-President Davis was made president, and on assuming the 
chair made an eloquent speech on the life of Lee. Generals J. B. 



324 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1870 

Gordon, Edward Johnston, and others were vice presidents, and 
Ed. S. Gregory, George L. Christian, and J. P. Cowardin secretaries. 
After eloquent tributes to the illustrious chieftain resolutions were 
passed pledging their support to the erection of a monument to him 
in Richmond. 

Visitors like to come to Richmond, and there is seldom a time 
that some convention or association is not holding a meeting in the 
city. The State Medical Convention, Dr. R. S. Payne president, 
met here November 2d. The Society of the Army of Northern 
Virginia, Gen. J. A. Early president, the 4th; the State Convention 
of Disciples at the Sycamore Church, Rev. W. K. Pendleton presi- 
dent, the 11th; and the Tobacco Association of the United States, 
W. E. Lawrence, of JNTew York, president, at the Exchange Decem- 
ber Gth. 

Christmas was drawing near, and although the year had been 
a mournful one for Richmond the people were preparing for a joy- 
ful season. When the stores closed Saturday night, the 24:th, the 
merchants felt satisfied with the good trade and the people were 
happy in the anticipation of a glad Christmas. Peace reigned over 
the sleeping city, when at 1:15 Sunday morning the alarm of fire 
broke suddenly and harshly upon the cold night air. No light was 
visible at first, but it was not long before the reflection of the lurid 
flames lit up the whole city. Men rushed to Main and Eighth 
streets, and behold ! the Spotswood Hotel was on fire. An awful 
scene it was; frantic men and women leaped from their beds and 
rushed out in the bitter cold clad only in their nightrobes, some 
escaped from the windows, and some, alas ! were burned to death. 
Those killed were Samuel H. Hines, Erasmus Ross, Miss Kennerly, 
Samuel W. Eobinson, H. A. Thomas, J. H. Hbbson, W. H. Pace, 
and Joe Ferriss. Many were injured either by jumping from win- 
dows or by the fire. The firemen, themselves covered with ice, 
fought the fire as best they could, but in vain; the hotel, a four- 
story building, was soon a mass of ruins, and the Grant building, 
next to it, also burned. Poor Richmond, the city of disasters ! it 
seemed as if she must always drink from the bitter cup of woe. This 
appalling disaster dcsitroyed the happiness of the season and turned 
her joy into mourning. The Spotswood was built on the site 



1871] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 325 

of what was known as "Tanyard Row," and for many years was 
one of the leading hotels of the city. It was intimately associated 
with the history of the State and of the Confederacy. 

The old year passed away and few were sorry, for it was for 
Eichmond a year of disaster. The city, with strong hope and never- 
failing courage, entered the new year 1871 believing that her 
worst experience was buried in the deep grave of the past. The 
weather was bitter cold and times were hard, but every day the busi- 
ness prospect seemed to brighten. The year began with many gath- 
erings of interest. Among the first was the meeting of the Catholics 
of Richmond at St. Peters Cathedral January 12th to protest against 
the occupation of Rome by King Victor Emmanuel and the Italian 
Government and the deposition of Pope Pius IX from the throne 
of St. Peter. The church was filled and Bishop McGill, Major" 
Keiley, J. H. Dooley, and J. A. McCaull spoke. 

A great temperance demonstration was held January 20th at 
Broad Street Methodist Church, and the cause of temperance was 
strongly advocated by Rev, Drs. Peterkin, G-ranbery, Burrows, and 
Preston. 

There were also at this time some notable amusements. The 
Swiss Bell Ringers gave a delightful concert, and they were fol- 
lowed by Theodore Thomas' Grand Orchestra, which crowded 
Assembly Hall, Eighth between Grace and Franklin streets, for 
several nights. Then came the world renowned singer, Christina 
]*^ilsson, who with her voice of rare sweetness charmed the great 
audience of Richmond society people, and when she sang "Old 
Folks at Home" the enthusiasm went beyond all bounds. 

Richmond was especially interested in two matters that were be- 
fore the Legislature at this time. A persistent effort was made by 
parties out of the State to secure the State's stock in the Richmond 
and Petersburg road, and it was charged that many of the negro 
members of the Legislature were bribed to get their vote. An 
investigation followed, but the evidence seemed not sufficient to 
expel any one. The other matter came up under the discussion 
of the Virginia-Maryland boundary line. When certain records 
were needed, called the McDonald Papers, they could not be found; 
:5iiDsequeutly it developed that in April, 18(35, after the evacuation, 



336 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1871 

when no citizen of Eichmond was allowed access to the State 
Library and few were admitted to the Capitol, that Federal soldiers 
were seen carrying books in their arms through the Square and no 
one dared to ask them by whose order or by what right they were 
thus disposing of the collected historic treasures of centuries, and 
that strangers were given permission by officers to remove any 
papers they desired. Two volumes of the McDonald Papers were 
picked up on the Square by a citizen and later returned to the 
Library ; four volumes were missing. In all the Library lost nearly 
thirty-five hundred volumes and many valuable papers. 

The prospect in the city was growing brighter. The Merchants 
National Bank began business January 3d with Thomas Branch 
president and J. B. Morton cashier. A good deal of building was 
going on, many stores and residences were going up. Mayo's 
bridge was rebuilt again and opened April 29th, and another bridge 
was started at this time, the Free bridge. The movement began 
in the office of Dr. Weisiger, in Manchester, February 20, 1869 ; the 
Councils of the two cities took it up, and W. G. Taylor, James M. 
Moody, W. I. Clopton, C. C. McEae, and E. Gary were appointed 
commissioners from Manchester, and H. L. Kent, C. L. Todd, C. T. 
Davis, and C. W. Allen from Eichmond. The charter to the James 
Eiver Free Bridge Company was granted November 5, 1870, W. 
G. Taylor president, C. C. McEae vice president. Mayo offered 
to sell his bridge for $200,000, but the offer was rejected. Four 
sites were surveyed and the one on Ninth street finally agreed 
upon. Manchester was to pay half and Eichmond half, but the cost 
was not to exceed $160,000. The contract was let at $113,000 and 
the cornerstone was laid on the Manchester side May 22', 1871, by 
Grand Master T. F. Owen, and Judge Wellford spoke. While the 
bridge was building a span fell February 13, 1873, killing five men, 
and the same day a boat used by the workmen capsized and two were 
drowned. The bridge was completed June 7, 1873, and there was no 
celebration, except the next day, Sunday, John Jasper, of the Sec- 
ond African Church, immersed fifty-five negroes in the mill race at 
the Eichmond end of the bridge. Thousands of people were present 
and the new structure was taxed to its utmost. This completion 
marked the establishment of a great highway between the two cities. 



1871] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 327 

At this time one of the most notable fights in which the city 
was ever engaged began and continued for four years. The Council 
on May 1st passed an ordinance prohibiting locomotives on Broad 
street after June 1, 1872, under penalty of $500. When the R., P. & 
P. road was built Broad street was a country road with corn fields 
and cow pastures on either side and here and there a house until 
Seventh street was passed. The company bought land and estab- 
lished a freight and passenger depot and repair shops at Eighth and 
Broad. The track ran down the middle of the street on a high em- 
bankment, and curved just west of Eighth and went into the lot. At 
this point there was a high knoll. After the great fire of 1865 the 
retail trade of the city was driven to Broad street and the business 
there began to increase. The plan was to make it a great thorough- 
fare, but little could be done when the cars were constantly moving 
up and down the middle of the street. Several times teams were 
frightened and ran away, killing some one; the street car horses 
also ran away a good many times and killed two or three. The 
Council before had brought the matter up two or three times. 
January 21, 1839, this resolution was passed: "Resolved, That 
the Council possesses and has never yielded or relinquished the right 
to prohibit the introduction of locomotives within the city," and in 
November, 1845 : "Resolved, That it is not expedient at this time 
to prohibit the introduction of locomotive steam engines within the 
limits of the city." During the war it was necessary to connect 
the Central and Petersburg roads by a track from the valley up 
Broad street and do-mi Eighth. This track was taken up soon 
after the evacuation. Xow the citizens held a public meeting to 
protest against the railroad on Broad street. The matter was in 
the Council at almost every meeting and there were many con- 
ferences with the R., F. & P. Company. Once they offered to sell 
their property to the city at $113,000 and move, but the Finance 
Committee thought it exhorbitant. The citizens met and formed 
the Broad Street Association, James Lyons president, and continued 
to press the fight. Month after month the matter was before the 
Council; once it was decided to purchase the property and the 
resolution was rescinded. In April, 1873, the city began to grade 
Broad street and pave it and this renewed the fight against the 



328 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1871 

R., F. & P. tracks. Mass meetings of the citizens were held and 
petitions sent the Council, but the locomotives continued to move 
up and down Broad street. The fight reached its crisis in Septem- 
ber, when the horses hitched to a street-car were frightened by a 
locomotive on Broad near Eighth and ran away with the car, kill- 
ing Thomas Clemmitt and injuring several ladies. In a little 
while a crowd of four or five hundred gathered. They marched 
to Screamersville and piled wood on the track and threatened to 
kill the engineer who removed it. They then set to work tearing 
up the track, M'hen the police appeared and stopped them. A serious 
conflict was narrowly averted. After this the Broad Street Associa- 
tion, backed by the citizens, agitated the question so strongly that 
January 7, 1874, under an ordinance effective on the 1st, the 
R., F. & P. Company was haled to the Police Court and fined $500 
for running a locomotive on Broad street. An appeal was taken 
to the Circuit Court, and after hearing argument Judge Wellford 
sustained the lower court. Then an appeal was taken to the Supreme 
Court of Appeals. In the meantime injunctions were applied for 
in Judge Fitzhugh's Court, the Circuit Court, and the Court of 
Appeals. The Supreme Court rendered its decision sustaining the 
lower courts in their decision against the company. The R., F. & P. 
Company then decided to pull their cars up and down the street 
with horses, and for a while this was done. They moved their shops 
September, 1875, to Bolton, and later moved their depot to the 
upper end of Broad street and established a passenger station at 
Broad and Pine, calling it Elba, in honor of Elba Park, the former 
home of John Minor Botts, near the place north of Broad. This 
ended the long and bitter fight of the city against the R., F. & P. 
Company. 

It is "a fellow feeling that makes us wondrous kind." , This was 
true when October 10, 1871, Richmond received the dreadful news 
of the great fire in Chicago in which five hundred lives were lost 
and hundreds of millions of dollars of property consumed. The 
city remembered her own experience of April 3, 18G5. Mayor Keiley 
called a meeting of the citizens at the City Hall that evening at 8 
o'clock. A large crowd gathered. Judge W. W. Crump presented 
resolutions of sympathy and called on the Council to appropriate 
$10,000 to the sufferers. Judge Crump, Dr. C. H. Read, Col. J. C. 



1871] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 329 

Shields, John Williams, and Gen. P. T. Moore were appointed to 
present the resolutions to the Council, which they did, and the money 
was appropriated. The Chaniher of Commerce appointed com- 
mittees to solicit subscriptions, and collections were taken in the 
churches, and a large amount was contributed, thus showing the 
concern and sympathy of Jvichmond with Chicago in her great dis- 
aster. Richmond, however, was not so fortunate in her fire; no 
helping hand was extended to her, so she had to struggle alone up 
from her ashes. 

When one thinks of the disasters and hardships through which 
Eichmond passed it is remarkable what courage she showed and 
what confidence in the future. In her poverty and distress she never 
turned away a worthy cause, whether at home or abroad, nor did 
she falter in projecting new enterprises, often at great cost. The 
Chesapeake and Ohio railroad proposed to dig a tunnel under 
Church Hill so as to give the city better trade facilities if the Coun- 
cil would subscribe on behalf of the city. The Council appropriated 
November 16, 3 871, $200,000 to assist, but this was repealed Decem- 
ber 23d and $300,000 six per cent, bonds were issued to aid in the 
work. Ground was broken February 1, 1872, and the digging con- 
tinued, but the enterprise proved a disastrous one. There were 
ten or twelve serious accidents, one in which one of the engineers, 
Maj. James Bolton, was killed; another January 14, 1873, in which 
the tunnel under Twentj'^-fourth street between Broad and Marshall 
caved in, making a chasm fifty feet wide, in which several houses 
were carried; there were other cave-ins and several workmen 
killed. After great difficulty it was finished October 1, 1873, and 
the locomotive Davy Anderson went through, and on this day there 
was another accident. 

As the progress of the city is told it is fitting that we pause to 
tell of the passing of her distinguished citizens. Col. Marmaduke 
Johnson, a leading la^v3^er, died November 20th, and W. H. Mac- 
farland, who for years had taken a prominent part in Richmond's 
history, died at his residence, Glencoe, having previously sold his 
home in the city to James Lyons, now the Westmoreland Club, and 
was buried from St. Pauls January 15, 1872. The venerable Bishop 
John McGill, of the Catholic Church of the diocese of Virginia, 



330 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1872 

died January 14, 1872. His funeral was conducted from St. 
Peters on the 16th by Bishops Becker of Delaware, Gibbons of 
North Carolina, Word of Philadelphia, and Lynch of South Caro- 
lina. By special permission of the Council his body was interred 
in the basement of St. Peters Church. Bishop McGill was ordained 
November 10, 1850, and came to Eiclmiond December 6th, and from 
that time to his death he was identified with the progress of the 
city. 

The new year was marked by several events of interest. The 
Davis mansion, the "White House of the Confederacy," was seized 
by the United States Government after the fall of Richmond and 
was held until September 6, 1870, when it was returned to the 
city. The city at first claimed rent for the time of occupancy, but 
when there was a question as to whether they would get the build- 
ing at all, they relinquished the rent claim. The Council authorized 
it to be sold at auction two months later, but it was not sold. This 
year, under J. H. Binford, superintendent of public schools, it was 
used as the Central School. 

A Woman's Eights meeting was held in the United States court- 
room January 31st for the purpose of advocating female suffrage. 
Mrs. A. W. Bodeker was chairman, and Mrs. M. Joslyn Sage and 
Mrs. L. DeF. Gordon, of New York, spoke ; but the women of Rich- 
mond did not respond to the appeals of the speakers. 

At this time the question of the annexation of Manchester was 
generally discussed, and the Council appointed a special committee 
to meet a like committee from Manchester and to discuss the terms 
of union. The committees met and February 12th the Richmond 
committee reported that annexation was inexpedient at that time, 
and their report was adopted. Thus the question was put at rest for 
years to come. 

A spectacular fire was that in front of the City Hall when $8,000 
worth of mahogany tables and chairs, with poker chips and other 
gambling devices captured by the police in a raid in the gambling 
places of the city, were burned by order of the court. 

Richmond was rapidly becoming a manufacturing centre; with 
great iron works, the Tredegar and others, and flour mills, and now 
a larffe cotton mill was chartered. 



1872] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 331 

Another step forward was the ordering of the i)eople to number 
their houses. To this time few houses had numbers, and it was 
difficult for strangers to find a place. 

Kichmond has always been proud of her churches; her church 
edifices have kept pace with her material progress. Another was 
restored May 12th, when Grace Street Presbyterian Church, de- 
signed by Captain Dimmock, was dedicated by the pastor, Rev. 
Charles H. Read, D. D. The new Bible and hymn book had this 
inscription: "Presented to Grace Street Presbyterian Church by 
the Episcopal churches of Richmond," which showed the kindly 
feeling which has always obtained among the denominations of the 
city. Four days after the dedication the Presbyterian General 
Assembly of the United States met in this church. Dr. W. S. 
Plumer, the former pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, 
preached the sermon. The Rev. Dr. T. D. Welch was moderator. 

Another meeting of interest was the International Typographical 
Union, held in the Hall of the House of Delegates June 3, W. J. 
Hammond, of New Orleans, president. 

A sad reminder of the Civil War was brought to the people of 
Richmond Thursday, June 20th, when the remains of 708 heroes 
of the Confederacy who fell at Gettysburg were brought to the city 
to be interred in the soldiers section in Hollywood. It was through 
the earnest efforts of the ladies of the Hollywood Memorial Associa- 
tion that the remains of the soldiers were brought here. At the 
request of Mayor Keiley the stores and places of business closed. 
Great crowds of silent spectators gathered along the sidewalks and 
in the houses along the line of march. Tlie First Regiment, under 
Colonel Sloan ; the Howitzers, under Lieutenant White ; the South- 
ern Cross Brotherhood, under Col. W. C. Carrington; Ex-Confed- 
erate officers, including Gen. George E. Pickett, and the Hollywood 
Association, met the remains at Rocketts. They were placed in 
fifteen wagons draped in white and black and covered with flowers 
and Confederate flags. The impressive march was up Main street 
and on to Hollywood. At the cemetery the Rev. Dr. M. D. Hoge con- 
ducted the religious services, and these noble sons of Virginia were 
tenderly laid to rest upon her bosom. Later, May 29, 1873, the 
remains of 333 soldiers and July 9th, 350 were also brought to 



332 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1872 

Eiclimond and were buried in Hollywood with the honors of a sol- 
dier's burial. 

Eichmond College, then beyond the city limits, like most colleges 
at that time, had a severe struggle for existence, and especially since 
the war. The buildings were small and inadequate for the work, 
but by the gift of John A. Temple a new building, or rather the 
completion of the building partly erected, was projected. The 
cornerstone was laid June 24th by Eichmond Lodge, No. 10, John 
A, Sloan master. Col. E. E. Withers was Grand Master and made 
the address in place of Governor Walker, who could not be present. 
The new building was to be across the line of Grace street, and this 
caused much dissatisfaction. Many advocated selling the present 
site and going farther westward, but the matter was settled by the 
trustees agreeing to give the city sixty feet to the north for Broad 
street and sixty feet to the south for Franklin street in lieu of block- 
ing Grace street when the city should be extended. 

An interesting occasion was the meeting of the State Conservative 
Convention at the Theatre June 27th. Among the representatives 
were many of the "Old Guard." Ex-Governor Smith was made 
temporary chairman and John Goode was elected permanent chair- 
man. The main purpose of the gathering was to nominate delegates 
to the convention in Baltimore July 9th to nominate a conservative 
candidate for President of the United States. Thomas S. Bocock, 
J. B. Baldwin, Eobert Ould, Lieutenant Governor Marye, and W. S. 
Gilman were delegates of the State at large. The Liberals had 
nominated at Cincinnati May 3d Horace Greeley for President and 
Gratz Brown for Vice President. The Eadicals in Washington 
June 6tli nominated General Grant and Henry Wilson. The Con- 
servative Convention endorsed Greeley and Brown. Eichmond en- 
thusiastically endorsed the Greeley nomination and held a great 
glorification meeting and torchlight procession. Governor G. C. 
Walker, Hon. B. B. Douglass, Judge F. E. Farrar, Colonel Hinton, 
W. W. Walker, and others made addresses. While Walker was speak- 
ing a Eadical in the crowd cried out, "You is from the country, ain't 
you?" Walker quickly replied: "You are from the penitentiary 
or soon will be," and the crowd loudly cheered. Shortly after this 
the Eadicals held a mass meeting at City Spring Park. Frederick 



1872] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 333 

Douglass (colored) and Hon. Henry Wilson spoke. Many colored 
people were present, and on the transparencies were sentences from 
General Grant like these: "Tell your boys they can take their 
horses home with them to make their crops," "If Lee and his com- 
rades are prosecuted I will resign." Greeley's scathing rebuke of 
the carpet-baggers had greatly pleased the South, when he said : 
"Republicans of the South, you have a desperate struggle just ahead 
of you, and you cannot win unless you send these villains, carpet- 
baggers, to the rear. You cannot rely on their modesty or sense 
of decency. They will push themselves forward into the most con- 
spicuous posts, no matter to what peril and mischief to your cause, 
unless you sternly say, 'Go Back, Thieves' ! You cannot afford to be 
delicate with men who do not know what delicacy means. Unless 
you show by your acts that you detest peculators and scorn to be led 
by them you will be beaten and will deserve to be." Mass meetings 
and flag raisings were held until the election in November. The 
Conservatives felt sure of Greeley's election, and the Radicals of 
Grant's. Richmond gave Greeley 5,561 and Grant 5,755 votes, and 
Virginia gave Grant, due to negro votes, about 2,000 majority. The 
election was November 6th, and twenty-three days later Horace 
Greeley died. The city and the nation mourned his loss. 

There were two notable deaths in Richmond at this time — Maj. 
Richard H. Christian, a leading lawyer and a gallant soldier, July 
7th, and Ex-Mayor Joseph Mayo August 9th. His long service to 
the city as Commonwealth's Attorney, councilman, member of the 
legislature, and mayor had endeared him to the citizens. He was 
interred in Shockoe Hill Cemetery. 

There were events of interest in Church circles at this time. 
The Disciples had sold the old Sycamore Church on Eleventh 
street between Broad and Marshall to the State for the Court of 
Appeals and had begun building on the corner of Grace and Seventh. 
The first service was held in the basement of the new church July 
14th, conducted by W. K. Pendleton, but it was not completed 
and dedicated until May 4, 1873, when the Rev. B. B. Tyler, brother 
of the pastor, J. Z. Tyler, preached the sermon. 

Christ I-']piscopal Church, in the valley, was consecrated July 13th 
by Bishop Johns, assisted by Drs. Minnigerode and Peterkin. 



334 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1872 

Eev. James Gibbons, Vicar-Apostolic of North Carolina, was ap- 
pointed Catholic Bishop of Richmond and was installed October 
20th at the Cathedral. Archbishop Bailey of Baltimore, Bishops 
Becker of Delaware and Lynch of Sovith Carolina, assisted in the 
ceremony, which was conducted by Eev. Dr. Mulvey, Vicar-General 
of the Diocese of Virginia. Bishop Gibbons was the fourth Catholic 
bishop in charge of Richmond, having been preceded by Bishops 
Kelly, Whelan, and McGill. 

The old Quaker meeting-house and lot, including the burying 
ground, corner Nineteenth and Cary streets, was sold and the 
bodies exhumed in October. Here were buried many of the 
original settlers of Richmond, but they are nameless here forever- 
more. 

The history of the seal of Richmond, which is very interesting, 
was brought forward April 10th, when, on recommendation of 
Mayor Keiley, the Council appointed Thomas H. Wynne, N. Wel- 
ford, and J. A. Scott a committee to look into the matter and pro- 
pose a seal. The committee through its chairman, Thomas H. 
Wynne, reported September 9, 1872. Upon investigation they found 
that the Common Hall July 16, 1782, ordered that a seal of the 
corporation be provided, and July 4, 1785, the seal ordered not 
having been procured, it was ordered that the private seal of the 
mayor, Robert Mitchell, be established as the common seal of the 
corporation and that the clerk of the Common Hall affix it to all 
ordinances. On an ordinance of October 10, 1806, there appears 
a seal of the city. It has a figure of Justice standing erect, hold- 
ing in her right hand the scales, her left arm elevated and her 
left hand pointing upward; she is standing on the earth and near 
her foot is a luxurious tobacco plant. In the exergue is the inscrip- 
tion: "City of Richmond, July IX, MDCCLXXXII" in Roman 
characters, and above her head the motto, "Sic itur ad astra." The 
seal is one and one-half inches in diameter. The president of the 
Common Hall on May 27, 1816, was ordered to have made a new 
seal of the city. The same seal was used, however, until January 
18, 1819, when the new seal appeared. It had the same legend, 
but Justice held the scales in her left hand and in her right hand 
is a pondrous sword, the date is changed from July IX to July 19, 



1872] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 335 

and the numericals are Arabic. Tliis seal was used until 1865, when 
it was stolen. When order was restored the chamberlain had a new 
one made; it had the same figure and date, but with this motto: 
"Fiat justitia ruat coelum." This was done for fear of fraud from 
the lost seal. This seal was used until March 12, 1867, when it 
was resolved to use the seal in use prior to 1865. The report closes 
with these words : "No two of these seals were exactly alike. But 
worse than this, not one of them has any legal sanction; nor have 
we any clue to the meaning of their inscriptions, there being no 
significance to the date July 19. It is therefore evident that we 
have never had a city seal the authority of which could be supported 
■ y anything else but usage." In order to perpetuate William Byrd's 
connection with the city the committee recommended a seal which 
was adopted by ordinance as follows : "Be it ordained, That from 
and after the first day of October, 1872, the seal of the city of 
I?ichmond shall be represented by a design within a circle 1% 
inches in diameter, within which shall be represented a sitting 
female figure, clothed in classic costume, wearing a mural crown; 
in her left hand a bundle of tobacco leaves, which rest upon her 
lap; at her feet a river flowing to her left, on the banks of which 
are shown mining operations, iron works, and a steam engine, to- 
w:irds whicli her extended right hand is pointed; above her head 
the motto, tSic itur ad astra, and in the exergue this inscription: 
'Richmond, Va. Founded by William Byrd. MDCCXXXVII. 
From and after this date no other seal shall be used.' " 

This seal, adopted by ordinance, was used until 1879, when a new 
seal came into use. It was very much changed; on the right is a 
river, on the left a wharf, near which is machinery, a factory with 
smoking chimney, on a mound sits a female figure with a mural 
crown, and back of her is a hill with tobacco growing ; over her head 
is the motto, "Sic itur ad astra." This is within a smaller circle sur- 
rounded by a larger circle and between the two are the words: 
"Richmond, Va. Founded by William Byrd, MDCCXXXVII," be- 
neatli which is a star. This seal was used until 1908, when by ordi- 
nance approved August 17th the old seal, bearing the meaningless 
legend July 19, 1782, was adopted and is now in use. 

The city of Richmond was greatly interested in the Chesapeake 



336 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1873 

and Oliio railroad, not only because of the help it would be to the 
city, but because she had subscribed to three million dollars of 
stock and many citizens were stockholders. The first through train, 
a freight, was expected to arrive in Eicbmond February 12, 1873, 
and the city planned for a great celebration. An immense crowd 
gathered at the Broad street station, but the train did not arrive, 
having been delayed by an accident. It arrived, however, the next 
afternoon, with only four cars of coal, from Coalsburg, assigned two 
to S. P. Lathrop, one to S. H. Hawes, and one for Cottrell & Reins. 
A landslide parted these cars from the rest of the train. Thousands 
of people were there to greet the stranger when it pulled into the 
city. Business had been suspended and the city turned out: the 
Council, Chamber of Commerce, the Tobacco and the Corn and 
Flour Exchanges, the First liegiment, under Col. J. A. Sloan, 
were present, and Gen. Peyton Wise was chief marshal. When 
the train reached the depot the Howitzers fired a salute, the bells 
of the city rang, and the whistles of the factories blew. Lieutenant 
Governor Marye spoke in place of Governor Walker, who could 
not be present; he was followed by Col. J. B. Baldwin, Col. H. C. 
Cabell, Gen. J. R, Anderson, and j\Iayor A. M. Keiley. The exer- 
cises were opened with prayer by Dr. j\i. D. Plogc, who was pre- 
sented by the chairman, L. H. Frayser. It was a great day for 
Richmond when railroad communication with the West was opened, 
and she fittingly celebrated the day. 

■Richmond had suffered from an epidemic of cholera a few years 
since and now another scourge was upon her — small-pox had broken 
out. One of the first deaths was that of Ed. Lorraine, chief engi- 
neer of the James River and Kanawha Canal. The epidemic con- 
tinued for several months with from five to nine cases a week, a 
large number of which were fatal. The excitement, however, was 
not so great as when cholera was in the city; many were vaccinated 
and felt secure from danger. Death from other causes was proving 
the saying that he "loves a shining mark." At Lexington Com- 
modore Matthew F. Maury died Februar}' 1, 1873, in the 68th j^ear 
of his age. He had been identified with Richmond so long that she 
felt as if he was her son, although he was professor of Physical and 
Astronomical Geography at the Virginia Military Institute. In 
1844 he published in the Southern Literary Messenger his investiga- 



1873] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 337 

tions about the Gulf Stream, ocean currents, and movements of 
the trade winds; these, with his discovery of the telegraphic ocean 
plateau and his indication of the whaling grounds, earned for him 
the najne "Pathfinder of the Sea." His remains were brought to 
Richmond September 27th and on October 1st were interred in 
Hollywood. 

Gen. Edward Johnson died at Ford's Hotel March 1st and his re- 
mains lay in state in the rotunda of the Capitol until the 4th, when 
the funeral was conducted from St. Pauls by Dr. Minnigerode and 
the interment was in Hollywood. The day was very cold, but a long 
procession followed him to the grave. It was composed of the First 
Regiment, State and city officers, officers and soldiers of the Army 
of Northern Virginia, Southern Cross Brotherhood, members of the 
Legislature, commercial bodies, and many citizens. The same 
month Capt. Charles H. Dimmock, city engineer, died in Gloucester 
and was interred in Hollywood April 1st. Gen. E. R. S. Canby, 
who at one time was military commander of Virginia, was assas- 
sinated in the West by Captain Jack, of the Modoc Indians, and 
April 17th some of his admirers held memorial services here in the 
United States courtroom. 

Richmond mourned the loss of one of her most brilliant sons, 
John R. Thomson, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, who 
died in New York April 30th while there for recreation. He v/as 
born in Richmond October 23, 1823, studied law at the University 
of Virginia, and for some time was in the office of Hon. James 
A. Seddon. But it was as an editor, poet, and critic that he had 
made a splendid reputation. A public meeting was held May 2d 
in the Hall of the House of Delegates ; the bar, press, alumni of the 
University, and many other representative citizens were present. 
Governor Walker presided, and appointed Dr. George W. Bagby, 
Hon. James Pleasants, Col. James McDonald, Col. T. H. Wynne, 
and Gen. P. T. Moore a committee to bring in suitable resolutions. 
The resolutions, telling of his genius and work, were passed and 
a committee appointed to meet the remains at the depot. The 
funeral took place from St. Pauls May 3d, conducted by Drs. Peter- 
kin and Hoge. Dr. Hogo recalled the fact that one of the hymns 
sung at the dedication of the church was composed by Mr. Thomson. 
The interment was in HoUvwood. 



338 RICHMOND; HER PAST AND PRESENT [1873 

The Eiclimond bar held a special meeting May 8th to honor the 
memory of Chief Justice Chase, of the United States Supreme 
Court, who died the preceding day. James Lyons presided, and 
after adopting suitable resolutions Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, Col. 
H. C. Cabell, and others spoke. Judge Wellford adjourned his 
court in his honor. Kichmond could not forget the special service 
done by this eminent jurist in saving her from the spite and malice 
of Underwood, hence this meeting was not only one of honor but 
of appreciation. 

The death that created the greatest excitement in Richmond of 
any that had occurred for a long time was that of John B. Mordecai, 
son of Samuel Mordecai, who wrote the little book entitled "Rich- 
mond in By-Gone- Days." This death was the result of what was 
called in those days "An affair of honor." 

There appeared in the Enquirer these lines, entitled "The First 
Figure in the German" : 

"When Mary's queenly form I press, in Straus's latest waltz, 
I would as well her lips caress, although those lips were false, 
-For still with fire love tips his darts, and kindles up anew 
The flame which once consumed my heart, when those dear lips 

were true. 
Of form so fair, of faith so faint, if truth were only in her. 
Though she'd be the sweetest saint, Pd still feel like a sinner." 

It was said that the lines had reference to a beautiful lady of 
Richmond to whom Page McCarty had once been engaged, and whom 
Mordecai was then addressing and that McCarty had written them. 
Mordecai resented the references in the poem and a belligerent 
correspondence ensued, after which he sent a challenge to McCarty. 
There was a rumor that the duel would take place in February, but 
it did not on account of the intervention of mutual friends. Later 
the young antagonists met at the Richmond Club, corner of Third 
and Franklin streets, and a fight took place, after which Mordecai 
again challenged McCarty to a duel. The challenge was accepted, 
and the time set was 6 P. M. May 9th, and the place was back of 
Oalcwood Cemetery beyond Blakey's Mill. McCarty chose Col. W. 
B. Tabb and John S. Meredith as his seconds and Dr. J. S. D. 
Cullen his surgeon. Mordecai chose W. L. Roy all, W. R. Trigg, and 



18To] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 339 

Dr. Hunter McGuire. The weapons were Colts navy revolvers, with 
amiy balls, at ten paces. The preliminaries having been arranged, 
the antagonists met at the appointed place and time. They faced 
each other, and when the word was given both fired. The first 
shot was without effect. They tired again, and both fell badly 
wounded, Mordecai fatally. As the surgeons were dressing the 
wounds Major Poe, chief of police, arrived, but too late to stop 
the duel; he, however, placed all under arrest. The principals were 
bailed in the sum of $5,000 and the seconds $500. The surgeons 
claimed that they were called in after the affair and did not aid 
or abet, only treated the wounded men. McCarty was a son of 
Congressman McCarty, 'who some years before fought a duel with 
muskets with Senator Mason near Washington, in which the latter 
was killed. ]\Iordecai died May 14th at the home of Col. E. T. D. 
Myers and his funeral was from St. James Episcopal Church. 
The excitement in the city was now at the highest pitch. McCarty 
and all the seconds were placed under arrest. McCarty was too 
ill to be removed, so he was guarded at his home, but the seconds 
were taken to jail and bail refused. The charge against them all 
was murder. The affair was most distressing. Mordecai was only 
twenty-seven and McCarty about the same age. The seconds 
applied to Police Justice J. J. White for bail, but he refused; then 
they were carried before Judge G-uigon June 12th on a writ of 
habeas corpus and he refused them bail. Later, July 19th, they 
were brought before Judge B. W. Lacy, of New Kent, on a writ of 
habeas corpus and he granted them bail in the sum of $5,000 each, 
and they were glad to get it. McCarty was so badly wounded 
that he could not appear in court and Judge Guigon bailed him in 
the sum of $10,000. His trial was put off from time to time until 
January 24, 1 8.74, when he was tried and convicted of manslaughter 
and fined $500 and sentenced to prison, but in February Governor 
Kemper, on account of McCarty's health, pardoned him of the 
prison sentence. Thus closed one of the most sadly tragic affairs 
in the history of the cavalier city of Eichmond. 

The next matter of importance that claimed the attention of 
Richmond at this time was in the sphere of politics; the time to 
elect a Governor was drawing near. The Radicals had already held 
a convention at Lynchburg and nominated Col. R. W. Hughes for 



340 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1873 

Governor, C. P. Eamsdell for Lieutenant Governor, and Judge D. 
W. Fultz for Attorney General; and on August 6th the Conserva- 
tives held their State Convention in the Theatre here. Col. M. G. 
Harmon was made temporary chairman. Judge Ould and Mayor 
Keiley made addresses of welcome to the city. Thomas S. Bocock 
was elected president, and he made a ringing speech on the Con- 
servative victory. Gen. J. L. Kemper was nominated for Gover^- 
nor. Col. E. E. Withers for Lieutenant Governor, and Ealeigh 
T. Daniel for Attorney General. Governor Walker was conducted 
to the stage by Maj. John W. Daniel, and he made an enthusiastic 
speech. After the convention the fight began in earnest; over the 
city "Konservative Kemper Klubs" were organized and on August 
22d a grand rally was held at the Theatre. Governor Walker pre- 
sided, and General Kemper, Colonel Withers, Judge Ould, E. M. T. 
Hunter, E. T. Daniel, and others spoke. The Eadicals held a rally 
at Assembly Hall and at the African church. Both meetings were 
addressed by the candidates. The canvass was a vigorous one up to 
November 4th, the election day. Eichmond gave General Kemper 
and the Conservative ticket a majority of 1,626 ; Kemper's majority 
in the State was 27,239. 

Eichmond has always given an important place to education, both 
public and private. Her schools have steadily grown from the be- 
ginning of the Lancasterian School until she established a great 
system. The new High School building on Marshall between 
Seventh and Eighth streets, which cost $26,500, was opened October 
1st. The new Eichmond College was completed, and two excellent 
Catholic schools, St. Joseph's Academy and Monte Maria, were 
doing good work. 

Since the memorable convention of 1776 Eichmond has been a 
convention city. The people enjoy coming and she welcomes all. 
The Supreme Lodge of the World, Knights of Pythias, met here in 
April this year. Supreme Chancellor H. C. Berry, of Chicago, pre- 
sided. Past Grand Chancellor W. H. Wade made an address of wel- 
come, and the visitors were given a ball at the Exchange. Some 
months later, September 16th, the American Pharmaceutical Asso- 
ciation met at the Virginia Opera House, on Ninth street between 



1873] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 341 

Main and Franklin, Albert E. Ebert president. Mayor Keiley made 
the address of welcome. 

This very same month another visitor came to the city, and he was 
most unwelcome, because his presence produced both depression 
and damage; a great panic came. Black Friday, September 24, 
1869, did not materialy affect Richmond, because she had not suf- 
ficiently recovered from the effects of the war to be injured, but 
when Jay Cooke & Co., of New York, failed September 18, 1873, 
the panic was quickly felt in Richmond. The crisis, however, was 
not reached until Wednesday, the 24th. Since the 18th the people 
had been drawing their money out of the banks, but had not made 
a run on any one of them. Wednesday a circus was in town and 
many people were on the street. A large number of policemen 
were on Main street between Eleventh and Fourteenth to keep the 
people moving for fear of trouble at the banks. The Dollar Savings 
Bank, on the corner of Main and Fourteenth, did not open its doors 
at 9 o'clock but posted this notice : 

"The president and directors of this bank, after mature consid- 
eration, have decided to suspend for the present on account of the 
want of currency. The assets of the bank are more than ample to 
meet all liabilities." 

As the news of this bank's failure spread it set the people on 
fire with excitement, and almost every one who had money in a 
bank rushed to get it out. Then followed the failure of the bank- 
ing house of Isaacs, Taylor & Williams, which had to suspend on 
account of the demands made upon it and their inability to get 
currency from the North. It was rumored that the Merchants 
National Bank, Thomas Branch president, was connected with a 
bank in Petersburg which had failed and soon a run was made on 
that institution. Crowds of excited depositors pressed to the counter 
for their money, which was paid them until the run subsided. For- 
tunately the bank stood the storm. Then a run was made on the 
Planters and the First National. All the national banks stood by 
each other, consequently none of them failed; but ever>' banker was 
glad when banking hours were over September 24th. The merchants 
held a meeting at the Corn Exchange. L. D. Crenshaw was chair- 
man. They assurer! the people that the banks were solvent if let alone 
and urged them not to withdraw their money. Before another day 



343 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1874 

the bank officials met and decided to issue certificates for $500 and 
$1,000^ which would be accepted as money. The Clearing Com- 
mittee was Isaac Davenport, E. 0. Nolting, and J. L. Bacon. The 
next day the storm had subsided and the First National, National 
Bank of Virginia, Merchants National, Planters National, Rich- 
mond Banking and Insurance Company, and the State Bank opened 
their doors and went on with their business as if nothing had hap- 
pened. The day, however, was one long to be remembered. 

The effects of the panic paralyzed business; many of the manu- 
factories closed down, others cut down their force, as did a num- 
ber of the merchants, thus throwing a great many out of work. Win- 
ter came on and with it hard times almost equal to those after the 
war. The Council tried to give work to as many as possible, and 
various organizations assisted the suffering poor. In response to a 
request from Mayor Keiley the ministers of the city met, with Dr. 
Woodbridge as chairman, and planned to raise funds to relieve the 
suffering. The panic of 1873 was not soon to be forgotten in 
Richmond. 

The news came to Richmond that Judge Underwood died in 
Washington December 7th, thus depriving the city of his service as 
United State district judge. The harrowing memories of the 
past still remained, and in Richmond, at least, "there was no 
mourning at the bar when he put out to sea." President Grant ap- 
pointed Col. R. W. Hughes in his place. 

The year 1874 opened with gloomy prospects for business, but 
Richmond had been through worse experiences and she was not 
•afraid; with her face to the future she pressed onward. Governor 
Gilbert C. Walker closed his term of four years as Governor and his 
:administration was very satisfactory to the people. The following 
November he was elected to Congress on the Conservative ticket 
from the Richmond district, defeating Col. Rush Burgess, the 
Radical nominee. General Kemper began his administration as 
Governor under good auspices, but the Lieutenant Governor, Col. 
R. E'. Withers, did not retain his officer long. Early in January 
the Legislature began balloting for a United States Senator, and 
among those voted for were R. M. T. Hunter, A. H. H. Stuart, Ex- 
Governor Smith, Judge Joe Christian, R. E. Withers, and John 
Goode. Forty-eight ballots were taken and Colonel Withers was 



1874] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 343 

elected. At this time Ex-Governor Pierpont visited Richmond and 
was welcomed by the people, who remembered his liberal and con- 
siderate administration under most trying circumstances. 

Richmond of to-day is due to the unfailing courage of her leaders 
in the face of difficulties. For more than twenty years tlie question 
of a new reservoir and increased water supply had been discussed, 
but no more. In February the Council decided to purchase sixty 
acres of the Omohundro estate west of the city at $350 an acre 
for a reservoir and park. It appropriated $340,000 for the reservoir 
and in March the work was begun under the direction of Col. 
"W. E. Cutshaw, the city engineer. After continued work and some 
trouble, including a strike of three hundred laborers for $1.25 a 
day instead of $1.00, the work was completed and water was 
pumped into the eastern basin November 30, 1875, Y. Bargamin 
was chairman of the Council Committee on Water and J. L. Davis 
Superintendent of \Yater Works. 

The old City Hall, which stood where the present City Hall 
stands and which was built in 1816, with its large dome and classic 
architectural appearance, was condemned February 20th and 
ordered to be pulled down. The municipal offices were removed to 
a building between Ninth and Tenth from Broad to Capitol streets, 
and in July the venerable City Hall was pulled down. 

Another historic building was pulled down about the same time, 
the African church on Broad street, in which the public meetings 
of the city were held in the early days. It was the first Baptist 
church built in Richmond, in 1803, and was near the Theatre, 
which burned in 1811. On this memorable night many of the dead 
and dying were carried into this church. Later the white people 
built another church on Broad and Twelfth, and turned this 
one over to the negroes. On the site of the old church. Broad and 
College streets, the negroes, under Rev. J. H. Holmes, built 
their present imposing church. 

Richmond society was much engaged this year. At the Theatre, 
Joe Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle, Charlotte Cushman, Lawrence 
Barrett and Janauschek were the special attractions. 

On the evening of April 21st Miss Mary Triplett, the accredited 
beauty of the city, married Philip Haxall. It was the event of 
years, and a brilliant affair it was, but before the ceremony was 



344 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1874 

concluded the alarm of fire was sounded. Soon it became known 
that the Haxall & Crenshaw mills were in flames, and joy and 
sorrow came together to the bridegroom. The guests went from 
the wedding to the fire. The loss was great, being estimated at 
$400,000, with insurance of about $160,000. The same mill burned 
October 5, 1830, nearly fourty-four years before. The loss to the city 
was great and many were thrown out of work. 

Another social event was the celebration of Queen Victoria's 
birthday, May 24th, by the British Association of Eichmond, of 
which Fred. II. Scott was president. A royal salute of twenty-one 
guns was fired and a meeting was held in the Hall of the House 
of Delegates. Thomas P. Jackson made the address. At night a 
splendid banquet was given at the Exchange, at which General 
Barton, of Norfolk, Governor Kemper, Mayor Keiley, Col. Gordon 
McCabe, and Generals Joseph E. Johnston and Bradley T. John- 
son spoke. A telegram of congratulations was sent the Queen and 
an appreciative reply was received. 

The city charter was changed in April and the election for alder- 
men and councilmen was held the following month. In July the 
bodies met and organized. One of the first propositions before the 
new bodies was to appropriate $35,000 to purchase the property for 
Chimborazo Park. The following month the Masons held a meet- 
ing and planned to establish an Orphans Home. 

Another charitable institution which has proved of great benefit 
to- the city was a home for the aged poor. A house on the corner 
of Ninth and Marshall streets was given by William S. Caldwell 
for the purpose, and in October the Little Sisters of the Poor were 
transferred from Baltimore and took charge of it. 

Bishop Moore Memorial chapel was opened July 26th. Dr. Joshua 
Peterkin conducted the service. 

The sensation of the whole country at this time was the kid- 
napping of Charlie Eoss. A large reward was offered and every- 
one was on the lookout. Eichmond expected to figure in the sensa- 
tion. A mysterious-looking stranger came to the city having in his 
custody a dead child. He gave his name as Myron Leisure. The 
police at once arrested him as a child-stealer and the rumor went 
abroad that Charlie Eoss was found in the city; but it proved a 
false report and mysterious Myron Leisure was sent on his way. 



1875] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 345 

Tlie Civil Eights Bill, which had been debated in Congress for 
a long time, passed early in the year 1875, and the effects of it 
were soon apparent in Richmond; in fact, it almost precipitated a 
serious riot. A company was presenting "Davy Crockett" at the 
Theatre, and in the midst of the first act two negroes, acting upon 
the Civil Eights Bill, walked into the Theatre and took a seat 
among the white people. Immediately there were cries of "Put 
them out," "Throw them out of the window," and the house got 
into an uproar. Some one spoke to the negroes and they went out. 
The next night serious trouble was feared, but Manager Powell 
kept the negroes from going with whites and trouble was prevented. 
Pichmond has always been willing to give the negro his full rights 
under tlie law, but when it comes to social commingling there is a 
great chasm that separates the two races. 

The death of two prominent citizens must here be recorded. Col. 
Thomas H. Wynne, long prominent in the city's life, died Febru- 
ary 24th, and on March 30th the funeral of Rev. Dr. J. C. Stiles, 
long pastor of Grace Street Presbyterian Church, was conducted 
from that church. 

An enterprise worthy of noble-hearted people was incorporated 
in March — the Episcopal Church Home for Old Ladies. F. W. 
Hannewinckel made a liberal gift of a house on Leigh street to 
start the work. Bishop F. M. "Whittle, Drs. George Woodbridge, 
Joshua Peterkin, and others were the trustees. The institution, 
though with a small beginning, was destined to grow to meet the 
increased demands upon it. 

A notable work of art was completed here at this time. The Lee 
Memorial Association of Lexington had engaged Edward V. Valen- 
tine, of Richmond, to make a recumbent statue of General Lee. 
Valentine in 1870 made a bust of General Lee from life, so he was 
in a position to make a good statue. He made a plaster cast and 
himself went to Vermont to get a suitable iilock of marble. The 
marble was carved by Caspar Buberl, of N"ew York, here in the 
Valentine studio. It was finished March 25th and preparations 
were marie to send it by rail to Lynchburg and by canal boat from 
Lynchburg to Lexington. April 13th, the day the statue was 
shipped, was especially celebraterl in the city. A long procession, 
composed of the Governor and State officers, city officers, the First 



346 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1875 

Eegiment, judges of the Court of Appeals, the Confederate officers 
and soldiers, and many citizens started from the studio on Leigh 
street with the statue suitably draped and marched through the 
principal streets to the depot. A committee of students from Kich- 
mond College accompanied it to Lexington. Richmond was anxious 
by every means to honor the great chieftain, llobert E. Lee. 

"Given to hospitality" has always been one of the characteristics 
of Eichmond, so strangers often come and they are welcome. This 
had again been proven by several important gatherings here this 
year. The American Association for Cheap Transportation, Josiah 
Quincy president, met here; then came tlie Grange, or Patrons of 
Husbandry, J. W. White master; these were followed by the Inter- 
national Conference of the Young Men's Christian Associations of 
the United States and British Provinces. A large number of dele- 
gates from these countries came and were entertained in the homes 
of the Eichmond people. The opening exercises were held in the 
Seventh Street Christian Church May 26th. Frank D. Taylor, of 
Detroit, Michigan, presided, and he was succeeded by Joseph 
Ilardie, of Selma, Ala. Dr. John C. Granbery, of Broad Street 
Methodist Church, conducted the devotional service, and Judge 
Ould delivered the address of welcome. The convention was in ses- 
sion three days, and on Sunday they conducted open-air meetings 
at the city jail, Libby Hill, Seventh and Broad, Byrd Island, and 
the notorious Cash Corner, a sink-hole of iniquity. The presence 
of this splendid body of men proved a blessing to Eichmond. 

A few months later the Great Council of the Improved Order 
of Red Men of the United States met here. George W. Lindsay, of 
Maryland, presided. 

It has already been stated that when Gen. J. E. B. Stuart died 
the City Council passed resolutions asking his widow to allow his 
remains to be buried in Hollywood and promising to erect a suit- 
able monument. Since then Richmond had been through such try- 
ing experiences that the matter was allowed to slumber. It was 
taken up, however, in June and this resolution was passed : 

"Resolved by the Council of the City of Richmond (the Board 
of Aldermen concurring). That an equestrian monument of Major 
General J. E. B. Stuart shall be erected by the city as soon as the 
means of the city will allow it, and to the end of preparing such a 



1875] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 347 

monument that Ed. Y. A'alcntine, John A. Elder, and Wm. L. 
Sheppard be, and they are hereby, appointed a commission to 
procure and prepare plans and drawings for such a monument, 
together with the probable cost of the same, and to report to this 
body as soon as practicable." 

The city was not unmindful of the great debt of gratitude she 
owed General Stuart, but it was to be many years before the resolu- 
tion could be put into granite and bronze. 

Gen. George E. Pickett died in A^orfolk July 31st, and memorial 
services were held here in his. honor at the Opera House August 
2nd. Governor Kemper, Maj. Robert Stiles, Bishop Dudley, Cap- 
tain Wise, and Dr. M. D. Hoge spoke. But Richmond was not 
satisfied with this; she wanted the remains of this gallant soldier 
to rest beneath her sod ; she therefore sent a committee to Norfolk 
to remove the remains here. They reached here Saturday evening 
and lay in state in the rotunda of the Capitol. The next day, 
Sunday, October 2-4tli, at 2 P. M., the box containing the coflQn 
was placed on a rifle gun of the Howitzers and the remains w^ere 
escorted by an imposing procession up Grace and Franklin to 
Hollywood. Gen. D. H. Maury was chief marshal, and he was fol- 
lowed by the First Regiment, Confederate Veterans under Gen. 
Bradley T. Johnson, Knights Templar, city and State officers. Gen- 
eral Pickett's war-horse, Pickett's old division. Governor Kemper 
and Ex-Governors, and a long line of citizens. When they arrived 
at Gettysburg Hill Drs. Minnigerode and Peterkin read the service, 
after which the body of the brave general was laid to rest among 
the faithful soldiers whom he had led. 

Stonewall Jackson ! His name will ever live so long as admira- 
tion for character, genius and heroism survives. But to honor 
him by a monument was also needful. At the time of his death 
Richmond started a movement for a statue, but the war and its 
effects prevented the people from raising the necessary funds; but 
others who appreciated and admired the great general asked the 
privilege of presenting a statue of Stonewall Jackson to the State. 
The Hon. Beresford Hope, M. P., and other English gentlemen 
engaged the English sculptor Foley to make a bronze statue of him. 
The General Assembly accepted it with gratitude March, 1875, and 
appropriated $10,000 with which to receive it and put it in posi- 



348 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1875 

tion. When General Jackson's remains were in the Governor's 
mansion a German artist here named Volck made a death mask 
and took measurements for his bod}^, and from uniform, boots and 
other articles loaned him by Mrs. Jackson he made a model of the 
general in 1863. He went to Munich to make an equestrian statue 
of him, but the Confederacy fell, tlie money was lost, and the plan 
failed. The English gentlemen signified their intention of pre- 
senting the statue before the war closed, but nothing could be done. 
Matters remained as they were until 1872, when the sculptor was 
engaged and photographs of General Jackson from paintings from 
life were sent to England by General Bradley T. Johnson, who was 
going to Europe on a visit. Lexington and Winchester were sug- 
gested as suitable places for the statue, but the Association of the 
Army of Northern Virginia decided upon Richmond, and this place 
was selected. At length the statue was finished and shipped to 
Richmond. It arrived here September 22nd by steamer Westover 
from New York. The First Regiment, under Col. Bradley T. 
Johnson, the Richmond Grays, and the Howitzers, with a great 
crowd of citizens and Confederate veterans, met it at the wharf in 
Rocketts. The box containing the statue was wrapped in a British 
and a Virginia flag and placed on a wagon and three hundred 
Confederate soldiers and citizens drew it through the streets. The 
procession marched up Main street to Fifth; then to Grace, and 
down Grace to the Capitol. When the Capitol was reached the 
procession halted and Gen. Bradley T. Johnson presented the statue 
to the Governor. It was then placed in the Capitol until it was 
erected. October 26th was fixed as the day of the unveiling, and it 
proved to be the greatest day of the kind since the unveiling of the 
Washington Monument. Richmond had never welcomed a larger 
crowd. For several days before the time the trains, boats, wagons, 
and buggies were bringing in visitors and soldiers to honor the 
great hexo. All the hotels were filled, private houses had as many 
guests as they could entertain, and many large buildings were fitted 
up for sleeping apartments. At dawn on the 26th the drums and 
bugles sounded the reveille from the military quarters, and soon 
the whole city was astir. People were hurrying to and fro to get 
a good place from which to view the procession, soldiers were mov- 
ing to their places in the line, and bands were playing. The city 



1875] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 349 

was decorated with Confederate colors and flags and the streets in 
many places had handsome arches across them. All business was 
suspended and the people gave themselves to the great occasion. 
The procession started at 11 o'clock. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 
was chief marshal and Gen. Harry Heth acting chief marshal. He 
was followed by his staff, then the First Regiment, Col. Bradley T. 
Johnson; V. M. I. and Blacksburg cadets; Norfolk, Petersburg, 
Danville, Lynchburg, and Charlotesville companies, the Marine 
Band. Next came a carriage with Governor Kemper, Mrs. Jack- 
son and her daughter, Miss Julia; carriages with the speaker and 
other distinguished guests, members of Jackson's staff, survivors 
of the Old Stonewall Brigade under Gen. James A. Walker, cavalry 
under Gen. W. H. F. Lee, veterans of Army of Northern Virginia 
under Gen. Fitz. Lee, artillery, Gen. R. Lindsay Walker, Maryland 
companies. Gen. J. R. Trimble, State and city officers, various 
societies, and citizens. The line of march was from Broad to Nine- 
teenth street, then to Main, up Main to Monroe Park, Franklin to 
Fifth, Fifth to Grace, down Grace to Capitol Square. An immense 
crowd was in and around the Square, estimated at 40,000 ; every win- 
dow, liouse-top and door was crowded. Along the whole route Gen- 
erals Johnston and Early were enthusiastically cheered. It was a dis- 
tinguished gathering on the speaker's stand, among whom were Gen- 
eral Kemper, Bishop D. S. Doggett, Bishop Gibbons, Dr. Minnige- 
rode, Senator Withers, Ex-Governors G. C. Walker, Letcher, and 
William Smith, Generals Johnston, Bradley T. Johnson, D. H. 
Hill, Early, Heth, Taliaferro, Terr}'^, Ransom, St. John, Dr. Hunter 
McGuire, and Mrs. J. E. B. Stuart. The exercises were opened 
with prayer by Bishop Doggett, of the Methodist Church. Gov- 
ernor Kemper then introduced Dr. Moses D. Hoge, the orator, who 
delivered a splendid oration on the life and character of Jackson. 
After the speech Gen. Lindsay Walker, Major Andrews, and 
Samuel R. Greene unveiled the statue. The infantry and artillery 
fired a salute ; a great choir, under Charles Ij. Seigle, sang, and the 
bands played. Governor Kemper then took Mrs. Jackson by the 
hand and presented her to the crowd. She was received with cheers 
that rent the air. At night there was a grand display of fireworks 
on the Square. The inscription on the statue was not made known 
until after the unveilinsc. It is as follows: 



350 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1875 

"Presented by English gentlemen as a tribute of admiration for 
the soldier and patriot, Thomas J. Jackson, and gratefully accepted 
by Virginia in the name of the Soutliern people. Done A. D. 1875. 
In the one hundredth year of the Commonwealth. 'Look ! There 
is Jackson standing like a stone wall.' " 

Richmond and the whole South were glad of the privilege of 
honoring Stonewall Jackson. 

With the unveiling of the Jackson statue and the State Fair in 
operation Richmond was crowded with visitors, so it proved a good 
time for holding conventions and meetings. The first annual meet- 
ing of the Physicians and Surgeons of the Confederacy was held 
in the Hall of the House of Delegates. Dr. S. P. Moore, formerly 
Surgeon-General of the Confederacy, was president, and Dr. Hunter 
McGuire was elected for the ensuing term. The Virginia Medical 
Society, Dr. S. C. Cleaves president, also held its meeting, and the 
delegates to both were handsomely entertained at a banquet at 
Monticello Hall by the physicians of Richmond. The Confederate 
Veterans had a reunion and banquet in the same hall, and speeches 
were made by Generals Lee, Johnston, Terry and Payne, and Ex- 
Governors Smith and Letcher, Major Daniel and others. A signifi- 
cant fact: the Grand Lodge of Good Templars met shortly after- 
wards, W. J. Points president, and at night held a great temperance 
mass-meeting. 

There were two occurrences in the business world that greatly 
disturbed Richmond at this time: the first was the announcement 
that on October 9th, on complaint of A. F. Richards, C. G. Clark, 
and M. Lowenthal, of New York, holding $120,000 of bonds, the 
Chesapeake & Ohio road was by Judge Bond, of the United States 
Court, put into the hands of a receiver, Henry Tyson, of Baltimore, 
being named as receiver. Richmond was surprised and mystified. 
Gen. W. C. Wickham, the vice president, and others, fought the 
order, but it was made permanent by Judges Bond and Pluglies. 
Later, in the Circuit Court, Judge "Wellford appointed General 
Wickham receiver and the United States Court withdrew Tyson. 
The stockholders approved of this appointment. It Avill be re- 
membered that the cit}'^ of Richmond was a large stockholder. 
Financial matters did not improve, so the road was sold at public 
auction here in the city under a decree from the Circuit Court 



1875] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 351 

April 2, 1878, and was boiiglit for $3,750,000 by first and second 
mortgage bondholders. The other trouble was the failure of the 
Tredegar Iron Works, tlie pride of Richmond, with liabilities 
$1,300,000 and assets $300,000. One hundred and seventy-three men 
were thrown out of work. Gen. Jos. E. Anderson was appointed 
receiver and soon the works started again on a smaller scale. 

The time had come to elect a United States Senator, and as the 
Democrats had the majority in the Legislature they would name 
the senator. At the Democratic caucus on the forty-fifth ballot 
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston received 75 votes and Maj. John W. 
Daniel 64. General Johnston was subsequently elected and the 
people were glad that the famous Confederate General had received 
this high honor. 

Richmond was greatly excited at the arrival of a visitor who had 
not been here during a generation, but who came unexpectedly De- 
cember 22d, an earthquake. There were three distinct shocks, last- 
ing from twenty to thirty seconds. The first came at 11 :45 P. M. 
and the last at 3 A. M. Many people wdio w^ere asleep were sud- 
denlv awakened by the severe trembling of the buildings, and many 
thought that the city would be wrecked. The negroes were alarmed 
60 that many fell upon their knees, thinking that Judgment Day 
had come upon them and they were not ready. Fortunately com- 
paratively little damage was done, but the people were satisfied with 
one experience of the kind. 

The society people celebrated the incoming year, as had long 
been their custom, by New Year callings and receptions. Many 
received, and the callers went from house to house wishing the 
compliments of the season and partaking of refreshments, which 
were served by all who received. 

One of the largest and most fashionable audiences ever gathered 
at the Theatre greeted Edwin Booth in Hamlet. Theodore Tilton 
lectured at Assembly Hall February 7th on "The Problem of Life." 
He had become notable because of his famous suit against the Rev. 
Henry Ward Beecher for $50,000 and many went to hear him from 
curiosity. 

Virginia was invited to take part in the Centennial celebration in 
Philadelphia this year, but Governor Kemper wrote the commis- 
sioners stating that Virginia's poverty was so great and her debt so 



352 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1876 

heavy that as a State she could not participate, but she was in full 
accord with all who favored conciliation, national unity, and the 
equality of States and of men. Many people from Richmond, how- 
ever, attended, and tlie following firms had good exhibits of manu- 
factured tobacco there: P. H. Mayo & Bros., Samuel Bailey, 
Turpin & Bro., Lawrence Lottier, Hancock & Co., L. J. Grant & 
Co., T. C. Williams & Co., and J. F. Allen & Co. 

This was the year of one of the most exciting presidential elec- 
tions in the history of the country. The Republicans nominated 
Hayes and Wheeler and the Democrats Tilden and Hendricks. The 
Democrats of Richmond were greatly elated over Tilden's nomina- 
tion, and the night of July 19th held a great ratification meeting 
on the old City Hall lot. Political rallies were held week after 
week by both parties and there was great enthusiasm, but the great 
meeting was the Democratc rally November 4th. The State Pair 
was open that week and it is claimed that ten thousand people were 
on the streets and at the meeting. There was a great torchlight 
procession and speaking at the City Hall lot. Maj. John AV. Daniel, 
Generals John Echols, Bradley T. Johnson and others spoke. Rich- 
mond gave Tilden 1,605 majority and Ex-Gov. G. C. Walker was re- 
elected to Congress by 478. Business was practically suspended 
November 8th, the day after the election, and all day and far into 
the night crowds thronged the bulletin board. Next day the news 
came that Tilden and Hendricks were certainly elected, but that 
Federal returning boards in Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, 
and Mississippi were undertaking to give fraudulent counts, and 
that United States troops had been ordered to several of these 
States. The excitement became intense, and here some negroes 
almost precipitated a riot. Day after day the matter was discussed 
and the Democrats felt assured that Tilden had been elected. The 
state of suspense, which continued for months, had a depressing 
effect upon business. The Democrats of Richmond held a public 
meeting in the Hall of the House of Delegates January 8, 1877, 
to adopt resolutions concerning this crisis in the presidential con- 
troversy. R. M. T. Hunter was elected chairman. Judge J. A. 
Meredith was chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. The 
meeting declared that in this grave situation there was no power 
in the president of the Senate to count the votes, biit that the 



187GJ RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 353 

right belonged to Congress, and that State returning boards could 
not assume the authority to disfranchise any, and that the Legis- 
lature be called upon to declare the sentiment of Virginia ; that if 
the two houses of Congress could not agree the House of Represen- 
tatives should elect the President from the three having the 
largest vote. The matter continued in uncertainty until March 
2d, two days before the inauguration, when Hayes was declared 
elected. There was great dissatisfaction in Richmond and the 
Democrats declared that Tilden was elected, but Hayes was frau- 
dulently seated. A special train was to be run to the inaugura- 
tion, but only seven people were at the depot to go, so the special 
was taken off. 

Two notable meetings were held in Richmond in 1876. The 
Southern Baptist Convention was held May 11th at the First Bap- 
tist Church. Dr. J. P. Boyce was president. The Virginia Con- 
ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South was held at 
Broad Street Church November 15th. Bishop H. H. Kavanaugh 
presided. Rev. S. A. Steel was pastor of the church. It is worthy 
of note that October 3d the Enquirer, one of the old newspapers of 
the city, was sold to Dr. J. G. Beattie, stepfather of Oliver J. 
Schoolcraft;, who was connected with it. 

During the year Richmond lost many of her well-known citizens. 
Rev. George W. Langhorne, one of the leading ministers of the 
Methodist Church, died at the home of his son-in-law, Stephen 
Putney, February 3d. Thomas TJ. Dudley, long City Sergeant, 
died April 1st. Captain William English, April 17th; James H. 
Binford, Superintendent of the Public Schools, died July 30th, 
and James H. Peay was elected in his place; David J. Burr, presi- 
dent of the Chamber of Commerce, August 3d; Adjutant General 
W. H. Richardson September 1st. The whole State mourned the 
death September 12th of Ex-Governor, Gen. Henry A. Wise. His 
funeral took place from St. James Episcopal Church the 14th. 
The city and State offices were closed, business was suspended, 
and a great crowd attended the services. The military companies, 
members of Wise's Brigade, State and city officials, Irish citizens, 
the Total Abstinence Societies, the bar and many others turned 
out to pay their respects to the distinguished lawyer, statesman, 
soldier, author, and citizen. Dr. Joshua Peterkin conducted the 



354 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1877 

services, assisted by Dr. Minnigerode, Kev. T. G. Dashiell, and 
John Kepler. The long procession accompanied his remains to 
Hollywood. One of the most distinguished Masons in the State, 
Dr. John Dove, died November 16th. For many years he had 
been Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Masons in Virginia — 
from 1835 to 1876 — being eighty-four years old. He was buried 
from St. Johns Church the 18th, Rev. Alex. Weddell and Dr. Peter- 
kin officiating, and all the Masons in the city attended his funeral. 
He was buried in the churchyard near the church, and the Masons 
erected a monument to his memory. 

There were two society events in Richmond January, 1877, which 
attracted much attention. It was announced that Henry Ward 
Beecher would lecture at the Theatre the 23d on "Hard Times." 
There was great prejudice against him here because of his bitter- 
ness against the Confederate States. His manager did not want 
him to appear for fear that violence might be done him, but 
Beecher insisted that he was not afraid. The Legislature was in 
session, and it had been agreed privately that not one of them 
would attend. The Theatre was crowded, and both branches of the 
Legislature were there in full force, each member surprised at 
seeing the others there. All classes of citizens were well repre- 
sented, but there were few ladies, so few that Beecher began by 
saying: "Gentlemen and Ladies, if I may be allowed to use the 
plural in regard to the latter." He paid a splendid tribute to Gen- 
eral Lee and there was great applause; after that the audience 
entered heartily into his lecture. Among other things he said: 
"The Republicans now hold the Federal Government and they need 
money; soon the Democrats will come into power, and they will 
come in hungry from a long fast." There was deafening applause. 
The lecture proved an intellectual feast and Richmond was glad 
to welcome Beecher again. 

The next night one of the most brilliant assemblages ever gath- 
ered in the city greeted Adelaide Neilson in Romeo and Juliet. The 
next month Mary Anderson appeared, and then Kate Claxton in 
the "Two Orphans." She was followed by Emma Abbott, whose 
fine voice was highly appreciated by the society folks of Richmond. 

The people of the city have always been ready to minister to the 
sick and suffering, tence Richmond is noted for her benevolent 



1877] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 355 

institutions. The Retreat for the Sick, through the efforts of many 
of the ladies, was opened March 8th. The physicians in charge 
were Drs. J. B. McCaw, E. T. Coleman, J. S. Wellford, W. H. 
Taylor; Surgeons — Drs. Hunter McGuire, 0. F. Manson, F. D. 
Cunningham, and J. S. D. Cullen. 

The First English Luthern chapel, on Seventh and Grace, was 
opened April 8th, Eev. Dr. T. W, Conrad, of Philadelphia, preach- 
ing the sermon. 

The cornerstone of Park Place chapel was laid by Joppa Lodge 
June 18th. Eev. Dr. John E. Edwards spoke, and on December 
2d it was dedicated. 

On the 24th the cornerstone of St. Sophias Home of the Little 
Sisters of the Poor was laid. Bishops Lynch and Gibbons officiated, 
and all the Catholic congregations and benevolent societies of the 
city were represented. 

Richmond is always ready to give the glad hand of welcome to 
those who come to visit her. A large excursion of business men 
from the West reached the city May 2d. The Tobacco and Com 
Exchanges, the Chamber of Commerce, the clubs, and the Council 
royally entertained them. They were driven around the city and 
brought to the Capitol, where a welcome was given them. Mayor 
Carrington presided, Governor Kemper made the address of wel- 
come, and Gen. T. M. Logan and Colonel Holloway spoke. Hon. 
S. F. Covington, of Cincinnati, and J. 0. Phelps, of Louisville, 
responded. At night a magnificent banquet was given at the 
Ballard. E. 0. jSTolting, president of the Chamber of Commerce, 
presided. Many brilliant toasts were drunk, and the banquet 
proved to be one of the best given for many years. 

Something new under the sun appeared in Eichmond May 22d. 
Wires were stretched across Main street to exhibit the use of the 
telephone, and at night at Association Hall Professor Winston, 
of Eichmond College, lectured on the new and wonderful inven- 
tion. A large crowd came to see the instrument and to hear the 
explanation of its working. A common thing to-day, but a wonder 
to those who before had never seen it. 

The great railroad strike which swept over the Northwest with 
such fury that the military companies had to be called out to protect 
life and property several times threatened Eichmond. It was an- 



356 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1877 

nounced that it would begin here July 34th on the Chesapeake & 
Ohio, but satisfactory arrangements were made and it was averted. 
The State Democratic Convention met at the Theatre August 
8th. The great political question now before the people was the 
settlement of the State debt. Col. William Lamb was made tem- 
porary chairman. J. Marshall Hanger was elected president. Gov- 
ernor Kemper spoke. When they began the nominations for Gov- 
ernor there was great excitement. Generals Fitz. Lee, Taliaferro, 
Terry and Mahone, and Colonels Holliday and W. E. Cameron and 
Major Daniel were placed in nomination. On the seventh ballot 
Holliday received 852 votes and Daniel 568, which nominated 
Colonel Holliday. Gen. James A. Walker was nominated for 
Lieutenant Governor and Raleigh T. Daniel for Attorney General. 
Eight days after the convention adjourned Raleigh T. Daniel, who 
was the Attorney General, died at his home on Seventh street be- 
tween Franklin and Grace. His funeral was from Dr. Hoge's 
church and the whole city mourned the death of this brilliant 
lawyer and esteemed citizen. The State Committee put Gen. 
James G. Field on the ticket in his place. 

The State Fair this year was of special interest because the 
President of the United States attended. Richmond felt that 
Tilden had been elected, but as Hayes had been seated they hon- 
ored him as President. He arrived in Richmond by special invita- 
tion October 30th. He was met at Belvidere and Franklin streets 
by a great crowd of people. Judge Meredith acted as mayor, the 
mayor being sick, and delivered the address of welcome. Presi- 
dent Hayes made a cordial and happy response. The next day the 
President and Mrs. Hayes, Secretary of State William M. Evarts, 
Secretary Sherman, Secretary Thompson, Attorney General 
Devens, and Senator Morgan were escorted by the military com- 
panies to the Fair Grounds, where each made a short address. 
Gen. Jos. R. Anderson presided. A reception was given at the Gov- 
ernor's mansion and a banquet at the Exchange. Business was 
practically suspended and Richmond came out to greet the chief 
magistrate. 

Another great freshet, bringing destruction and death, swept 
through Richmond. The warning came Saturday, November 24th, 
that great damage was done at Lynchburg and that Richmond must 



1877] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 367 

protect herself as best she could. The people at once began to 
remove their goods from along the river to higher places. There 
had been great rains here during the week, but they had been 
greater in the mountain section. The river began to rise rapidly 
Saturday night between 10 and 11 and continued to rise until 11 
P. M. Sunday. Thousands of people worked all day Sunday to 
save what property they could. In Eocketts many of the people 
were on the housetops sending their goods away in boats, the 
water having risen so high that they could not stay on the second 
story. Main street from Fifteenth to the Old Market was a river 
and had to be navigated by boats. Two spans of Mayo's bridge 
on the Richmond side were carried down early Sunday and later 
three more spans went down. The Danville railroad bridge was 
saved by being loaded with cars of iron. The steamer Isaac Bell 
broke from her anchor and was swept towards the houses in 
Rocketts, and every one expected to see it crush them as eggshells 
under the power of the rushing waters. She was, however, gotten 
back into the stream and continued down the river. At 11 A. M. 
Sunday the water had reached the highest point of the flood of 
1870, and at 8 P. M. it reached its highest mark, twenty-four feet 
and seven inches. At 11 it began to subside. Every one in the city 
who could get out went to the hills to watch the surging, dashing 
torrents. Many houses were swept away and property of all kinds 
along the river was destroyed. Only Mayo's bridge was carried 
away. Several lives were lost and the damage reached far up into 
the hundreds of thousands, and would have been considerably more 
but for the timely warning. The city was without water and gas 
until the waters sufficiently subsided to repair the damage. This 
was the greatest freshet ever known in Richmond, and the results 
were the most appalling. The scene after the flood was one of 
desolation and ruin; canal boats and schooners were left in the 
streets, and mud, slime, and trash was piled up in houses, yards, 
and streets wherever the water had been. It was an experience 
long to be remembered. The damage to the canal was so great 
that it was proposed to abandon it and construct a railroad along 
the towpath to Clifton Forge. The Board of Public Interest 
passed a resolution December 20th opposing the abandoning of 
the James River and Kanawha Canal and urging that it be put in 



358 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1877 

order, and stating that the funds should be advanced by the city 
of Eichmond when sufficient security could be had for the amount. 
There were some very sad deaths this years. Corbin Warwick, 
an old and well-known citizen, died January 23d; F. W. Hanne- 
winckel, a wealthy tobacconist, January 27th. The whole city was 
shocked when the news came that Mrs. Mattie Ould- Schoolcraft 
had died at Auburn, just beyond the city limits. She was the belle 
of Richmond; bright, witty, and beautiful, a daughter of Judge 
Ould. A year before she married Oliver Schoolcraft and her mar- 
riage was very romantic Her funeral was conducted by Dr. Min- 
nigerode from St. Pauls and a great crowd attended. Col. Julian 
Harrison died July 17th. The State as well as the city mourned 
the death of one of the greatest preachers in America, long the 
pastor of Broad Street Methodist Church. Dr. James A. Duncan 
died September 24th at Ashland, and his remains were brought 
here and interred in Hollywood. Bishop D. S. Doggett and Dr. 
John E. Edwards officiated. Dr. Duncan was a close friend of 
Ex-President Jefferson Davis and General Lee, and often during 
his pastorate here these noted men were in his congregation. Such 
was the love and esteem in which he was held that the Duncan 
Monument Association was organized, with Rev. P. A. Peterson 
president, to erect a monument to his memory. 

The inauguration of Gov. F. W. M. Holliday was an interesting 
occasion. When he arrived at the depot Mayor Carrington and 
the Council met him and welcomed him. He was then escorted 
to the Exchange, and the next day, January 1, 1878, he was 
escorted by the military companies to the Capitol, A large crowd 
gathered at the south end of the Capitol. After prayer by Rev. 
Melville Jackson the Governor was sworn in and delivered a speech 
outlining his policy. 

One of the first important acts of Governor Holliday was in 
regard to the State Debt question. The question had been before 
the people since soon after the war, but it had never come promi- 
nently into politics until last year. The Readjusters had the ma- 
jority in the House and Senate and they passed the Barbour Bill 
for an adjustment of the debt. Governor Holliday promptly 
vetoed it and sent it back. This action pleased the Funders, but 



1878] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 359 

greatly discouraged the Readjusters. This, however, was just the 
beginning of one of the bitterest fights in Virginia politics. 

This was the year that one of the Richmond preachers began to 
acquire a national reputation, and by the wonderful effect pro- 
duced by one sermon. The Rev. John Jasper, of Sixth Mt. Zion 
Church (colored), preached to a number of white people on Sun- 
day, March 14th, at his church, the famous sermon on "The Sun 
Do Move." He took as his text : "The Lord is a man of war ; the 
Lord is his name." He said in the beginning: "If I do not prove 
by Bible authority that tlie sun do move, then I will agree never 
to preach again." He wanted to burn all the philosophers' books 
which taught that the sun did not move. Among those who at- 
tended were Judge George L. Christian, Attorneys George D. Wise, 
S. B. Witt, and Col. George Wythe Munford. The papers all over 
the country took it up, and Jasper's fame spread throughout the 
land. Many visitors to Richmond on Sunday went to Sixth Mt. 
Zion to hear "The Sun Do Move." Jasper was a good man and 
faithful to his flock and did much good among the negroes. 

Bishop James Gibbons, of the Catholic Diocese of Richmond, 
after the death of Bishop Bayley became Archbishop of Baltimore. 
Pope Piux IX named as his successor Rev. John J. Keane. Bishop 
Keane was consecrated at the Cathedral August 25th. Archbishop 
Gibbons was assisted by Rev. J. A. Walter, A. Van de Vyver, of 
Harpers Ferry, and Dr. D. J. O'Connell, of St. Patricks, Rich- 
mond. The bishop-elect was assisted by Bishops Thomas Foley, 
of Chicago ; Bishop J. J. Kain, of West Virginia. Bishop Lynch, 
of South Carolina, delivered the sermon. Bishops W. H. Gross and 
J. Moore were also present. The church was crowded and the 
ceremony lasted for four hours. Bishop Keane was the fifth 
Catholic Bishop of Richmond. 

The unfailing sympathy of Richmond for her sister cities in 
trouble manifests itself whenever occasion arises. This year there 
came a pitiful and urgent cry from New Orleans, Memphis, and 
Vicksburg. These cities were stricken with yellow-fever and the 
scourge rendered them almost helpless. Richmond quickly re- 
sponded with twelve thousand dollars to help the sufferers. Among 
those who died of the fever was Dr. IST. W. Wilson, formerly pastor 



360 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1878 

of Grace Street Baptist Church. His body was brought here Feb- 
ruary 14th and interred in Hollywood. 

The Greenback question was the great topic in national politics 
this year. Col. W. W. Newman was the Greenback candidate for 
Congress from this district, but he was defeated by General Joseph 
E. Johnston, the anti-Greenback candidate. 

Another disastrous fire occurred at the penitentiary between 1 
and 2 A. M. November 15th. The shoe factory was destroyed, 
entailing a loss of fifty thousand dollars on the State. The 800 
convicts were so frightened that a panic ensued and the military 
companies had to be called out. 

There were two notable gatherings here in November. The 
American Public Health Association met at Mozart Hall (Dr. 
Elisha Harris, of New York, president), and the National Grange 
of Patrons of Husbandry met in the Hall of the House of Dele- 
gates; Samuel E. Adams, of Minnesota, presided. Governor Hol- 
liday delivered an address of welcome to each body. 

During this year Eichmond was called upon to mourn the death 
of some of her most prominent citizens. Dr. George Woodbridge, 
long rector of Monumental Church, died February 14th at his 
home, corner Grace and Seventh streets. Bishop Whittle, Dr. 
Peterkin, and Rev. Baker officiated at his funeral, which was at 
Monumental Church. Just a week afterward Judge A. B. Guigon 
died suddenly. He was elected in 1870 to succeed the military 
appointee, Judge Bramhall, and was in office when he died. His 
funeral was from Monumental, and Dr. Minnigerode and Revs. 
Pike Powers and R. H. Gibson officiated. The church was packed 
and there were thousands of people on the outside to attest their 
love and esteem for the noted jurist. The bar met and passed 
splendid resolutions concerning the life, character, and work of 
Judge Guigon. Major Robert P. Archer, another esteemed citizen, 
died March 18th; Col. W. D. Blair, son of "Parson" Blair, April 
3d ; John P. Ballard, who built the Ballard Hotel, May 28th ; Capt. 
H. D. Danforth, secretary Mutual Assurance Society, August 20th; 
Maj. Jesse T. Hutcheson December 24th, and Dr. Pat. Cullen De- 
cember 29th. 

The new year, 1879, opened with bright prospects. The usual 
New Year calls were paid, and those who sought amusement had 



1879] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 361 

the pleasure of witnessing Lawrence Barrett in Hamlet at the 
Theatre and the next week T. C. Bangs as Julius Caesar, 

The question of the settlement of the State Debt, so long dis- 
cussed, had now formed two parties, Funders and Keadjusters. 
The Readjuster party was formally organized at a convention held 
at Mozart Hall in Richmond February 2oth. A large number of 
delegates were present. Captain Frank T. Blair was made tem- 
porary chairman and Capt. P. H. McCaull secretary. Maj. W. 
Vaiden was made permanent president. The convention was in 
session two days and there was a good deal of speaking. Among 
the speakers were Gen. William Mahone, Rev. John E. Massey, Col. 
H. H. Riddleberger, and Martin Meredith Lipscomb, of this city, 
the perpetual candidate for office. In the years gone he was once 
elected city sergeant, and year after year he appeared as a candidate 
for office, mayor, sergeant or Congress, satisfied with either, which 
he did not get. Four or five negroes also spoke with great fervor 
on the pending question. The convention made a statement of 
the party's position and then adjourned. 

A distressing tragedy March 3d stirred Richmond as nothing 
of the kind has stirred her since the Mordecai-McCarty duel. 
Charles C. Curtis was employed at the shoe store of Wingo, Ellett 
& Crump, and when a lady who was engaged to J. E. Poindexter 
came in to purchase a pair of shoes she thought Curtis too anxious 
to lace them for her. She also said that he talked familiarly with 
her. When riding with Poindexter she told him of what she 
thought were advances made to her. Poindexter went to the store 
and attempted to whip Curtis. After he went out Curtis consulted 
with F. H. McGuire, a young lawyer, who advised him to demand an 
apology. He and McGuire went to Childrey's tobacco factory, where 
Poindexter was employed, and on the way bought a small cane. 
When Poindexter refused to apologize Curtis attacked him with the 
cane. Poindexter drew his pistol and told him he would fire if he 
continued to strike him. Curtis paid no attention to this and Poin- 
dexter began firing and continued until his antagonist fell almost 
riddled with bullets. A short while afterwards Curtis died and 
Poindexter was arrested. The news quickly spread over the city 
and every one w^as discussing the atTair. Curtis' funeral was from 
St. James Episcopal Church the 5th, and a great crowd of grief- 



362 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1879 

stricken people attended it. He was buried in Shockoe Cemetery. 
Poindexter was indicted and brouglit to trial before Judge George 
L. Christian, of the Hustings Court. Thjee or four hundred tales- 
men were summoned before a jury could be secured and the trial 
proceed. The accused was defended by Col. J. B. Young, Judge 

E. C. Minor, and John S. Wise. Capt. George D. Wise was Com- 
monwealth's Attorney. Crowds attended the trial, which continued 
until March 29th, when there was a hung jury and a new trial 
was ordered. At the April term two hundred talesmen were sum- 
moned and one juror obtained. The judge then ordered a venire 
of fifty from Alexandria and Fredericksburg. A jury was se- 
cured and the trial again proceeded. The verdict was rendered 
April 25th, which found the accused guilty of voluntary man- 
slaughter and fixed his punishment at two years in the penitentiary. 
The case was taken to the Court of Appeals, but they sustained the 
lower court. When Poindexter was sentenced it was one of the 
most touching scenes ever enacted here in a courtroom. Judge 
Christian asked him if he had anything to say. He arose and 
read a statement, in which he stated that he was not guilty; that 
he only intended to protect his life, and that he would gladly die 
if he could bring back to the sorrowing sisters and friends the life 
now on his hands; that this deep sorrow would go with him to his 
grave, and that if sent to the penitentiary it would be his death 
sentence, for it would utterly crush him, as he was already bowed 
with sorrow. Many in the courtroom wept, and Judge Christian 
was visibly affected when he pronounced the sentence. Both were 
promising young men. Before Poindexter was taken to the peni- 
tentiary he was taken by the sheriff to the home of the young lady 
in the case and there they were married. 

A sensation was created in Episcopal Church circles when Bishop 

F. M. Whittle issued a ruling prohibiting flowers in the churches 
at Easter and the changing of the altar cloths. Eev. J. G. Arm- 
strong, of Monumental, and some of his vestrymen entered a pro- 
test against the ruling, but the venerable Bishop remained firm. 

In June the Young Men's National Catholic Convention met in 
Cathedral Hall, Eev. Mallett president. While here the McGill 
Lyceum entertained them at a banquet. 

The attractive opera, H. M. S. Pinafore, that became the most 



1879] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 363 

popular opera ever known in America, was first presented in Rich- 
mond in September. A large crowd attended and they were 
anxious for a repetition during the State Fair, the next month. 

At the election in November only the Funder candidates pre- 
sented themselves in Richmond; they were: For the Senate, H. A. 
Atkinson and William Wirt Henry; for the House, W. Loven- 
stein, J. H. Chamberlayne, S. B. Witt, and James Lyons, Jr. The 
Readjusters, however, had a majority of twenty on joint ballot — 
eight in the Senate and twelve in the House — so when the election 
of United States Senator took place, December 16th, the Funders 
nominated Col. Robert E. Withers, whose time would expire in 
March, and the Readjusters Gen. William Mahone. Mahone was 
elected on the first ballot. 

Before the record of the year is closed notice must be taken of 
the prominent citizens who passed away during that period. Judge 
J. D. Halyburton, a distinguished jurist, a "Christian patriot, 
scholar, and gentleman," died January 26th. The remains of 
Gen. R. H. Chilton arrived here from Columbus, Ga., and were 
interred in Hollywood February 22d. Governor Holliday and other 
State and city officials and the First Regiment, under Lieutenant 
Colonel Purcell, formed a part of the procession. Dr. Charles H. 
Smith died March 24th, Maj. S. H. Boykin April 9th, Rev. F. M. 
Baker, first rector of Grace Episcopal Church, April 25th, and 
Colonel Chastian White, one of the prominent lawyers, in June. 



364 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1880 



CHAPTEE X 

Eichmond had now passed through the most trying periods of 
her history, and although there were to be troubles yet her future 
as a large city was now fixed. The census of 1880 gave her a 
population of 64,670, and she had invested in business $8,692,626; 
her real estate was valued at $28,853,094, and there were 702 
business establishments with annual sales amounting to $24,- 
704,892. With this population and this financial showing the 
capital of the Old Dominion was soon to take her place as the first 
city of the South. 

Scarcely a year passed that Eichmond did not have some great 
sensation that kept minds active and tongues busy. This year 
opened with a serious one that affected the whole city, but especially 
those who had friends and loved ones buried in Oakwood Cemetery, 
The startling announcement was made that the ghouls were at 
work and that already forty graves had been robbed. The grave- 
robbers had been visiting this city of the dead several times a week 
since cool weather began, and the trails made by dragging the dead 
bodies were easily seen. Most of the graves opened were in the 
eastern sction, where the poorer people were buried, but their bodies 
were as dear to their friends and relatives as any other class. It 
became known that many of the bodies were shipped from here 
over the C. & 0. railroad in coal-oil barrels and some found their 
way into the dissecting room of the Medical College here. There 
was great excitement and some people were even afraid to die for 
fear the body-snatchers would get them; at least they desired to 
postpone it until the business was broken up. The Council Com- 
mittee on Cemeteries began an immediate investigation, then the 
Council took it up and deposed the superintendent of the cemetery, 
and later the grand jury began to probe into the matter. ISTo one 
was convicted, but the grave-robbers had to transfer their business 
from Richmond to another place, for a while at least, to allow the 
people to die in peace. 

The heart of Eichmond was touched by the reports that came 



1880] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 365 

from famine-stricken Ireland, not onl}' for humanity's sake, but 
also because many of her prominent citizens were from the Emerald 
Isle. A meeting was held January 6th for the sufferers, and Hon. 
A. M. Keiley, Bishop Keane, Dr. J. G. Armstrong, Maj. J. H. 
Dooley, Capt. John S. Wise, and W. L. Koyall spoke, and com- 
mittees were appointed to solicit funds. A new impetus was given 
to the miovement a month later when Charles Stewart Parnell, 
M. P., the Irish patriot and agitator, arrived in the city. He was 
given a cordial reception and addressed a large audience at Mozart 
Hall on "Conditions in Ireland." W. H. Wood presided and A. M. 
Keiley introduced the speaker. 

When Judge George L. Christian took his place on the bench of 
the Hustings Court last April he soon haled to court the violators 
of the Sunday liquor law, and they were many. The law-breakers 
wanted to have the matter taken out of his hands and put into 
the Police Court. The ministers, especially the Methodist, led by 
Dr. A. G. Brown, and the Baptist by Dr. J. B. Jeter, vigorously 
opposed taking it out of the Hustings Court, as the law was being 
enforced and they were fearful of a change. A big mass-meeting 
was called at Mozart Hall to consider this question of the proper 
observance of the Sabbath, and especially in reference to the liquor 
laws. A large crowd of Richmond's most prominent citizens at- 
tended^ eager to protect the Sabbath day from commercial encroach- 
ments. Thomas W. McCance was made chairman and J. Taylor 
Ellyson secretary. Among those who spoke were Dr. J. L. M. 
Curry, Bishop Keane, and Judge Ould. Resolutions were passed 
requesting the Legislature not to modify the liquor laws, but to let 
them remain as they were. The effects of the meeting were help- 
ful in compelling the proper observance of the Sunday laws. 

It has been stated in an earlier chapter how some of the Rich- 
mond citizens contended for a railroad when the canal was built, 
and later how efforts were made for the "straight shoot" from 
Clifton Forge to Newport News via Richmond and the road named 
Richmond and Alleghany. After many years this plan was now 
to be realized. A meeting of the stockholders of the James River 
and Kanawha Canal Company, Maj. J. W. Johnston president, 
was held here March 4th. George M. Bartholomew president and 
H. C. Parsons vice president of the Richmond & Alleghany Rail- 



366 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1880 

road Company were present. Thomas W. McCance was chairman. 
After much discussion it was agreed to sell the canal to the railroad 
company and the company was to put up $500,000 as a pledge to 
comply with the agreement. The work of building the road along 
the towpath was at once begun, and it was not long before the 
musical sound of the boat-horn echoed no more along the hills and 
vales of James river. The first train out of Richmond on the new 
road left the depot opposite Gambles Hill September 21st and 
went to Maidens Adventure. Among those who were on it were 
Governor Holliday, Judge Eobert Ould, president of the R., F. & 
P. ; Col. Fred. Scott, president of the R. «& P. ; Dr. Dorsey Cullen ; 
Capt. Maxwell T. Clarke, president of the Council; Judge J. A. 
Meredith, president of the Board of Aldermen; J. Taylor Ellyson, 
John P. Branch, Capt. Philip Haxall, and Franklin Stearns. The 
road was completed to Lynchburg and the first train left here the 
17th of the following August, with Decatur Axtell, general man- 
ager, and party aboard. Later the line was completed to Clifton 
Forge, and Richmond expected great benefits from this connection 
with the West. 

The day of duels, unfortunately, had not passed, or if they had 
the bitterness engendered by the Readjuster movement recalled 
them. W. C. Elam, editor of the Whig, Mahone's Readjuster 
organ, wrote an editorial on "Political Pirates," which reflected 
on Ex-Governor William Smith and others. Col. Thomas Smith, 
son of the Ex-Governor, wrote Elam about it, and not receiving a 
satisfactory answer challenged him to a duel. They met at 6 A. M. 
Sunday, June 6th, on the bank of a creek back of Oakwood Ceme- 
tery. Elam and his second, J. B. Walters, drove to the place about 
4 A. M. Colonel Smith and Col. B. P. Greene, Gen. W. H. Payne, 
and Capt. Alex. Payne left the residence of W. L. Royall at the 
same hour. The surgeons were halted a half mile from the place. 
The combatants took their places twelve paces apart, and at the 
signal both fired. Elam staggered and wheeled and his second 
lowered him to the ground. He was shot in the chin, the bullet 
splitting the bone and lodging in the tongue. Smith was not 
struck. After the firing Colonel Smith came to Elam and re- 
gretted that he had wounded him; whereupon he replied that he 



1880] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 367 

would rather receive a wound than give one. Warrants were issued 
for both by Justice Crutchfield, but Smith got out of the State 
before they were served. 

Another duel was narrowly averted by the arrest of the parties, 
Dr. George Ben Johnston and John S. Wise. The parties were 
arrested August 24th, charged with being about to engage in a 
duel, and put under bond of $5,000. The cause of this trouble was 
in regard to membership in the Westmoreland Club. Wise's name 
was proposed, and because of his activity with the Readjusters he 
was blackballed. Wise heard that Dr. Johnston had voted against 
him and he wrote him a letter full of abusive language and the 
challenge was sent. 

But there were other things of interest beside the duels; the 
church folks were busy with their affairs. The Baptists celebrated 
at the First Church the one hundredth anniversary of the begin- 
ning of their work in the city. The first services were held in a pri- 
vate house and later they worshipped in a frame building near Third 
and Gary streets. An account has been given of the building of 
their first church in 1803. At this celebration, June 8th and 9th, 
Dr. J. L. Burrows, J. William Jones, and J. B. Hawthorne (the 
pastor) were among the speakers. Large crowds attended and the 
exercises were of much interest. The advancement and growth of 
the church in a hundred years was remarkable. A week later Dr. 
T. DeWitt Talmage spoke at Richmond College. 

The cornerstone of Laurel Street Methodist Church was laid 
June 22d by Lodge No. 53, Judge Beverly R. Wellford, Past Grand 
Master. Drs. R. N. Sledd, J. E. Edwards, and W. G. Starr spoke. 
The pastor, Rev. W. P. Wright, also took part in the exercises. 

Beth Ahaba Synagogue, on Eleventh street near Marshall, was 
dedicated September 3d. Dr. A. Harris, the rabbi, preached. Wil- 
liam Thalhimer was reader. The building committee was Moses 
Milhiser, M. L. Straus, N. W. Nelson, M. Rosenbaum, A. B. Good- 
man, Charles Milhiser, and William Lovenstein. 

Three days later Lodge No. 35 laid the cornerstone of St. Johns 
Lutheran Church, corner Eighth and Marshall streets. Drs. Min- 
nigerode and Starr took part, and the pastor. Rev. Ed. Huber, 
spoke in German. This church was dedicated October 9, 1881. 
Revs. R. Katerndahl and C. Kirschmann conducted the service. 



368 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1880 

This was a busy year in the field of politics. The Democrats 
at Cincinnati nominated Winiield Scott Hancock for President 
and William H. English for Vice President. The Republicans at 
Chicago nominated James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. For 
Congress in the Third district it was Wise and other Wise, George 
D. was a Funder Democrat and John S. a Readjuster Democrat. 
The election took place November 2d, and Richmond gave Han- 
cock 4,939, Garfield 2,159; George D. Wise received 4,890 and 
John S. Wise 2,569. George D. Wise had a good majority in the 
district. Virginia gave Hancock and English 44,566 majority, and 
if other States had done as well he would have been elected. 

Many prominent citizens died this year: Royall Todd, an old 
merchant, and Dr. Marion Howard, February 2d. 

Dr. J. B. Jeter, one of the most distinguished Baptist preachers 
in the South, died February 18th, aged seventy-eight. He be- 
came pastor of the First Baptist Church January, 1836, and served 
it thirteen and a half years, and he was pastor of Grace Street 
Church from 1852 to 1870. At the time of his death he was senior 
editor of the Religious Herald. A large crowd attended his funeral 
at Grace Street Church the 20th. Drs. W. E. Hatcher, J. L. M. 
Curry, T. S. Dunnaway, and Bishop D. S. Doggett officiated. 

W. F. Taylor, a well known lawyer, died March 13th; Samuel 
Putney, an old and respected merchant, April 28th; Col. Thomas 
B. Bigger May 5th. He had been a member of the Blues since 
1820; George Bargamin May 9th; Benjamin Pollard May 24th; 
Police Justice J. J. White died June 4th, and D. C. Richardson 
was elected in his place. Valentine Hechler died June 21st, Judge 
William Green July 29th, and John A. Belvin the 30th. Hon. 
James A. Seddon died at his home. Sabot Hill, August 19th, and 
was brought to Richmond and interred in Hollywood. Rev. H. S. 
Kepler, long rector of St. Johns Church, died October 5th, and 
on the 24th the remains of Dr. W, S. Plumer, a former pastor of the 
First Presbyterian Church, were brought here and the funeral was 
conducted from that church. Drs. Hoge, J. L. M. Curry, J. E. 
Edwards, W. E. Judkins, and Thomas C. Preston, the pastor, 
officiated. The interment was in Hollywood. Bishop David S. 
Doggett, of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, died at his 
home, 707 east Leigh street, October 27th, in his seventieth year. 



1881] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 369 

His funeral was from Centenary two days later. The churcli was 
draped in mourning, and a great crowd attended. The services 
were conducted by Dr. John E. Edwards, assisted by Drs. W. E. 
Judkins, W. W. Bennett, Charles H. Read, and Moses D. Hoge. 
The body was laid to rest in Hollywood. 

The 3'ear 1881 was born in snow and ice; it was one of the 
coldest winters Richmond had experiences for many years. Cold 
weather, however, did not affect the pleasure seekers; many at- 
tended Mozart Hall to hear Father Ryan, the Southern poet, who 
gave a reading, and at the same place on the 26th a crowd heard 
Henry Ward Beecher lecture on "The Reign of the Common 
People." 

The thirty-second annual meeting of the American Medical So- 
ciety was held at Mozart Hall May 3d. Dr. John T. Hodgin, of 
St. Louis, was president. Among the chief addresses was one by 
Dr. Hunter McGuire on "Gunshot Wounds." Richmond enter- 
tained the visitors handsomely. A great reception was given them 
at the Theatre on the night of the 5th. The building was beauti- 
fully decked with flags and bunting, the exercises were of especial 
interest, and an elegant banquet was served. The committee of 
ladies who had the affair in charge was Mrs. Lewis N". Webb, Mrs. 
J. A. Pleasants, Mrs. Caskie Cabell, Mrs. James Branch, and Mrs. 
Dr. Crenshaw. The gentlemen were Drs. F. D. Cunningham, J. B. 
McCaw, J. S. D. Cullen, Hunter McGuire, J. G. Cabell, C. W. P. 
Brock, L. B. Edwards, George Ross, George Ben Johnston, J. A. 
White, Christopher Tompkins, H. M. Taylor, Gen. Joseph R. An- 
derson, John P. Branch, and Lewis Ginter. Another brilliant 
reception was tendered the distinguished visitors the following 
night at the Commercial Club. 

A short while after the doctors departed the Knights Templar 
from Boston and Providence came to visit the city. Twenty-two 
years before they were here, but since that time the Civil War had 
intervened. They were met by a committee at Fredericksburg, 
and when they reached the city the military companies and the 
Sir Knights of the city met them. On the evening of May 23d a 
splendid reception was given them at the Theatre. Governor Hol- 
liday and Mayor Carrington spoke and Eminent Commander Sir 



370 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1881 

Thomas J. Evans also made an address. This was followed by a 
banquet given by the Richmond Knights. 

The Readjuster State Convention met at the Theatre June 2d. 
John Paul was made president. General William Mahone ad- 
dressed the convention on the political situation in Virginia. There 
were five aspirants for the namination of Governor — John E. 
Massey^ Col. W. E. Cameron, Gen. V. D. Groner, John S. Wise, 
and H. H. Riddleberger. After several ballots Col. W. E. Cameron 
was nominated, and John F. Lewis Lieutenant Governor and Frank 
S. Blair Attorney General. 

The Democratic Convention was at the same place August 4th. 
Dr. Moses D. Hoge opened the exercises with prayer. Among the 
noted men present were Generals Early, Fitz. Lee, W. H. F. Lee, 
Payne, Ilunton, Taliaferro, Walker, and Terry. Thomas S. Bo- 
cock was elected president. General Early, Governor Holliday, 
Ran. Tucker, Judge J. T. Harris and others addressed the con- 
vention. On the first ballot John Goode received 170 votes for 
nominee for Governor, Fitz. Lee 239, J. A. Walker 184, and John 
W. Daniel 20. On the second ballot Daniel was nominated. James 
Barbour was nominated for Lieutenant Governor and Phil. W. 
McKinney Attorney General. This proved to be the bitterest cam- 
paign ever held in the State; friend was against friend and brother 
against brother. Richmond held a great torchlight procession and 
meeting to ratify the Democratic nomination, and the night before 
the election Daniel spoke to a packed house. The ladies sent him 
baskets of flowers. The Funders said the fight was to save the 
name and honor of Virginia, and the Readjusters claimed that 
the State could not meet its obligations because of the war. Daniel 
received in Richmond 5,020 votes, and Cameron 3,328, The 
Funder State Senators, H. A. Atkinson and William Lovenstein, 
and members of the House, T. Wiley Davis, James Lyons, Jr., 
M. L. Spotswood, and Charles F. Taylor, were also elected. The 
Readjusters carried the State, Cameron's majority being 2,236, 
and they had a majority of twenty-two on joint ballot in the Gen- 
eral Assembly. 

From this election, directly and indirectly, Richmond experi- 
enced a great deal of trouble. Before the election three or four 
duels resulted from the bitter discussion. It was rumored that 



1881] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 371 

there was to be a duel between Gen. Peyton Wise and United States 
District Attorney L. L. Lewis. The police tried in vain to arrest 
the parties before they left the city, but they met in Forbes' woods 
near Warrenton September 20th. The duel was fought at ten 
paces with pistols. Wise received Lewis' fire unhurt and then fired 
in the air. 

The excitement incident to this "affair of honor" had scarcely 
died away when more trouble arose. The difficulties arose from a 
letter attributed to Blair, in which the sentence occurred, "Honor 
will not buy a breakfast." Richard F. Beirne, of The State, chal- 
lenged H. H. Riddleberger to figlit a duel. They met October 15th 
on the road to Ashland, but the caps were missing and the duel 
did not come off. Later the same day George D. Wise and Eiddle- 
berger had a hostile meeting near Atlee. Tliey fought with pistols 
at ten paces. Three shots were fired, but neither was hurt and 
both were satisfied. George D. Wise at this time represented the 
district in Congress and S. B. Witt was appointed Commonwealth's 
Attorney in his place. 

Let us leave the political arena for a while and give our atten- 
tion to other matters. Rev. Francis Janssens, a popular priest at 
St. Peters, was appointed Bishop of Natchez and was consecrated 
May 1st at the Cathedral by Bishop Keane, Dr. D. J. O'Connell 
and others. He was succeeded by Rev. A. Van de Vyver. 

The Council appropriated $25,000 for a regimental armory, and 
May 31st the Trent property, corner Seventh and Marshall streets, 
was purchased for $12,500 and the work of building was soon 
begun. 

All Richmond was shocked when the news came that Saturday, 
July 2d, President James A. Garfield had been assassinated in the 
Baltimore and Potomac depot at Washington. He, with James G. 
Blaine and others, were about to take the train for New England, 
when Charles J. Guiteau walked up to the President and shot him 
twice. Blaine exclaimed, "He has shot the President," and the 
police rushed in and seized the assassin. The report came that the 
President was sinking rapidly and could not recover. The Gov- 
ernor immediately wired his condolence. The next day every 
pulpit in the city gave utterance to the universal sorrow and the 
abhorrence of the dastardly deed. A public meeting was called 



372 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1881 

at the Capitol July 5th, and the House was filled with represen- 
tative citizens and ladies. Governor Holliday was elected chair- 
man. Dr. H. A. Tupper offered prayer. The Governor, Ex-Mayor 
Keiley, Dr. Hoge and others made addresses, after which resolutions 
were passed expressing the horror of the citizens at the murderous 
assault, and assuring the President, his wife and mother, of the 
sincere sympathy with them. Day after day the people eagerly 
watched the bulletins to learn how the distinguished sufferer was, 
and when on the eighteenth day after the shooting, September 
19th, the news of his death came, a pall of sorrow fell upon the 
city. The bells were tolled by order of the mayor and the people 
were sorrowful. The 26th was set as the day of public mourning. 
All business was suspended and religious services were held in the 
churches and the public buildings were draped in mourning. The 
culprit who fired the fatal shot, after a fair trial, was convicted 
and hanged. 

Water ! water ! water ! became the plaintive cry of the city. The 
prolonged drought, together with the work on the Eichmond & 
Alleghany railroad and the incapacity of the city pumps, had pro- 
duced a water famine. The water was cut off from the city except 
from 6 to 12 P. M., and then it was difficult to supply the city. 
The Richmond & Alleghany Company was ordered to cut the water 
off the canal so that the city might get enough to run the pumps. 
This they refused to do, stating that they had contracted with 
the mills for water power and could not break the contract. Sev- 
eral injunctions were issued and the matter threatened the peace 
of the city. The scarcity of water became more and more serious. 
Mayor Carrington, Colonel Cutchins, Capt. Maxwell Clarke, presi- 
dent of the Council, and Gen. Joseph P. Anderson met with 
Decatur Axtell, and together they labored to find means of supply- 
ing the dry city. A special meeting of the Council was called and 
$80,000 in five per cent, bonds was made immediately available to 
have a steam pump erected. The pump was immediately contracted 
for, and October 10th it was completed and began pumping water 
in the New reservoir. The whole city heaved a sigh of relief and 
the people began to use water with a freedom unknown for months. 
This year marked the centennial of Cornwallis' surrender at 
Yorktown, and Richmond prepared to celebrate it with great pomp. 



1881] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 373 

A public meeting was held in April and plans were mapped out 
for the celebration. Among other things a new hotel in the West 
End, to cost $150,000, was proposed, to entertain the visitors. Then 
a great trades parade and exposition was planned. The Council 
appropriated $10,000 for the celebration. Work was progressing 
on the Peninsula branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio railway to 
Newport News, and it was to be finished in time to carry visitors 
to Yorktown. The celebration at Yorktown began October 18th, 
when the cornerstone of the monument was laid. The Richmond 
troops and many of the citizens attended. The same day the Ex- 
position opened here, but the great day was October 22d. Troops 
were here from Kew York, New Jersey, Kentucky, Maryland, and 
North Carolina. Descendants of La Fayette, Rochambeau, and 
Steuben were here also. Commandant Leichtenstein, Vice Presi- 
dent of the French Republic, Governors Plaisted of Maine and 
Young of Georgia, and Mayor Latrobe of Baltimore, and other 
distinguished persons were the guests of the city, and they were 
royally entertained. The exercises began in the Capitol Square. 
Mayor Carrington presided and Governor Holliday and Dr. J. 
L. M. Curry made addresses of welcome. This was followed by a 
historic tableaux and torchlight procession the 24th. The chief 
day was October 26th, when the greatest trades parade Richmond 
had ever known took place. L. L. Bass was chief marshal. There 
were eight divisions under the command of the following division 
chiefs: J. H. Capers, L. W. Pizzini, J. C. Teller, H. A. Atkinson, 
W. E. Granger, Julius Straus, L. H. Frayser, and George A. Ainslie. 
Every business enterprise of the city was represented by a float. 
The Centennial Exposition was pronounced one of the most suc- 
cessful celebrations in the history of the city. The committee in 
charge was Judge J. A. Meredith (chairman), J. Taylor Ellyson, 
Dr. J. S. Wellford, C. L. Todd, E. A. Saunders, M. T. Clarke, J. A. 
Curtis, C. F. Taylor, N. D. Hargrove, B. T, August, and James 
B. Pace. J. D. Patton was chairman of the reception committee. 
At this same time the First Regiment, under Col. J. B. Purcell, 
held an art and industrial exposition at their armory, which was 
a most successful social affair. 

The Richmond and Alleghany railroad was formally opened 



374 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1881 

from Richmond to Clifton Forge October 15th, and special invita- 
tions to inspect the road were issued to a number of citizens. 

Among tlie events of 1881 was the capture and trial of a notori- 
ous criminal. He was captured at Lynn, Mass., and brought back 
to Eichmond to answer the charge against him. He went by a 
number of names — Merritt, Gen. Morton, Marvin, B. A. Merton, 
and others. He was wanted here for forgery to the amount of 
$765, and for bigamy, having married a Richmond woman, who 
was said to be his sixteenth wife. He was tried before Police Jus- 
tice D. C. Richardson and sent to the grand jury. The old man, 
for he was about sixty, claimed that he was being persecuted, and 
that he would establish his innocence. The Commonwealth had 
worked up a strong case against the mysterious prisoner, but when 
the trial came he confessed in a long speech to the court. He was 
sent to the penitentiary for ten years and during that time he 
proved a model prisoner. 

The deaths of the year which shall be mentioned were : Dr. 
Levin S. Joynes, Dean of the Medical College, January 18th; Col. 
P. G. Coghlan, April 37th; Dr. William G. Carter, June 14th; 
John B, Morton, cashier of the Merchants National Bank, June 
17th; Mrs. Nannie Pace Donnan, July 29th; J. F. Keesee, one of 
the oldest citizens, August 25th; Absalom Swineford, September 
6th; P. H. Starke, November 29th; R. Barton Haxall, December 
2d, and Charles Talbott, the 16th. 

Governor Holliday completed his term of office Monday, January 
2, 1882, and Col. W. E. Cameron, who was elected on the Read- 
juster ticket, was inaugurated. This was the beginning of a fight 
between Richmond and the Readjuster officers as bitter as any fight 
in the days of reconstruction. One of the first acts of the Re- 
adjuster Legislature was to elect H. H. Riddleberger United States 
Senator in place of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ; then they passed the 
Riddleberger Bill for the settlement of the State debt, which Gov- 
ernor Holliday had vetoed. The next step was to remove Judge 
R. C. L. Moncure from the Court of Appeals, it was alleged, on 
account of infirmity. Then followed the removal of Dr. W. H. 
Ruffner, Superintendent of Public Instruction, whose splendid 
work made the school system of Virginia and earned for him the 
title "The Architect of the Virginia Public School System," and 



1882] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 375 

the election of R. R. Farr in his place. Judge E. H. Fitzhugh's 
term as chancery judge of Richmond would soon expire, and A. L. 
Holladay was elected in his place by a strict party vote. The next 
act of the Readjusters proved their undoing. They undertook to 
turn John E. Massey out of his position as Auditor of the State, 
although he had been with the party, and elect S. Brown Allen in 
his place. When it came to the Senate S. H. Newberry bolted, 
stating that he was opposed to kicking Massey out, because if they 
kicked him out of the party he would kick the party out of exist- 
ence, and his prophecy proved true. He was joined by A. M. Ly- 
brook, H. Peyton Hale, and B. F. Williams, who were known as 
"The Big Four." They fought this proposition and after that 
voted with the Funders, giving them a majority in the Senate. 
Senator Newberry offered a resolution to investigate the reports of 
corrupt practices and took the appointment of the committees out 
of the hands of the president pro tern., whereupon the president 
pro tern, resigned. Massey charged that General Mahone had left 
his place in the United States Senate for nearly two months con- 
secutively to oversee the Virginia Legislature and dictate to it 
what its acts should be as to men and means, and to railroad 
through his own schemes. These and other charges against Ma- 
hone he embodied in a pamphlet he issued. Then Newberry of- 
fered a resolution requesting Mahone to return to Washington 
and leave the Virginia Legislature alone. When the vote came 
for Auditor, Hale voted with the Readjusters and S. Brown Allen 
was elected. The full Court of Appeals was elected February 23d, 
consisting of L. L. Lewis, Robert A. Richardson, T. T. Fauntle- 
roy, Drury A. Hinton, and B. W. Lacy. Thomas S. Atkins was 
elected judge of the Hustings Court of Richmond, although Judge 
George L. Christian's time had not expired. The Readjusters 
undertook to rearrange the circuits of the State and make twelve, 
so as to vacate all the circuit judgeships and put in their own 
men. This was defeated, Hale, Newberry, Williams, and Wing- 
field voting against it with the Funders. The same fate met their 
Congressional Reapportioning Bill by the noble stand of the "Big 
Four." This Legislature had been called in extra session in March, 
but now it adjourned, to the great gratification of Richmond. How- 



376 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1882 

ever, we shall see the bad effects of its work in the trouble that 
ensued. 

There were two other bills intended to afflict Richmond, but they 
failed : one was the Metropolitan Police Bill, to enable the Legis- 
lature to appoint the city police, and the other was to incorporate 
the Eichmond Gaslight and Illuminating Company, to run in 
opposition to the city. John S. Wise, H. H. Riddleberger and 
others were named as the corporators. 

Besides the Eeadjuster Legislature, Eichmond was afflicted with 
the small-pox. At one time there were sixty-eight colored and four 
white cases and ten deaths a week. It looked as if the epidemic 
would break up the Legislature, because many members did not 
seem to know where they would go if they had the small-pox. 
Eichmond was ready to suggest the warm place that would suit 
some of the valiant members. It was during this epidemic of 
small-pox that Mrs. Caroline Eichings-Bernard, the gifted song- 
stress of Eichmond, died of the dreaded disease January 14th. 

It was at this time that the old furniture in the Governor's 
mansion was sold for $2,400, and $10,000 was appropriated to refit 
it with modern furniture. 

There were three occurrences that stirred the city at this time. 
As one of Beattie's Manchester stages was coming to the city Feb- 
ruary 5th loaded with passengers a span of Mayo's bridge broke 
beneath the weight and dashed stage and occupants into the river. 
Many were badly bruised, but fortunately none were killed. There 
was an explosion in Midlothian mines near the city and thirty-two 
men were entombed, leaving twenty-seven widows and one hundred 
and eight fatherless children. After five bodies were recovered the 
mine caught fire, and it was months before the other bodies could 
be brought out. A public assembly of the citizens was called to 
meet at the Commercial Club February 9th to devise means for the 
relief of the widows and orphans. Mayor Carrington was chair- 
man and Thomas Potts was secretary. A committee was appointed 
to appeal to the people outside of the city for help, and a good 
amount was raised in the city. 

The usual quiet of Sunday afternoon was disturbed March 26th 
by the ringing of the fire alarm. The firemen and the citizens 
rushed to the scene to witness the biggest fire in the city since the 



1882] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 377 

evacuation. The fire spread so rapidly tliat the firemen were not able 
to manage it, so Mayor Carrington telegraphed to Washington for 
aid. Before the Washington companies started, however, the Eich- 
mond department had it under control. The loss was estimated 
at a half million dollars. The Richmond and Petersburg railroad 
bridge was burned, T. C. Williams & Co.'s tobacco factory, R. A. 
Patterson & Co., and T. M. Rutherford's factories, the Virginia 
Mining and Manufacturing Company's plant, C. R. and F. D. 
Barksdale, James Thomas, the Vulcan Iron Works, !E. L. Hobson, 
and many dwellings. Great suffering was produced by the losses, 
so that the citizens held a meeting and raised a large sum to help 
those who had no insurance. 

Richmond's spirit of progress never deserted her; it mattered 
not how dark the night her face was always towards the sunrise. 
From the time of the springs between Libby Hill and Chimborazo 
and the Capitol Square she had been striving for an adequate water 
supply. As mentioned above, she spent $96,000 on the new water 
works in 1832, and in 1844 she doubled the capacity of 
Marshall reservoir. During the war wells were dug on the streets 
to supply the people with water. In 1876 the New reservoir was 
completed, but the pumps were not sufficient, as was proven 
when the water famine was on the city. But the city had already 
contracted for a new pump with a capacity of twelve million gal- 
lons a day at Three Mile Locks, and when the steam pimip was pur- 
chased this was building. It was completed June 2yth and at 1 
o'clock, in the presence of the Council, Aldermen, mayor, and 
others, the machinery was set to work. It was a time of rejoicing, 
and the Committee on Water, of which C. T. Davis was chairman, 
and the city engineer, W. E. Cutshaw, and his assistants, S. E. 
Bates, C. E. Boiling, R. M. Boiling, and J. W. Tomlinson, were 
congratulated on the success of the work. 

The friends of Dr. John C. Granbery in Richmond, where he 
had served both Centenary and Broad Street Methodist churches, 
were glad to learn that at the General Conference of the Methodist 
Church South at Nashville he was elected a bishop. They hoped 
that Bishop Granbery would make his home in Richmond. 

A queer Englishman, who was attracting attention as the apostle 



378 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1882 

of the aesthetic, came to Eichmond July 11th to lecture od 
Decorative Art. Oscar Wilde also wanted to exemplify his sub- 
ject when he appeared on the stage in knee breeches, ruffled shirt, 
a big sunflower on his coat, and his long hair parted in the middle 
and falling upon his shoulders. About two hundred listened to his 
affected talk. 

Another duel seemed to be imminent. C. O'B. Cowardin, of the 
Dispatch, and W. C. Elam, of the Whig, had a bitter controversy 
and a challenge was sent. Before they could meet, however, the 
police interfered and both were arrested and placed under bond 
for $1,000 to keep the peace. 

A bank failure stirred the financial circles of the city. The 
Eichmond Banking and Insurance Company, chartered in 1866, 
John B. Davis president, suspended September 12th. The company 
had a capital stock of $175,000 and a surplus of $60,000 and a 
deposit of $307,000 of State funds and $300,000 in other deposits. 
It was reported that the State funds were to be withdrawn and that 
caused a run on the bank. It was stated that depositors would 
be paid dollar for dollar. Davis made over all his property, with 
E. D. Christian as trustee. The financial institutions of Eich- 
mond were so judiciously managed that failures were seldom. 

Eichmond began to experience more trouble from the Eeadjuster 
regime. The Medical College of Virginia, incorporated in 1838, 
was going on with its good work when September 24th Governor 
Cameron appointed a new board of trustees and attempted to turn 
the old board out. The old board was composed of James Lyons 
(president). Bishop F. M. Whittle, G. M. Nicholson, J. Alfred 
Jones, Dr. W. H. Dennis, Dr. W. 0. Owens, J. H. Dooley, Dr. 
J. W. Lassiter, J. L. Marye, Dr. J. L. M. Curry, Dr. J. M. D. 
Atkinson, Judge W. W. Crump, Col. J. B. Young, Dr. Armistead 
Wellford, Dr. W. B. Weiseger, Dr. S. C. Cleaves, Dr. Lewis Wheat, 
and Dr. I. H. White. The new board appointed by Governor 
Cameron was Lieutenant Governor J. F. Lewis, W. E. Craig, L. 
E. Harvie, Dr. W. J. Cheatham, Dr. J. B. Webb, W. A. Jamison, 
J. T. Dyer, E. T. Hubard, C. M. Louthan, Dr. W. E. Harwood, 
W. S. Dashiell, N. B. Meade, W. E. Sims, Dr. Lewis Wheat, N. 
W. Gisler, H. J. Wade, Meade Haskins, C. M. Webber, J. P. Gil- 



1882] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 379 

ham, and Dr. Z. B. Herndon. The new board met at Ford's Hotel, 
but the Governor told them they must go to the Medical College 
and effect an organization and inspect the books. When they 
reached the college they found the police there and Dr. J. B. 
McCaw and Dr. J. S. Wellford. They were refused admission to 
the building by the dean, so they organized in the yard with 
Lieutenant Governor Lewis president and Dr. Lewis Wheat secre- 
tary. When W. E. Sims attempted to enter the building he was 
arrested and taken to the station-house at Old Market. The new 
board met September 30th and undertook to eject the faculty, 
which consisted of Drs. J. B. McCaw, E. T. Coleman, J. S. Well- 
ford, J. S. Dorsey Cullen, W. H. Taylor, Christopher Tompkins, 
M. L. James, and 0. F. Manson. The college opened October 
2d under the old administration with a large number of students. 
The new board again met in the city January 5th and after quali- 
fying they made another attempt to take charge of the college but 
were refused. They then applied to the Court of Appeals for a 
mandamus. The matter was taken up by the court, Judge Lewis 
refusing to sit in the case on account of kinship to Lieutenant 
Governor Lewis. The court unanimously decided April 20, 1883, 
that the Governor had no right to remove the old board of visitors 
and appoint a new one. This ended the trouble and the college 
went on as it had been doing. 

An important meeting opened at St. Pauls October 24th, the 
Church Congress of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United 
States. Bishop J. N. Galleher, of Louisiana, made the opening 
address. The congress then adjourned to Mozart Hall, where a 
reception was tendered them and Bishop F. M. Whittle made an 
address of welcome. The session continued at Mozart Hall for 
four days. The most eminent bishops, clergymen, and laymen of 
the church were here. 

One of the features of the fair this year was a great Trades 
Parade October 31st. There were eight divisions, under G. A. 
Ainslie chief marshal and William Gans chief of staff. The mili- 
tary companies, the societies, and all the bodies of the city turned 
out. Every branch of industry was represented by floats with 
tableaux; man}' scenes were very laughable and afforded much 



380 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1882 

amusement. It was estimated that there were over fifty thousand 
people on the streets. In addition to the trades parade there were 
daylight fire-works, which attracted much attention. 

The election for congressmen was held November 7th. George 
D. Wise was elected from the district including Kichmond, but 
this contest did not create much excitement. The great interest 
centered about the congressman-at-large for the State. John E. 
Massey ran on the Independent Democratic ticket and John S. 
Wise on the Eeadjuster-Eepublican. Massey spoke in Eichmond 
before the election, and there was a great demonstration and torch- 
light procession. His speech was a most terrific arraignment of 
Mahone and his party. There was trouble at the election in Eich- 
mond about the tax receipts and the Federal authorities inter- 
fered, reminding many of the days of reconstruction. John S. 
Wise was declared elected but Massey contested his seat, and the 
bitter fight of the campaign was continued in the bitter contest. 
Wise, however, was seated. 

Death claimed a heavy toll this year, and some of the most dis- 
tinguished citizens passed into the great beyond. Col. George 
Wythe Munford died at his residence, corner Franklin and Third 
streets, January 10th; Dr. Orlando Fairfax, one of the old phy- 
sicians, died the 12th; F. B. Hart and Thomas A. Eust, two old 
citizens, the 16th; Andrew Pizzini, February 6th; James Evans, 
the 17th; Capt. John Hampden Chamberlayne, senior editor of 
The State, the 18th; S. H. Glover, cashier of the First National 
Bank, the 21st; Judge J. A. Meredith, long judge of the Circuit 
Court and city attorney, died March 15th. All the city offices 
were closed and a great crowd attended his funeral from St. James 
Episcopal Church. Eev. Dr. Leroy M. Lee, long connected with 
Eichmond both as pastor and editor of the Christian Advocate, 
died at Ashland April 21st and his funeral was from Centenary 
Church the 23d. Judge E. C. L. Moncure, of the Court of Ap- 
peals, died August 25th and Judge L. L. Lewis was appointed in 
his place. James Thomas, Jr., one of Eichmond's most wealthy 
tobacconists, died October 2d. Hb was a public-spirited citizen 
and had been especially liberal to Eiclimond College. His funeral 
was conducted by Dr. J. B. Hawthorne from the First Baptist 



1882] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 381 

Church. James A. Cowardin, founder and senior editor of the 
Dispatch, died at his home, 319 east Franklin street, November 
21st. His funeral was conducted by Rev. A. Van de Vyver from 
St. Peters and he was buried in Hollywood. Judge Eobert Ould 
presented to the Court of Appeals the resolutions of the Richmond 
bar on the death of Judge Moncure December 7th, and he died on 
the 15th. Judge Ould was one of the most prominent citizens 
and one of the most distinguished lawyers. What he said a few 
days before his death of Judge Moncure was said of him: "Let 
us thank God that he gave to the country such a patriot, to the 
State such a citizen, to the administration of the law such an 
advocate, and to those who loved him such a friend." Three days 
later another prominent citizen died, James Lyons. He was a 
law}'er of distinction and an officer of great ability and fidelity. 
He lived at Ninth and Marshall, then at Sixth and Grace, where 
the Westmoreland Club is now, then at Laburnum beyond the city 
limits, and died at his residence on Main street between Sixth 
and Seventh. Few men in the city were more hospitable than 
James Lyons. He had entertained in his home the Marquis of 
Huntington, Lords Napier, Lyon, and Stanley, Daniel Webster, 
Henry Clay, Thackery, and Jefferson Davis when here for his sec- 
ond trial. John Purcell, an old citizen and successful druggist, 
of the firm of Purcell, Ladd & Co., died December 24th, and his 
funeral was from St. Peters. 

There is no city of its size which has more institutions for the 
care of the sick and unfortunate than Richmond. The kindly 
spirit of her people is revealed in these works of mercy. It is of 
interest to note their beginning and progress. The Baptist Home 
for Aged Women was opened January 1, 1883, at the corner of 
Grove avenue and Harvie street. Mrs. J. B. Jeter was president 
of the Lady Board of Managers. The opening exercises were 
conducted by Drs. W. E. Hatcher, Hawthorne, Pollard, Ryland, 
Jones, and Curry. From that day until now this institution has 
been a home for many a homeless old lady. 

Richmond's troubles from the Readjuster rule were not yet over. 
Judge George L. Christian came to open his court January 2d, his 
term of office not having expired, when Judge Thomas S. Atkins 



382 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1883 

came and presented himself as judge of the Hustings Court, hav- 
ing been elected by the last Legislature. Judge Wellford opened 
the court. There was no contesting, in view of the fact that 
Judges Christian and Atkins came to an agreement that neither 
would exercise the office until the Court of Appeals decided the case 
of Judge Burks against Judge Hinton, which involved the same 
question. If the case was decided in favor of Judge Burks, whose 
time had not expired, then Judge Christian would retain his seat ; 
but if it was decided in favor of Judge Hinton, Judge Atkins 
would be judge of the Hustings Court. Judge Burks asked that a 
special court try the case, as Judges Lacy and Fauntleroy had 
already passed on it in the House of Delegates. This was refused 
and the case was decided. Judges Lacy, Fauntleroy, and Eich- 
ardson were for seating Judge Hinton, and Judge Lewis, president 
of the court, was opposed to it. Judge Atkins then took his seat 
and Judge Christian retired. 

And there was more trouble. The State Board of Education, 
consisting of Governor Cameron, Lieutenant Governor Lewis, Attor- 
ney General Blair, and State Superintendent of Schools Farr, dis- 
covered that there was a technicality whereby they could vacate the 
School Board of Richmond and put in their own appointees. The 
city board had failed to qualify and the Council had failed to fill 
their positions. E. M. Garnett had been elected superintendent of 
schools and the city board had decided not to pay him anything, as 
he received $1,050 from the State. The members of the old board 
were Charles P. Rady, W. H. Williams, A. W. Weddell, R. G. Cabell, 
A. R. Courtney, R. W. Powers, M. L. Straus, S. P. Moore, and 
W. R. Bowie. The State Board undertook to turn these out and 
name a new board, two of whom were negroes; one was office boy 
of Governor Cameron. They named Roland Hill, J. A. Childrey, 
J. W. Fisher, V. A. Favier, J. V. Redd}^, Henry Hudnall, and R. 
A. Paul and Richard Forrester (negroes). The people were indig- 
nant that a negro office boy and another negro should be put on the 
board to manage the Richmond schools, and they felt that it would 
be ruinous to the schools. The matter was carried to the courts, 
but the Court of Appeals, elected at the same time that the State 
Board was, decided that as the Council had failed to fill the vacan- 



1883] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 383 

cies in the time allowed, and as the trustees had failed to take the 
oath as required by law, that their places were vacant. The people, 
therefore, had to submit to the board with the negroes on it. But 
they were planning for the day of revenge, and it came. ^ 

The Catholics had been considering the question of building a 
new church, and had about decided to pull down St. Peters and 
erect a $150,000 cathedral on the site. They organized the new 
Catholic Building Association January, 1883, with Bishop Keane 
president, A Pizzini first vice president, P. A. Heirholzer second, 
Edward Meager third, Joseph W. Laube secretary, A. M. Keiley 
treasurer, and John Purcell chairman of the board of trustees. 
They started to raise funds for the enterprise, but before the work 
was begun they wisely determined not to build at the corner of 
Grace and Eighth, but in the West End. They bought a piece of 
property at Laurel street, Floyd and Park avenues, and continued 
to work with the expectation of erecting a handsome cathedral at 
this point. 

The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was organ- 
ized February 22d with Eev. J. G. Armstrong president, H. T. 
Ellyson secretary, and W. M. Woodward treasurer, and in March 
they held a mass meeting at the theatre in the interest of the society. 
Dr. Armstrong, Bishop Keane, Major Carrington, A. M. Keiley, and 
Colonel Evans spoke of the service the society would render and 
asked for its support. 

About the same time a charter was granted to the Eichmond 
Home for Ladies, under the auspices of the Methodist and Presby- 
terian churches. The Eev. Dr. Moses D. Hoge was president, James 
B. Pace vice president, John P. Branch treasurer, W. P. Munford 
secretary. Dr. D. H. Gregg made a liberal donation to the institu- 
tion and was made a trustee. He with Dr. W. W. Parker did much 
for the home. It was opened October 23d and continues to-day to 
do its noble work. 

Centenary Church celebrated Easter Sunday, March 25th, by 
ringing for the first time the "Talbott Chimes/' given as a memo- 
rial to the Talbott family. 

The cornerstone of the new addition to the Eetreat for the Sick 
was laid September 6, 1882, and a new hospital was opened April 
19th this vear. 



384 RICHMOND: HE3R PAST AND PRESENT [1883 

The Eichmond House, corner Eoss and Governor streets, was 
purchased by Dr. Hunter McGuire for St. Lukes Hospital. Drs. Mc- 
Guire, L. Wheat, and Hugh M. Taylor were in charge and Mrs. 
Alice Taylor was matron. 

The Eichmond Sabbath Association, for the proper observance 
of the Sabbath, was organized May 3d, Dr. J. L. M. Curry presi- 
dent and William Wirt Henry vice president. 

The same month the Episcopal Council, Bishop Whittle presi- 
dent, and the Baptist Association, Dr. Lansing Burrows president, 
met here. 

Eichmond is delighted to entertain visitors, and especially people 
of distinction. The Marquis of Lome, Governor General of Canada, 
and his wife, Princess Louise, the sixth child of Queen Victoria, 
and party, reached Eichmond over the Chesapeake & Ohio the 
night of January 15th. They were escorted to the Exchange, where 
Colonel Carrington had made great preparations for them. They 
occupied the same apartments occupied by the Prince of Wales in 
1860 and President Hayes and wife in 1877. A committee, consist- 
ing of Mayor Carrington, L. L. Bass, president of the Board of 
Aldermen, J. Taylor Ellyson, president of the Council, and repre- 
sentatives of the Sons of St. George and other bodies, called and 
delivered an address of welcome, and later escorted the party over 
the city. They left the following day much pleased with their visit 
to Eichmond. 

The city became greatly excited over the rumor of another duel. 
Eichard F. Beirne, of The State, and W. C. Elam, of the Whig, had 
a bitter controversy over the political situation. The Whig called 
the editor and owner of The State a lie, and this became the casiis 
belli. Beirne sent a challenge to Elam. The place of meeting was 
to be near Hanover Junction, and they were to fight with Colts navy 
revolvers at eight paces. June 22d at 6 P. M. was the time. When 
they reached the place Officer Alex Tomlinson was there and arrested 
Colonel Beirne, Page McCarty, Frank Wright, and Waverly Eag- 
land, but Elam and Frank Pumphrey escaped. Beirne got away 
and there was much excited talk as to the probable outcome. Day 
after day the people expected to hear of the duel and the death of 
one or both of the combatants. At last the news came that the 



1883] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 385 

fight had taken place near Waynesboro June 30th. At the first fire 
neither was hurt, but at the second Elam was wounded in the 
thigh. He was taken to the home of Lieutenant Governor Lewis and 
was treated by Dr. Wheat. Elam was Secretary of the Common- 
wealth, and when he accepted the challenge he sent in his resigna- 
tion. His wound was painful but not serious, so after some weeks 
he was able to return to Richmond. Later the laws against duelling 
became so stringent that the "affair of honor^' (so called) passed 
away. 

The fair this year was martial in spirit. Prizes were offered for 
the best drilled companies, and many entered the contest. The 
Ealeigh Light Infantry won the thousand dollar prize, and the 
Walker Light Guard and the Grays of Eiclimond won the next 
prizes. The Eichmond companies went from dress parade to active 
service in two days. There was a race riot in Danville, in which 
five negroes and several white men were killed. Governor Cameron 
ordered the Light Infantry Blues and the Howitzers to Danville 
under Maj. J, X. Carter; but the trouble was over when the sol- 
diers arrived so there was no fighting. 

The State election for members of the General Assembly took 
place November 6th and Mahone and his party were overwhelmingly 
defeated. The Democrats had thirty-four majority on joint ballot. 
Eichmond had suffered much from the party in power, and now that 
the day of reckoning had come she rejoiced beyond measure. She 
had a great demonstration the night of the 13th. Gen. Thomas L. 
Eosser was in command and Capt. Phil Haxall was in charge of 
the mounted men. There was a great torchlight procession, the 
houses were illuminated, fire-works were set off, and bonfires were 
made in the streets. The crowd marched to the City Hall lot and 
heard speeches from John S. Barbour, Senator Mills of Texas, J. 
N. Staples of Xorth Carolina, George C. Cabell, James Barron 
Hope, Glennan, and John W. Daniel. It was a great occasion in 
Eichmond. 

The Virginia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South met in Broad Street Church November 14th. Bishops Kava- 
naugh and Pierce were present. The opening sermon was preached 
by Eev. J. F. Twitty. Paul Whitehead was secretary. 



386 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1883 

A. Pizzini and others made application to the Council for the 
privilege of putting up poles and wires in the streets so as to light 
the city by means of electricity. Many opposed it because, they said, 
electric light was a dangerous and frightful thing and would kill 
people. John Frischlcorn favored the proposition, stating that it 
was a good thing and that people could keep out of the way. The 
ordinance was adopted by a vote of twelve to ten, and the ten greatly 
feared that dire results would come from the use of electric lights. 

Many of the literary people of the city heard the celebrated Eng- 
lishman, Matthew Arnold, lecture at Mozart Hall December 18th, 
and on the 27th Mrs. Langtry appeared at the Theatre. A large 
crowd greeted her, drawn by the reports of her great beauty of face 
and form. 

Among the deaths this year were Capt. H. W. Taylor, a business 
man here for fifty years, February 1st; J. H. Crenshaw, another 
business man, the 15th; Gen. P. T, Moore, the 20th. His funeral 
was from St. James, and the First, his old regiment, escorted the 
remains to Shockoe Cemetery. Col. John M. Otey died March 14th ; 
William Thalhimer the 25th; Andrew Talcott, the civil engineer 
who planned the Eichmond & Danville road, April 23d ; Capt. Ed. 
Mayo May 14th, and Thomas D. Quarles the 18th. James B. 
Eoyster died June 18th, W. A. Armistead the 21st, Paul Bargamin 
the 23d; Maj. George F. Norton, superintendent City Street rail- 
way, July 12th; J. M. M. Davis and Henry Miller July 23d, Pierre 
Bernard August 15th, Col. Thomas H. Leary October 28th. Dr. 
George W. Bagby died at his residence on Grace street next to St. 
Pauls Church November 29th. Dr. Bagby was a gifted humorist, 
and had he lived in the North he would have had a national reputa- 
tion. His lectures on "Bacon and Greens," "Women Folks," "An 
Apology for Fools," and "The Virginia Negro" had charmed thou- 
sands. He was also a writer of ability. He wrote under the name, 
"Mozis Addums," and his pieces attracted wide attention, especially 
"What I Did With My Fifty Million" and "Meekinses Twinses." His 
funeral took place from St. James Church and was conducted by 
Drs. Minnigerode and Peterkin, and his body was laid to rest in 
Shockoe Cemetery. Eev. Dr. Alexander W. Weddell, rector of St. 
Johns, died December 6th. His funeral was conducted by Bishop 
Whittle, assisted by Drs. Gibson, Dashiell, and Peterkin. He was 



1884] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 387 

buried in St. Johns. Eev. George W. Xolley, who was long a pastor 
in Ricliniond, died at Ashland December 8th, after fifty-eight years 
of service in the ministry. 

The two things which claimed the attention of the people at the 
beginning of the year 188-i were the intense cold and the Legisla- 
ture. The weather was so cold that the river was frozen over. 
The Legislature was trying to undo much that the Readjuster Legis- 
lature had done. One of the first things that came up was a resolu- 
tion from S. H. Newberry, one of the "Big Four," calling upon Gen- 
eral Mahone to resign his seat in the United States Senate. It was 
passed twenty-three to ten in the Senate and forty-seven to fourteen 
in the House, but the General did not see fit to resign. A worthy act 
was that appropriating $60,000 for disabled Confederate soldiers. 
^ Another act passed by this General Assembly of much interest, 
especially to Richmond, was that vacating the positions of public 
school trustees thirty days after March 5, 1884. This took from 
the city the two negro trustees and others objectionable to the 
people. 

This Legislature was called to meet in extra session August 13th, 
on account of the condition arising from the State debt question. 
Judge Hughes, of the United States Court, decided that the coupon 
bonds should be capitalized dollar for dollar instead of the settle- 
ment according to the Riddleberger Bill. Many had tendered 
coupons in payment of taxes and dues to the State and serious trou- 
ble threatened the State government. The Legislature passed what 
was known as the "Coupon Crusher," and the people hoped that it 
would relieve the situation. 

This was the year of the presidential election and there was great 
political activity. The Coalition Convention met in Richmond 
April 22d to elect delegates to the Republican Convention at Chi- 
cago. The Democratic Convention met here May 14th and elected 
delegates to the National Convention at Chicago. The Republicans 
nominated James G. Blaine and John A. Logan and the Democrats 
Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks. Richmond held a 
great meeting to ratify the nomination of Cleveland and Hendricks. 
There was a grand torchlight procession and speaking on the City 
Hall lot. The election took place November 4th and the city gave 



388 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1884 

Cleveland 7,600 votes and Blaine 5,820. The State gave Cleveland 
a majority of 6,141. Great crowds stood around the bulletin boards 
to get the news. When the favorable news came November 5th and 
the indications were that Cleveland was elected, the people broke 
forth in an impromptu demonstration. The bands began to play, 
bonfires were lighted over the city, fire-works were set off, and 
crowds gathered for speaking. For several days New York seemed 
to be in doubt, but November 16th it was positively decided that 
Cleveland had carried it. Then came the cry, "Cleveland is elected 
and will be seated." The 18th was appointed as the day of rejoicing, 
and every Democrat in the city prepared to take part. No Democrat 
had been President for so long that it became an epoch-making 
event. The day was ushered in by a salute of two hundred and 
nineteen guns, the number corresponding to the electoral vote of 
Cleveland and Hendricks. At 1 o'clock all the bells in the city 
were rung and all the whistles blew. Business was suspended at 
3 o'clock and splendid day fire-works were set off. But the event 
of the day was at 7 P. M., when the grand parade started. George 
H. Poindexter was chief marshal. There were torchlights, tableaux, 
trade displays, and bankers, lawyers, doctors, and other professions 
were represented. Thousands were in line, and the procession was 
two or three miles long. Besides tliis the whole city was illuminated. 
Eichmond had never witnessed such a demonstration over a presi- 
dential election. The line of march ended at the City Hall lot, 
where an immense crowd had gathered to hear the speeches. Col. 
John B. Cary presided. Hon. John S. Barbour, Maj. John W. 
Daniel, Baker P. Lee, B. B. Munford, and Capt. Camm Patteson 
made addresses. Many recalled Beecher's prophecy that the Demo- 
crats would soon return to power hungry after a long fast. ' Now 
they were back, and it was the happiest day for the South since the 
war. 

The names of some of the prominent citizens who died this year 
are: George S. Palmer, January 10th; Peter W. Ealston, the 31st; 
E. V. Breeden, February 13th; Dr. Robert T. Coleman, March 4th; 
James A. Scott, May 20th. Miss Charlotte Randolph Williams, 
daughter of John L. Williams, and Miss Susie E. Williams Gibson, 
daughter of P. H. Gibson, were drowned at Old Point July 7th. 
Their sad death cast a gloom over the city, and when the funeral took 



1885] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 389 

place from St. James Episcopal Cliurch a large crowd was there. 
Two hearses drove up and the crowd was moved to tears at the sad 
sight. Dr. August Bodeker died July 26th, Asa Snyder August 
4th, and Major Isaac W. Walker October 30th. 

At the opening of the year 1885 the attention of Richmond was 
directed to religious matters. For months preparations had been 
made for a great religious meeting. Dr. Charles Minnigerode, of 
St. Pauls Church, was chairman of the committee of ministers 
to arrange for the meeting. D. L. Moody, the great evangelist, 
opened the services in Armory Hall January 4th. This was his 
first visit to Richmond. At first it seemed that his work here would 
not be effective because of the rumor that he had said harsh things 
about Lee and Jackson. Dr. Hoge went to see Moody at his room 
at Ford's and asked him about it. He replied that he held them 
both in high esteem as Christian soldiers and had never said any- 
thing derogatoiy about them. That night at the service he spoke in 
high terms of the great leaders, and the people were much pleased. 
Great crowds attended the services, and night after night they in- 
creased until admission had to be by ticket, and an overflow service 
was held, by George C. Needham, one of Moody's helpers. The 
meeting resulted in great good, and for months afterward meetings 
continued in the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, and 
Dr. Hoge held services in Old Market Hall. 

These services quickened the work for a Young Men's Christian 
Association building, and a public meeting was held at Dr. Hoge's 
Church February 3d to further the enterprise. Among those who 
spoke were Joseph Bryan, Col. John B. Cary, Drs. Hoge, Landrum, 
Peterkin, J. William Jones, R. R. Harrison, P. A. Peterson, and 
Charles Read. The movement met with good success and a large 
amount was subscribed to the building fund. 

Hon. T. V. Powderly addressed the Knights of Labor at Old Mar- 
ket Hall January 26th, and much interest was manifested in their 
organization. 

Dr. D. J. O'Connell, who had been in Richmond some time as 
rector of St. Patricks Catholic Church, then at the Cathedral, and 
later as secretary to Bishop Van de Vyer, left for Rome to fill the 
honorable position as secretary of the Third Plenary Council. 

The times were hard, but Richmond was going forward with im- 



390 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1885 

provements. Over the wliole city houses were being erected and 
others were projected — the City Hall, the Mozart Academy, the 
Y, M. C. A. and the Postoffice buildings. 

John P. Branch bought the Public warehouse lot on Byrd and 
Canal between Seventh and Eighth for $53,000 for a site for a 
Union Depot, and work was soon begun on this. 

Many Eichmond people went to Washington to be present at the 
inauguration of Grover Cleveland, and saw what they had not seen 
before, except the older men, a Democratic President take the oath 
of office. 

As the prophecy of Henry Ward Beecher in his first lecture in 
liichmond had come true, the people wanted to hear him again, 
perhaps thinking that he would prophesy smooth things to them 
again. He came March 17th and delivered his lecture on "Evolu- 
tion and Eeligion," and the great crowd that heard him were as well 
pleased as with the former lecture. 

A simple canvas bag, tightly strapped, filled with woman's ap- 
parel and marked T. or F. Madison, was found in James river oppo- 
site the Chesapeake and Ohio wharf March 14th. The same day 
L. W. Eose, keeper of the old reservoir, noticed the walk around the 
reservoir torn as if there had been a struggle, and on looking about 
him he saw a woman's dark glove. While wondering what it meant 
he looked into the water, and, to his horror, he saw the body of a 
woman floating there. Dr. W. H. Taylor, the coroner, came and 
had the body taken out and carried to the almshouse for an 
inquest and identification. The body appeared to have been in the 
water eight or ten hours. A closer examination of the reservoir 
grounds was made, and outside of the high plank fence between 
that and the Clarke Spring property were marks of a struggle, and 
a veil and another glove was found there. Then a man's footsteps 
were traced and a gold watch key was found. But who was the 
woman ? Some said it was Fannie Mays, but Fannie came and said 
that was evidently a mistake; others said one person and another. 
At last Miss Dunstan came in a crowd to view the body and at once 
recognized it as that of Fannie Lilian Madison, of King William 
county. Then her father came and recognized his dead daughter. 
It was noticed that the face was wounded and bruised as if a 



18851 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 391 

heavy blow had been struck her before she was put into the water. 
The remains were buried in Oakwood March 20th, but the case did 
not end here. The great question in the minds of the officials and 
the people was, "How did she come to her death?" Police Justice 
D. C. Richardson instituted a thorough investigation. It soon de- 
veloped that Fannie Lilian Madison came to Richmond from Bath 
county, where she had been teaching school, Friday, March 12th, 
and registered at the American Hotel as F. L. Merton and was 
assigned to room 21. That same day, at the Davis Hotel, Thomas 
J. Cluverius registered. Then a torn note was found in room 21 
addressed to T. J. C. with these words: "I will be there as soon 
as possible; so do wait for me." A warrant was at once issued for 
Thomas J. Cluverius, and Officers Charles H. Epps and Logan 
Robins immediately started for Little Pl}Tiiouth, in King and Queen 
county, to arrest the young man, for he was only twenty-three and 
Fannie Lilian Madison twenty. When the officers came to the 
house they found him in his shirtsleeves and he appeared to be sur- 
prised. They reached Riclimond with their prisoner March 19th. 
The next day the case was called in the Police Court. The crowd 
was so great that the streets were blocked, and there were rumors 
of lynching the man, so a guard of twelve officers were thrown 
around him. S. B. Witt, Commonwealth Attorney, for suitable rea- 
sons withdrew from the case and Charles V. Meredith and W. R. 
Aylett represented the State. The prisoner was represented by 
Judge W. W. Crump, Beverly T. Crump, A. B. Evans, and H. R. 
Pollard. The case was not taken up until March 30th, when the 
prisoner waived an examination and was sent on to the grand jury. 
Much evidence was gathered against Cluverius by Detective John 
Wren and others and a hat was found in the dead-house in the small- 
pox cemetery which was identified as Fannie Lilian Madison's ; also 
a hole in the reservoir fence near where the hat was. The watch 
key was identified by a jeweller as the one he repaired for T. J. 
Cluverius. He was indicted by the grand jury April 6th. When 
the case was called in the Hustings Court, Judge T. S. Atkins pre- 
siding, the crowd packed the courtroom and filled the street outside, 
for no case had so stirred Richmond since the Jeter Phillips murder. 
It proved difficult to get a jury, for out of a venire of two hundred 



392 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1885 

only four jurors were gotten; then out of three hundred more 
only two who could serve. Judge Atkins exhausted Riclimond and 
got only six jurors, so he sent to Alexandria and summoned a 
venire of fifty men. Out of these he got six more jurors. The jury 
was: Henry Keppler, W. H. Parker, John P. Heath, William D. 
Trice, Carter N. Harrison, and S. J. Davis, from Richmond; R. J, 
Finch, J. T. Sherwood, W. T. Herrock, F. A. Howell, C. E. French, 
and W. H. P. Berkeley, from Alexandria. The trial began May 
12th, but Juror French was sick, so it was delayed until the 13th. 
The prisoner was quiet and reserved, showing traces of care. He was 
carried back and forth from the courtroom in the building between 
Ninth and Tenth and Capitol and Broad streets to the jail in a 
carriage hired by himself. Great crowds stood about the entrance 
of the jail and courtroom to get a glimpse of him. As the trial 
proceeded the prisoner appeared calm and unmoved until the clothes 
of the dead woman were laid before the jury; then he seemed to be 
agitated at the sight of them. The judge, jury, prisoner, and attor- 
neys visited the scene of the murder during the trial. The evidence 
was all in June 1st, and A. Bro^vn Evans opened the argument for 
the defense. The next day H. R. Pollard followed, and on June 3d 
Beverly T. Crump spoke for the defense also. Charles V. Meredith 
closed the case with his speech for the prosecution on the night of 
the 4th. The jury then retired for forty minutes, and at 9 :30 
announced that they were ready. There was a breathless silence 
when they filed into the courtroom. "Thomas J. Cluverius, stand 
up," said Clerk W. P. Lawton. Cluverius arose, apparently cool 
and collected, and without the slightest emotion faced the jury. 
"Gentlemen of the jury, look upon the prisoner," said the clerk. 
"How say you ? Is he guilty or not guilty of the felony charged in 
the indictment?" Foreman Henry Keppler replied in a distinct 
voice, "Guilty." The prisoner did not flinch, but quietly took his 
seat. There was an ominous silence in the courtroom, and in a little 
while there was applause outside on the street. A motion was made 
to set the verdict aside, but Judge Atkins refused to do so ; he, how- 
ever, deferred sentence a week. The prisoner was brought into court 
again June 19th dressed in a suit of gray serge, clean shaven, look- 
ing pale and care-worn. He stood up, and when Judge Atkins 
asked him if he had anything to say why sentence should not be 



1885] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 393 

passed upon him he replied in a firm voice : "I would say, sir, that 
you will pronounce sentence upon an innocent man. That is all I 
have to sav, sir." The judge sentenced him to be hanged by the 
neck until dead November 20, 1885, "and may God in his infinite 
goodness have mercy on your soul," he solemnly added. 

It was said that the prisoner would prove an alibi, and again a 
motion was made for a new trial and was overruled. An appeal 
was taken to the Court of Appeals at its session in Staunton in 
October. The court granted a writ of error and supersedeas, which 
stayed the execution, and the case was argued March 29, 1886. The 
decision was announced May 6th, sustaining the lower court and 
refusing a new trial. Judge Fauntleroy delivered the opinion and 
Judge Hinton dissented. A motion was made for a rehearing in 
September and was refused. October 30th the prisoner was again 
sentenced to be hanged December 10th. Many letters of sympathy 
came to him and an earnest effort was made to get Governor Lee to 
pardon him. When this failed an effort was made to get the mem- 
bers of the Legislature to intercede for him. Every possible influ- 
ence was brought to bear upon Governor Lee, but he was im- 
movable; he did, however, grant him a respite until January 14, 
1887. Cluverius remained calm and seemed resigned to his fate. 
While in prison he wrote a story of his life. Dr. W. E. Hatcher, 
his spiritual adviser, appealed to the Governor for a further reprieve, 
and the brother of the prisoner also begged for sixty days longer, 
but it was refused. The fatal day drew near, and Cluverius was sad 
and serious, but with no appearance of breaking down. The morn- 
ing of the 14th Dr. Hatcher was with him and Frank Cunningham 
sang several beautiful songs before the march to the gallows. A silk 
rope, made in Richmond, was used, and the noose was greased with 
olive oil. The jail yard was crowded and the tops of houses in the 
neighborhood were filled with spectators, and thousands were outside 
of the jail. The prisoner walked to the gallows as calm and collected 
as usual, and with his continual smile. It was said that he was never 
known to shed a tear. When asked if he had an3^hing to say, he 
replied : "I do not wish to say anything." After Dr. Hatcher had 
prayed he said: "I am requested by the prisoner to say that in 
this moment of his death he carries no ill will to any one on 



394 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1885 

earth." After saying this the minister left the jail so as not to wit- 
ness the execution. After the usual preparations the trap was 
sprung and Cluverius struggled for ten minutes before death re- 
lieved him. He hung twenty-six minutes, when the body was taken 
down and carried to an undertaker's place and prepared for burial. 
It was shipped over the York River line and was buried at Little 
Plymouth, in King and Queen county. After the execution his 
book came out, entitled, "Cluverius: My Life, Trial, and Convic- 
tion. By Thomas J. Cluverius." Thus closed the most famous 
criminal case in the annals of Virginia; a case that was given more 
newspaper notoriety and that stirred the people more than any to 
that time. 

Other things were going on in Richmond besides the sensation 
produced by this crime. The First Presbj^terian Church, which 
had been moved from Tenth and Capitol streets to Grace and Madi- 
son, was dedicated April 19th. Dr. Thomas L. Preston, a former 
pastor, the fifth who had served the church, preached the sermon, 
and Dr. R. P. Kerr, the pastor, assisted in the service. 

A new Methodist church on Denny street, in Rocketts — Rocketts 
was named for Robert Rockett, who had a ferry there as early as 
1730 — was also dedicated on the 19th. Dr. J. J. Lafferty preached 
the sermon and Rev. T. P. Wise, the pastor, conducted the exer- 
cises. 

Richmond had two institutions for higher education of negroes : 
a theological school for men in the old United States Hotel, corner 
Main and Nineteenth, Dr. C. H. Corey president, and the Harts- 
horn Memorial College for negro girls. This college was chartered 
March 13, 1884. It was founded by John C. Hartshorn and wife. 
The stately brick buildings erected on the grounds on west Leigh 
street are a credit to the city. The college was dedicated April 29th, 
this year. Among those who were present and spoke were Drs. J. P. 
Simmons, of New York, C. H. Corey, J. William Jones, A. E. Dick- 
inson, J. C. Hartshorn, and J. Taylor Ellyson. 

The Centennial Council of the Episcopal Church in Virginia was 
held at St. Pauls May 20th. Bishop Whittle presided. Bishop Ran- 
dolph conducted the opening services. Rev. Philip Slaughter de- 
livered an address on "The Colonial Church in Virginia," in which 



1885] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 395 

he told of the organization of the church in the old Capitol in Rich- 
mond, corner Fourteenth and Gary streets, in May, 1785. This was 
one of the most interesting sessions of the Council that had heen 
held. 

There were some social matters of interest about this time. Hon. 
A. M. Keiley had been appointed United States Minister to Italy, 
and before his departure the citizens gave him a banquet April 22d 
at Sanger Hall, Capt. W. F. Drinkard presiding. Dr. J. J. Lafferty 
opened with prayer. Among those who responded to toasts were 
Dr. J. L. M. Curry, Col. T. J. Evans, Col. S. B. Paul, Governor 
W. E. Cameron, Capt. Gordon MeCabe, and A M. Keiley. Keiley 
left for Italy, but was not received because he was not acceptable 
to King Victor Emmanuel. It will be remembered that when Victor 
Emmanuel was made King of Italy a meeting was held here in St. 
Peters to protest against his occupying the domain of the Pope, and 
at this meeting Keiley spoke. This was remembered against him 
and he had to return. 

Another Eichmond citizen was appointed a United States Minis- 
ter. Dr. J. L. M. Curry was appointed to Spain in October. A ban- 
quet was also tendered him and C. O'B. Cowardin presided. For- 
tunate for him he had made no speeches about the Spanish King, 
so he was received. 

There was a notable marriage at the Second Presbyterian Church 
June 2d. Miss Julia, the daughter of Stonewall Jackson, was mar- 
ried to William H. Christian. Drs. Hoge and W. H. Christian per- 
formed the ceremony. There was a brilliant assemblage to witness 
the event. 

Gen. Simon B. Buckner, of Kentucky, and Miss Delia H. Clai- 
borne were married June 10th at the home of the bride's uncle, H. 
A. Claiborne, 108 west Grace street. Dr. Peterkin performed the 
ceremony. 

Richmond heard with sorrow the announcement that General 
Grant died July 23d at Mt. Gregor. She had not forgotten his 
magnanimous conduct towards General Lee and his men at Appo- 
mattox and his kind and soldierly bearing towards the suffering 
people of the South. The Governor and his staff and four Virginia 
companies attended his funeral in New York August 8th. On that 



396 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1885 

day business was suspended, the flags of the city were at half-mast, 
and the Howitzers fired a salute in honor of the dead chieftain. 

This was one of the most important years in the political life of 
Richmond and of the State; it was the year to elect the Governor 
and the Legislature. The Republican Convention met the 15th of 
July in the Theatre here. Gen. William Mahone, the State chair- 
man, called it to order, William Lamb was made chairman, and 
P. H. McCaull secretary. After much speaking John S. Wise was 
nominated for Governor and H. C. Wood for Lieutenant Governor, 
and Frank S. Blair for Attorney General. On the 29th the Demo- 
cratic Convention met at the same place. John S. Barbour, the 
State chairman, called it to order. H. R. Pollard was elected chair- 
man and John Bell Bigger secretary. Many speeches were made, 
but that of John W. Daniel stirred the convention to great en- 
thusiasm. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee was nominated for Governor, John E. 
Massey for Lieutenant Governor, and Rufus A. Ayres for Attorney 
General. The night before the election, November 2d, Fitz Lee 
was given a great ovation in Richmond. There was a torchlight pro- 
cession, fire-works, and speaking on City Hall lot. The next day 
Richmond gave Lee 7,716 votes. Wise 5,224. Lee's majority in the 
State was 16,034. J. Taylor Ellyson and William Lovenstein were 
elected to the Senate and J. N. Dunlop, J. D. Patton, Ashton 
Starke, and H. L. Carter to the House. George D. Wise, Demo- 
crat, was elected to Congress. 

The Legislature, which was largely Democratic, met, and on the 
15th of December the vote was taken for United States Senator. 
John W. Daniel was nominated by the Democrats and William Ma- 
hone by the Republicans. Daniel received ninety-six votes on joint 
ballot and Mahone thirty-six. The Richmond Whig, which had been 
the organ of General Mahone, went down with his political defeat, 
and suspended publication December 22d. 

The Grim Reaper never stops his work. This year he cut down 
William Winston Valentine, one of the city's most scholarly citizens ; 
John Stewart, a prominent citizens, March 11th; Edward C. How- 
ard, clerk of the Council, June 15th; J. L. Davis, superintendent of 
the water works, June 23 ; Dr. Francis D. Cunningham, one of the 
city's best known physicians; J. V. Reddy, a member of the bar, 



1886] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 397 

November 5th, and Hex. Dr. A. B. Brown, a professor in Richmond 
College, November 27th. 

With the opening of the new year Governor Cameron's term of 
office expired, and the 1st of January Gen. Fitz Lee was inaugurated 
in the Hall of the House of Delegates. Judge L. L. Lewis admin- 
istered the oath. Richmond wanted to give him a brilliant inaugu- 
ration, but he preferred that there be no public display. They did, 
however, give him an inaugural ball and reception at the First Regi- 
ment Armory at night. Col. John B. Purcell was chairman of the 
reception committee and ]\I. L. Spotswood was chairman of the 
floor managers. The prominent people of Richmond attended and 
welcomed General Lee and his wife. Ex-Governor Cameron, Gen. 
S. B. Buckner, Maj. John W. Daniel, and Col. O'Ferrall were 
among the guests. 

The Mozart Academy of Music, on Eighth street between Franklin 
and Grace, was opened January 11th. Capt, A. Lybrock was the 
architect, and died the day of the opening. The building com- 
mittee was A. Bargamin, C. L. Seigel, Horace P. Edmunds, and 
Dr. J. B. McCaw. A brilliant assemblage attended the great musi- 
cale given on the occasion. The Mozart Association had done much 
to advance music in the city. It was organized April 14, 1876, Gen. 
Bradley T. Johnson president, and was incorporated December 16th. 
They began with a membership of fourteen and met on the second 
floor of the building on the southeast comer of Fourth and Broad 
streets. Their first idea was to build on Main and Sixth streets, 
but it was changed, and Col. Samuel P. Paul originated and carried 
out the plan for the present building. The officers of the association 
at this time were: W. E. Tanner, president; T. William Pember- 
ton, vice president; S. Sinton, treasurer, and J. W. Pegram, secre- 
tary. 

The Legislature, after much discussion and a great deal of oppo- 
sition, on the ground that it was unconstitutional, passed a general 
local option bill, which was approved February 24th. One of the 
first places in the State to hold an election under the new law was 
Richmond. The liquor dealers began securing names in order to 
call an election, and in a short while Charles V. Meredith, counsel 
for the Liquor Dealers Protective Association, presented to Judge 



398 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1886 

Atkins a petition signed by 4,541 voters asking for an election. 
Judge Atkins ordered it April 26th, and an election was ordered in 
Manchester the same day. The liquor dealers began to get good 
and resolved to close their bars on Sunday, side doors as well as 
front. The Local Option people began to organize and formed a 
city executive committee, with George W. Mayo as chairman and 
George W. Hawxhurst secretary. Forty-five ministers met and con- 
ferred on the best way to carry on the fight. Dr. John E. Edwards 
was chairman. Dr. J. William Jones offered resolutions, which 
were carried, seconded by Dr. John Pollard. The papers were 
filled with discussions of the question, and night after night there 
were public meetings. Among those who spoke for the temper- 
ance people were Senator Colquitt of Georgia, Dr. W. W. Landrum, 
Judge Cochran, of Atlanta, W. W. Berry, Dr. J. B. Hawthorne, 
Eevs. W. P. Wright and T. G. Dashiell, Lieutenant Governor John 
E. Massey, and Rev. John Jasper to the negroes. The wets held 
a meeting at the Academy April 20th. Maj. N. V. Randolph 
called it to order and R. E. Blankenship was made chairman. The 
speakers were William Lovenstein, Maj. I. H. Carrington, E. G. 
Cameron, and Meade Haskins. The election was held Easter 
Monday, and the wets received 8,941 votes and the drys 3,260, 
giving a majority of 5,681 against local option. It was also de- 
feated in Manchester, The campaign was conducted with little 
friction and not much bitterness. 

For the first time since its organization in Petersburg, May 1, 
1846, the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South met in Richmond May 5th. The sessions were held in 
Centenary Church. The bishops present were H. N. McTyeire, J. 
C Keener, A. W. Wilson, John C. Granbery, and R. K. Hargrove. 
Bishop McTyeire called the Conference to order. Bishop Gran- 
bery opened with prayer. Dr. J. S. Morton was elected secretary, 
and Dr. Warren Candler assistant. Dr. A. C. Bledsoe, of Broad 
Street Church, delivered the address of welcome. Delegates from 
all the Southern States were present. The election of bishops took 
place May 18th. On the first ballot there was no election, but on 
the second 243 votes were cast and 122 were necessary to elect. Dr. 
W. W. Duncan received 152, Dr. C. B. Galloway 136, and Dr. 



1886] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 399 

E. R. Hendrix 122. On the third ballot Dr. J. S. Key received 
126 votes. These four were ordained bishops at Centenary at 4 
P, M. the following Thursday. The Conference adjourned May 
25th. 

On this day the Grand Lodge of the World of Good Templars 
met in the Hall of the House of Delegates; J. B. Finch presided. 
Two days later the city election was held and the Reformers' ticket 
for councilmen and aldermen was elected in five wards out of six. 

The Young Men's Christian Association began in Richmond 
December 12, 1854. T. Roberts Baker issued a call for a number 
of men to meet at the United Presbyterian Church, corner Eighth 
and Franklin streets, on the above date. A few came, and after 
discussing plans a committee was appointed to nominate officers 
at the next meeting. This was held December 19th in the lecture- 
room of St. Pauls Church. Here a permanent organization was 
effected with the following officers: Peter V. Daniel, president; 
Dr. W. H. Gwathmey, first vice president; Dr. W. P. Palmer, 
second; Samuel M. Price, third; W. H. Richardson, fourth; record- 
ing secretary, Robert F. Williams; corresponding secretary, T. 
Roberts Baker; treasurer, T. L. D. Walford; librarian, John 0. 
Steger; directors, Charles A. Rose, Dr. John P. Little, A. H. 
Sands, Hugh Blair, and J. H. Claiborne. The work continued 
from this time until the war. Then special efforts were made to 
help the soldiers by fitting up a hospital for the sick and wounded 
and by religious teaching. The good work continued after the 
evacuation, although the library and furniture were burned. 
Year after year it grew until it became necessary to have a build- 
ing devoted to the work. The ministers and some of the business 
men started to work after the Moody meeting to raise funds for 
this purpose. An amount of $30,000 was subscribed and a lot 
on the corner of Sixth and Main streets was secured. Plans for 
a handsome building were made and the work begun. The cor- 
nerstone was laid June 10, 1886, by Joppa Lodge, No. 40. W. E. 
Tanner was chief marshal and J. Thompson Brown and L. L. Bass 
assistants. Dr. W. W. Landrum, of the Second Baptist Church, 
made the address. The officers of the association at this time were 
A. H. Christian, president; James Caskie, first vice president; 
John C. Freeman, second; R. S. Bosher, third; H. M. Clarke, gen- 



400 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1886 

eral secretary; Charles K. Willis, treasurer; J. P. Walthall, cor- 
responding secretary; E. E. White, librarian; Howard Swineford, 
J. D. Crump, J. T. GTay, W. A. Price, Joseph Bryan, M. Call, 
C. E. Whitlock, and D. E. Lumsden directors. This building was 
dedicated May 19, 1887. Dr. Hoge, W. E. Dodge, and H. K. EUy- 
son spoke. In their new home the association continued its good 
work among the young men, although greatly hampered by a big 
debt, which was not paid until after the second Moody meeting 
here. 

Eiclimond was visited by a severe earthquake on the night of 
August 31st. It began a short while before 10 o'clock and lasted 
several seconds. Window-glass and crockery rattled and houses 
swayed. Many people, alarmed, rushed from the trembling houses 
into the streets. Immediately the military alarm was turned in 
and also the fire alarm. It was on account of the convicts in the 
penitentiary; they became so alarmed that they began to scream 
and tried to get out; many, freeing themselves from their cells, 
rushed to the gate to escape. The fire companies came, followed 
by the military companies, under Colonel Spotswood and Major 
Bidgood. Governor Lee hastened to the penitentiary and stayed 
until midnight, directing the military companies. There was a 
great scare but no damage was done. Another shock came Sep- 
tember 3d, but not so severe. 

This was the same earthquake that destroyed Charleston, S. C. 
The news soon came that many were killed and wounded and the 
city was almost destroyed. Eichmond, always ready to help those 
in distress, called a meeting of citizens in the Chamber of Com- 
merce to raise money for the sufferers. George A. Ainslie was 
chairman and W. D. Chesterman secretary. A resolution was 
passed asking the Council to appropriate $10,000 for Charleston 
and a committee was appointed to solicit contributions from the 
people. The citizens contributed, but the Council did not appro- 
priate the amount asked for. 

October this year was reception month in Eichmond, and she 
proved equal to the occasion. The General Assembly of Knights 
of Labor, eight or nine hundred, met in the Armory the 4th. 
Grand Master T. V. Powderly presided. Governor Fitz Lee de- 



1886] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 401 

livered the address of welcome. They had a big parade with nearly 
three thousand in line, and had planned a ball, but an unlooked- 
for trouble arose; the negro delegates claimed equal rights and 
demanded that they be allowed to attend the ball. After much 
discussion on the subject of social equality the ball was abandoned. 

The next visitors who came were the G. A. E. Veterans of Bos- 
ton. They were splendidly entertained, and while here they were 
driven to the Soldiers' Home, where Governor Lee addressed them 
and they were introduced to Miss Mildred Lee, daughter of Gen. 
Eobert E. Lee, Mrs. JefEerson Davis, and Miss Winnie Davis. 

The other visitors came the day after the State Fair opened, 
the 21st, and they were no other than the President of the United 
States, Grover Cleveland, and Secretaries Bayard, Endicott, Vilas, 
and Colonel Lamont. A committee, consisting of Gen. W. C. 
Wickham, Col. A. S. Buford, Dr. M. Q. Holt, Maj. E. T. D. 
Myers, and Colonel Brinton, met them at Ashland. When they 
reached Elba the military companies and a large crowd of people 
greeted them. The President and Governor Lee rode in a carriage 
drawn by four gray horses. A long procession escorted the dis- 
tinguished visitors to the Fair Grounds, where the President spoke 
and then shook hands with a multitude of people. The party re- 
turned to Washington that night, well pleased with Eichmond and 
Eichmond was delighted with her visitors. 

This was the year for the election of congressmen, and Eich- 
mond was much interested in the election in the Tliird district. 
The Democrats nominated Capt. George D. Wise and the Eepub- 
licans Judge Edmund Waddill. W. H. Mullen was the Knights of 
Labor candidate, but he withdrew. Enthusiastic meetings were 
held night after night. John S. Wise spoke for Waddill and 
John W. Daniel, John Goode, Colonel Eand. Tucker, and W. E. 
Aylett for Wise. Eichmond gave Wise a majority of 2,103 over 
Waddill, and the district a majority of 1,45.7. 

There was much activity in church affairs. The State Mission- 
ary Society of the Disciples met here November 3d. J. J. Spencer 
was president. 

Park Place Ciuirch, which was built by James B. Pace as a 
memorial to his daughter, Mrs. Xannie Pace-Donnan, and his son. 



403 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1886 

Tliomas Neal Pace, was dedicated ISTovember 10th. Dr. John E. 
Edwards preached the sermon and Eevs. John Hannon and W. E. 
Evans assisted. Among the ministers present were Bishop Ran- 
dolph, Dr. Hoge, Dr. J. William Jones, Eev. H. M. Jackson, Eev. 
Pike Powers, Eev. Preston Nash, Drs. E. H. Pitt, J. J. Lafferty, 
and Paul Whitehead. 

The Presbyterian Synod of Virginia met in the First Presby- 
terian Church November 9th. Dr. J. P. Smith preached the open- 
ing sermon and Dr. T. L. Preston was moderator. During the 
meeting of the Synod Gen. E. D. Lilley, a member from Augusta, 
died suddenly. 

Two months later, January 23d, Laurel Street Methodist Church 
was dedicated. Dr. J. J. Lafferty preached and Dr. J. Powell 
Garland, assisted by the pastor, Eev. W. P. Wright, dedicated the 
church. 

The prominent citizens who died this year were: Capt. J. Tate 
Eogers, January 11th; Capt. 0. F. Weisiger, February 13th; Dr. 
E. B. Coleman, March 20th; Maj. Louis J. Bossieux, June 15th; 
John 0. Steger, a well-known attorney, September 23d; A. Y. 
Stokes, one of Eichmond's most successful merchants, November 
16th; Alexander Walker, 19th; Maj. E. W. N. Noland, the 30th; 
and Wellington Goddin, December 8th. 

The year 1887 opened with Eichmond preparing to extend her 
borders. The question of the annexation of Manchester was again 
brought up. It was referred toi the Board of Public Interests and 
they reported favorably, but their report was not adopted by the 
Council and Aldermen, so the matter rested for a while longer. 

A fashionable marriage took place at St. James Episcopal 
Church February 10th, when A. B. Guigon was united in marriage 
to Miss Kate Sheppard. 

The tenth annual meeting of the Westmoreland Club was held 
February 21st. This club was organized in 1877, and since then 
has been one of Eichmond's most successful social organizations. 

The old Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac depot on Broad 
and Eighth streets was remodeled by A. J. Ford and used for a 
theatre. 

The new Byrd street passenger station was completed and opened 



1887] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 403 

April 11th. Tliis was a much needed improvement, for Richmond 
did not have one decent passenger depot. 

The American Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, with five 
hundred delegates, opened their sessions in the Theatre April 10th. 
Chief Engineer P. M. Arthur was president. Among those who 
spoke were Col. A. S. Buford, C. V. Meredith, and Kev. W. 11. 
Christian and Rev. W. P. Wright. 

The noted preached, Dr. T. DeWitt Talmage, made an address 
at the seventy-fourth anniversary of the Virginia Bible Society at 
Dr. Hoge's Church April 28th. Dr. Charles Minnigerode was 
president. The church was filled to overflowing and the hearers 
were pleased with the splendid address. 

The Legislature had appointed a commission to meet representa- 
tives of the English bondholders to ascertain if an equitable basis 
for settlement could not be agreed upon. Sir Edward Thornton 
and Sir N. Braithwaite, representing the bondholders, met the 
commissioners here April 28th, and after a long conference they 
reported that they were unable to agree. An extra session of the 
Legislature had been called to settle the* matter, which was greatly 
troubling the State. Negotiations w^re opened again in May, but 
neither side would accept the offer of the other, so they again 
failed to come to terms. The case was in the United States Court, 
and Judge Bond sent Attorney General R. A. Ayers and John 
Scott, Commonwealth's attorney of Fauquier county, to jail in 
Richmond October 8th because they insisted upon the observance of 
the State laws in regard to coupons, in disobedience to an injunc- 
tion issued by him. Much excitement was created by this, but 
in a few days they were released by the United States Supreme 
Court on a writ of habeas corpus. For several years before this the 
State and Federal courts had been clashing on this question. 

One of the most important forward movements in the city began 
May 26th, when ground was broken for the Union Passenger rail- 
way to Church Hill. J. Thompson Brown, the president of the 
road, and many others were present. President Brown invited a 
number of the guests to St. James Hotel, where refreshments 
were served. He told of the purpose of the company to run 
forty cars propelled by electricity. At that time Richmond had 



404 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1887 

only the horse-cars and many were afraid of the electric cars. 
Brown explained that there could be no danger, no noise, and no 
smoke. The new cars started ISTovember 7th on their trial trip, 
and it was an unusual sight to see them move without horses 
or mules. They began to run regularly the following January, 
and the people were delighted with the new invention. It was not 
long after this before the old company changed theirs to an elec- 
tric line. 

It will be remembered that immediately after the death of Gen. 
Eobert E. Lee, in 1870, the ladies of Hollywood Memorial Associa- 
tion began a movement to erect a statue to his memory in Rich- 
mond. Later the Ladies Lee Monument Association was organized, 
with Mrs. N. V. Eandolph president. Then the Lee Monument 
Association, with Gen. Fitz Lee president, was formed. The 
ladies went to work with vigor and year after year they increased 
the amount they had in hand. E. M. T. Hunter, treasurer, re- 
ported $14,993 in the treasury January 8, 1877. With this they 
intended to begin work, and October of this year had a number 
of models submitted, which were on exhibition in the Senate 
Chamber. Fortunately they deferred the matter and decided to 
wait a while before they began the work. The Council offered 
them a site on Gambles Hill. The two associations continued 
their work separately until 1886; then the Ladies Association 
offered two prizes for the best models, the first $2,000 and the 
second $1,000. February 13, 1886, the first prize was awarded 
to M. Niehouse and the second to Sir Moses Ezekiel. Neither of 
these was used. The Ladies Association and the Lee Monument 
Association united May 1, 1886, and decided to erect one hand- 
some monument. Various sites were proposed — Gambles Hill, 
Libby Hill, Monroe Park, Soldiers' Home, Chimborazo, and the 
Allen lot, and the Senate gave permission to put it in the Capitol 
Square. The Allen lot was decided upon April, 1887, and June 
28th Jean Antoine Mercie, the French sculptor, was engaged to 
make the statue. Arrangements were made to lay the corner- 
stone October 27, 1887. The Council was asked to appropriate 
$20,000 for the occasion but they refused to make any appropria- 
tion, but not because of any lack of honor or respect for the great 



1887] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 405 

leader. The city was decorated and elaborate preparations were 
made to receive the visitors. The rain began and continued for 
three days and nights. The citizens were sorely disappointed, 
but on the 26th, in spite of the weather, great crowds began to pour 
into the city. Early next day the whole city was astir eager to 
witness the noted event. The procession started from Broad and 
Third streets at 10 :30 A. M. General Wade Hampton was chief 
marshal. The crowd lined the streets along the route. In line 
were Lee and Pickett Camps and visiting Confederate veterans, 
cavalry, the Fourth Virginia Regiment, Col. H. C. Hudgins; the 
First, Col. M. L. Spotswood; Lynchburg, Xorfolk, Winchester, and 
Petersburg companies; V. M. I. and Blacksburg Cadets, students 
of Washington and Lee; Maryland troops under Gen. Bradley T. 
Johnson; Chesterfield troops, under Gen. W. C. Wickham; the 
Knights Templar, the Richmond and Alexandria fire departments, 
and other organizations. Some of the noted men in the proces- 
sion were Governor Fitz Lee, Generals Joseph E. Johnston, J. A. 
Early, John R. Cooke, W. H. F. Lee, and Charles J. Anderson. 
Around the site of the monument the mud was over the shoe- 
tops, for Lee District was then open field, but the people stood as 
if on a pavement. The cornerstone was laid by the Grand Lodge 
of Yirginia. Grand Master W. F. Drinkard officiated, assisted 
by Colonel Burgwyn. Dr. Moses D. Hoge led in prayer. After 
the ceremony of laying the cornerstone was over they adjourned 
to the Hall of the House of Delegates to complete the exercises. 
James Barron Hope's poem was read and Col. Charles Marshall, 
General Lee's military secretary, delivered the oration. The occa- 
sion was a great success, notwithstanding the difficulties, and Rich- 
mond rejoiced to see such an auspicious beginning of a work for 
which she had long hoped and labored. 

Mount Calvary Cemetery had been laid out by Colonel Burgwyn 
under direction of Bishop Keane, of the Catholic Church, and 
November 2d the bodies buried in Bishops Cemetery, on Mechanics- 
ville turnpike, were removed to the new graveyard. 

On November 6th Bishop Keane laid the cornerstone of Holy 
Trinity Catholic Church, Floyd avenue and Short street, after- 
ward called the Church of the Sacred Heart. It was dedicated 



406 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1887 

December 9, 1888. Bishop J. J. Kain, of West Virginia, preached 
the sermon. Eev. F. F. Cutler was pastor. 

The Legislature met in December. Col. A. S. Buford, H. L. 
Carter, John A. Curtis, and Lyon C Tyler represented Riclunond 
in the House. John S. Barbour was elected December 21st to suc- 
ceed United States Senator Eiddleberger, and S. B. Witt was 
elected judge of the Hustings Court of Eichmond and Judge Fitz- 
hugh to the Chancery Court. 

Prominent among those who had died during the year were: 
Maj. Isaac H. Carrington, president of the Eichmond Bar Asso- 
ciation, January 30th, and on the same day Dr. W. M. Withers ; 
Col. W. P. Munford, long connected with the affairs of the city, 
February 21st. The remains of Ex-Governor William Smith were 
brought to Eichmond May 20 and after lying in state in the Capitol 
from 3 to 6 P. M. they were conveyed to Hollywood under escort of 
the military companies, Confederate veterans, and many citizens. 
Dr. W. W. Bennett, for years a pastor in Eichmond and later 
president of Eandolph Macon College, was buried from Cen- 
tenary Church June 11th, Bishop J. C. Granbery, Drs. S. S. 
Lambeth, W. H. Christian, and others officiating; Dr. William 
Norwood died July 29th. He came to Eichmond in January, 1837, 
to assist Bishop Moore at Monumental, and in 1841 he began the 
erection of St. Pauls Church and became its first rector. He was 
fifty-five years in the active ministry. Benjamin F. Ladd, of Pur- 
fell, Ladd & Co., died September 20th; William H, Powers, for 
fifty years an active citizen, October 5th; E. B. Spence, a mer- 
chant, November 21st; Alexander H. Sands, a prominent attorney, 
December 22d. During this year the remains of John Eandolph 
of Roanoke were brought to Eichmond and quietly interred in 
Hollywood. 

Eichmond was rapidly becoming the monumental city of the 
South, and year by year she was adding to her treasures. The new 
year 1888 opened with a mass meeting at the Theatre January 
9th to start a movement for a monument on Libby Hill to the 
soldiers and sailors of the Confederacy. The Council and Alder- 
men had already granted a site and $5,000. Governor Lee ad- 



1888] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 407 

dressed the meeting and a committee was appointed to prosecute 
the work. 

At the same Theatre, January 9th, Booth and Barrett appeared 
in Othello. The house was packed and it was pronounced one of 
the greatest plays ever witnessed in Riclimond. 

Another event of interest was the lecture of Dr. Thomas Xelson 
Page, three days later, in the Hall of the House of Delegates. Dr. 
Page had already made a national reputation for himself by his 
splendid stories on "Life in Old Virginia," and Eichmond was 
glad to honor her distinguished son. 

Charles Dickens, the son of the author, whose visit to Eichmond 
has been noticed, appeared at the Academy March 10th and read 
selections from his father's works and spoke of his life. He was 
given a cordial greeting in honor of his distinguished father. 

In the early morning of February 1st the city was aroused by the 
alarm of fire, followed by the call for the military companies. 
The people hurried forth to find the penitentiary afire and eight 
hundred lives threatened. The prisoners were liberated and 
marched into the yard, where they were guarded by the military 
companies under Gen. Charles J. Anderson and Maj. J. V. Bid- 
good. The shoeshop burned, entailing a loss of $20,000. A panic 
was avoided, but the prisoners were in great fear. 

A well known landmark was about to depart from Eichmond. 
W. H. Gray, of Chicago, bought Libby Prison from the Southern 
Fertilizer Company, Col. W. H. Palmer president. No one knew 
what his purpose was in buying it, but it was soon learned that he 
intended to take it down and ship it to Chicago. Gray, however, 
did not cariT out his plan; he agreed to pay $23,300 for the build- 
ing, but did not meet the deferred payments. It was sold Septem- 
ber 30th, under a deed of trust given by Gray and was bought by 
Dr. Bramble, of Cincinnati, for $11,000. The work of pulling 
down the liistoric old building began the following April and be- 
fore the middle of May it was loaded on the cars and was on its 
way to Chicago, where it was rebuilt. It stands there to-day an 
object of great interest, especially to those who were imprisoned 
in it during the war. 

The twenty-second session of the Southern Baptist Convention 



408 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1888 

met in Eichmond at the First Baptist Church May 11th. Dr. 
James P. Boyce was president and Dr. Lansing Burrows secretary. 
Dr. Cooper, the pastor of First Church, delivered the address of 
welcome. The convention was in session nearly a week, and the 
city took much interest in their deliberations. 

The May election resulted in putting in office J. Taylor Ellyson, 
mayor ; M. L. Spotswood, Commonwealth's attorney ; C. P. Winston, 
sheriff; Miles Turpin, auditor; J. K. Childrey, treasurer, and F. 
W. Cunningham, collector. David C. Kichardson retired from the 
position of police justice July 3d and John J. Crutchfield was 
elected to fill his place. Justice Richardson was clerk to Police 
Justice White in 1870, and in 1880 he succeeded White. 

Two more monuments were dedicated in honor of heroes of the 
Confederacy. A monument near Yellow Tavern, to mark the 
spot where Gen. J. E. B. Stuart fell while bravely defending Rich- 
mond, was dedicated June 18th. Philip Haxall, F. H. Deane, and 
Ottway S. Allen were the committee on arrangements. Joseph 
Bryan was president of the association. Rev. B. M. Randolph 
opened the exercises with prayer and Gen. Fitz. Lee made the 
address. 

A monument to General Pickett was unveiled in Hollywood 
October 5th. The Philadelphia Brigade Association was here and 
caused some trouble. When the time to march came the Lee 
Camp had their Confederate flag. The Philadelphia Association 
said they could not march in line with that flag because they had 
a United States flag which was loaned them on condition that 
it should not be carried in line with a "Rebel flag." Lee Camp 
positively decided that they would not give up their flag. Mayor 
Ellyson offered a solution ; he proposed that the United States flag 
which had been borrowed he put aside and the camp loan the 
Association their United States flag. This was adopted and the 
procession moved on. Mrs. Pickett and her son were present. 
The exercises were opened by Rev. Richard Ferguson, chaplain 
of the Eighteenth Virginia Regiment, General Corse lifted the veil, 
and Capt. E. P. Reeve, president of the Pickett Association, intro- 
duced Maj. R. Taylor Scott, who delivered the address. At night 



1888] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 409 

the Confederate veterans entertained the Philadelphia Associa- 
tion at a banquet at Sanger Hall. 

For some time Eichraond had been preparing for a great exposi- 
tion. A hall costing $4G,750 was built, the Council granting the 
mone}'. The Virginia State Agricultural and Mechanical Society, 
Ashton Starke president, had the matter in charge. The exposition 
opened October 3d and it was a great day in Eichraond. Business 
was suspended and the city turned her attention to the big show. 
There was a great parade, with Gen. Joseph E. Anderson chief 
marshal. At the opening exercises Mayor Ellyson, President Ash- 
ton Starke, and Governor Fitz Lee made addresses. A large crowd 
of visitors attended and it was a good success so far as advertising 
Eichmond, but when it closed November 21st there was a debt of 
$40,000. The management deserved the thanks of the people for 
their wise and diligent efforts. 

It was while the plans for the exposition were in progress that 
the Virginia Hotel Company, with Gen, Joseph E. Anderson as 
president, was chartered for the purpose of building a handsome 
hotel in the western part of Eichmond. The company, however, did 
not carry out their plans ; it was left for Major Ginter and several 
others to do the work. 

Another enterprise that was started this year was the Eichmond 
and Chesapeake Eailway Company. The Council granted them the 
right to dig a tunnel under Eighth street, and required of them a 
bond for $100,000 to secure any property holder from loss by 
reason of the work. A shaft was sunk in the north end of the 
proposed tunnel and the work carried on for a short while, but it 
was stopped and never taken up again. 

It was this year that the city purchased the Shield's property 
for $44,000 to annex it to Eeservoir Park. 

Westminster Presbyterian Church, corner Cary and Sycamore 
streets, was dedicated December 2d. 

The time had come for another election for President. The 
Democrats, at St. Louis, nominated Grover Cleveland and Allen G. 
Thurman, and the Eepublicans, at Chicago, Benjamin Harrison 
and Levy Morton. Eichmond held several great Cleveland meet- 
ings, at which W. L. Wilson, of West Virginia, and Eoger Q. Mills 
and John W. Daniel -spoke. At the election November 6th Eich- 



410 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1888 

mond gave Cleveland 8,200 votes and Harrison G,23]. The city 
and district also gave George D. Wise a majority for Congress over 
Judge Edmund Waddill, but Waddill contested the election and 
was seated by a party vote. 

The cornerstone of the Masonic Temple, corner Broad and 
Adams streets, was laid November 14th by the Grand Lodge, W. F, 
Drinkard grand master. Judge Beverly E. Wellford was president 
of the Masonic Temple Association. W. C. P. Breckenridge, of 
Kentucky, made the address. This splendid temple was completed 
two years afterward and is the pride of the Masonic fraternity 
of the State. 

The sable reaper this year cut down a number of prominent 
citizens. The first to fall was Edward Cohen, president of the 
City Bank, January 18th; Dr. 0. F. Manson, a leading physician, 
the 25th; James H. Peay, principal of Elba School, March 6th; 
Maj. E. E. Blankenship, the 15th; A. E. Woodson, city collector, 
the 27th; Dr. Joseph Woodward, April 4t.h; Franklin Stearns, 
June 11th. Gen. W. C. Wickham died suddenly at his office 
July 23d. He was receiver of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad 
and one of the most prominent citizens. His funeral was con- 
ducted from his home. Hickory Hill, in Hanover county, and a 
large number of citizens and several military companies attended. 
A. J. Ford, proprietor of Ford's Hotel, died September 12th; 
Thomas H. Gunn and Joseph J. Anderson October 8th. Thomas 
Branch, a wealthy retired banker, died, in the 86th year of his 
age, November 15th. For years he had been conspicuous in the 
business life of the city. His imposing figure, with his long gray 
hair, his fine face, his split-tail coat, bandanna handlvcrchief, and 
his tall staff attracted attention as he moved up and down the 
streets. He was an old Virginia gentleman. His funeral was con- 
ducted from Centenary Church, of which he had been an official 
member. Drs. Judkins, Minnigerode, Hoge, and C. H. Read took 
part. His remains were taken to Petersburg and interred in 
Blandford. W. H. Haxall, another old citizen, died December 
27th. He was born at Columbia, now a building of Eichmond 
College, in 1809, and had long been connected with the business of 
the city. 

The year 1889 brought a change in some of the officials of the 



1889] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 411 

city. Judge Fitzhugh succeeded Judge Holladay, of the Chancery 
Court, and Judge Witt Judge Atkins, of the Hustings Court. Col. 
John B. Cary was succeeded by W. F. Fox as superintendent of 
the public schools. 

The venerable Dr. Minnigerode, long rector of St. Pauls Church, 
resigned in January and was succeeded by the Eev. Hartley Car- 
michael. 

The State debt was a vexed question and now threatened the 
very existence of the State, for many of the people were paying 
taxes in coupons and there were not funds enough to run the gov- 
ernment. The business men of Riclimond held a meeting at the 
Commercial Club. Col. John B. Purcell called them to order and 
J. D. Montague was made chairman and B. M. Quarles secretary. 
Mayor Ellyson and Governor Lee spoke, after which a resolution 
was passed pledging those present to pay their taxes in money, and 
urging all patriotic citizens to do the same. The sentiment met 
with general favor in Eichmond and few were willing to defy 
public opinion and tender coupons in payment of taxes. Other 
places folloM'ed Richmond's example and the situation in the State 
was greatly relieved. 

The spring and summer of this year were the wetest seasons 
known to the generation; almost every day there was a hard rain. 
The river, already high, began to rise higher, and May 31st to 
June 2d there was a considerable freshet. All day Sunday the 
people worked hard to save property, and for this reason there 
was not as great property loss as in 1870, 1877, and 1886. The 
bridges and railroads were damaged to a considerable extent. It 
was a noteworthy fact that of the four great freshets of this cen- 
tury all reached their maximum height on Sunday. There was 
another freshet August 1st, but it was not so serious as the one 
of June. 

The rains were general and soon the news was received of dis- 
asters in other places. The terrible flood that swept Johnstown, 
Penn., and the Conemaugh Valley, came May 31st. Thousands of 
lives were lost and millions of dollars of property. Mrs. Fenn, 
who was a Miss Tullion, of Eichmond, lost her husband and seven 
children, and Howard Swineford lost a mother and sister in the 



412 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1889 

same awful disaster. Mayor Ellyson called a meeting of the citi- 
zens and plans were made to raise a good amount for the flood 
sufferers. This was in keeping with Eichmond's usual custom, 
for she stretches forth her hands to the needy wherever they may be 
or under whatever circumstances. 

Another result of the continued rain was one of the worst rail- 
road wrecks in the history of Virginia. In the early morning of 
July 2d a passenger train on the Norfolk and Western road, which 
was running on a submerged track, suddenly plunged through a 
culvert near Thaxtons, killing thirty or more people. When the 
culvert broke the waters rushed down the valley and the wreckage 
caught fire, burning all the dead bodies. John I. Stevenson and 
Harry B. Wheeler, of Eichmond, were killed and burned in the 
wreck. Many others were seriously injured, among them Bishop 
A. W. Wilson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. 

There were some public improvements in Eichmond which must 
be noticed. Christ Church, at the comer of Twenty-second and 
Venable streets, was consecrated May 12th. 

The statue of Henry Clay was taken from its place on the Square 
and put in the Capitol some years before, and in May this year it 
was put back on the Square. 

The Custom House and Postoffice had been enlarged and reno- 
vated, and July 28th it was finished and the offices moved back. 
The lot for this building was bought in 1854 and the building begun 
in 1855, and in 1858 a banquet in honor of the unveiling of the 
Washington monument was held there. During the Civil War Presi- 
dent Davis had his offices on the third floor, and C. G. Memminger, 
the Secretary of the Treasury, had his office in the building. It will 
be remembered that it was here that Ex-President Davis was 
brought for trial. 

The cornerstone of Grove Avenue Baptist Church was laid Octo- 
ber 3d by the Grand Lodge. E. T. Craighill was grand master. 
Drs. W. E. Hatcher, W. W. Landrum, and George Cooper made 
addresses. Dr. S. A. Goodwin was pastor. T. Wiley Davis built 
the church, and it was dedicated the next year. 

It was reported that Dr. D. J. O'Connell had been selected as 
Catholic Bishop of Virginia and the report pleased the large num- 
ber of his friends, but it proved a mistake. Eev. A. Van de Vyver, 



1889] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 413 

vicar general, was selected, and on October 20th ho was consecrated 
at St. Peters. Bishop J. J. Kcane, whose successor he was and who 
went to the University at Washington, preached the sermon. Car- 
dinal Gibbons conducted the service of consecration, assisted by 
Bishops Kain of West Virginia, Haid of North Carolina, and Dr. 
D. J. O'Connell. 

This was the year for the election of Governor, and it is always 
an important year in the life of the State, and of Richmond espec- 
ially. The Democrats held a convention at Armory Hall August 
14th. E. H. Cardwell was made chairman. Phil. McKinney, 
Richard Beirne, and Charles T. O'Ferrall received votes for the 
nomination for Governor. The ticket finally nominated was Phil. 
W. McKinney for Governor, J. Hoge Tyler for Lieutenant Gover- 
nor, and R. Taylor Scott for Attorney General. The Republican 
Convention met in ISTorfolk August 22d and nominated Gen. Wil- 
liam Mahone for Governor, Campbell Slemp for Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor, and W. S. Lurty for Attorney General. Richmond had a 
grand torchlight procession and rally for the Democratic ticket. 
During the canvass H. H. Riddlcberger, John E. Massey, and Col- 
onel Cameron opposed Mahone. At the election Richmond gave 
McKinney 9,841 votes and Mahone 4,495. McKinney's majority 
in the State was 42,177. The city elected William Lovenstein and 
Conway R. Sands to the Senate, and W. T. Booth, Thomas Byrne, 
Levin Joynes, and J. A. Curtis to the House. 

The Virginia Annual Conference of the Methodist Church met 
at Broad Street Church November 13th. Bishops A. W. Wilson 
and J. C. Granbery presided. Drs. Paul Whitehead, P. A. Peter- 
son, and S. S. Lambeth were secretaries. 

The same month the Virginia Disciples Conference met at 
Seventh Street Church. Judge W. S. Gooch was president. 

Richmond was greatly grieved when she heard the news that on 
December 5th, at New Orleans, Ex-President Jefferson Davis died. 
Memorial services were held in all the churches in the city Decem- 
ber 11th, and the buildings were draped in mourning. The Coun- 
cil passed suitable resolutions and asked the mayor to attend the 
funeral as representative of the city, and also requested that the 
body be brought to Richmond for interment. Various bodies of 
the city joined in this request and the Legislature did likewise. A 



414 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1889 

public meeting was held in the Academy of Music December 21st 
to take steps to have the body of the distinguished man brought 
here and to arrange for a suitable monument. Governor Lee pre- 
sided. After speeches by the Governor, Mayor Ellyson, Major 
Stringfellow, George D. Wise, Dr. J. William Jones, and J. L. M. 
Curry, resolutions asking that Richmond be his resting-place were 
passed and the following committee appointed to carry out the 
wishes of the citizens as to the removal of the body and the monu- 
ment: J. Taylor Ellyson (chairman), Lewis Ginter (vice chair- 
man), D. C. Richardson, N. V. Randolph, George L. Christian, 
P. H. Mayo, Peyton Wise, directors ; J. S. Ellett, treasurer ; W. D. 
Chesterman, secretary. The Legislature, by special resolution, in- 
vited Maj. John W. Daniel to deliver an oration on Jefferson Davis. 
He accepted the invitation, and January 25, 1890, was fixed as the 
time. The Academy of Music was packed that night to hear the 
speech. E. H. Cardwell, Speaker of the House, presided and 
introduced Major Daniel, who delivered a great oration on the dis- 
tinguished chieftain and the noble cause which he represented. 
He spoke for two hours, and during that time he held his audience 
almost spellbound. 

President Harrison visited Richmond December 28th, and the 
public did not know of his presence; but Mayor Ellyson, Maj. 
Frederick R. Scott, John P. Branch, Maj. J. H. Dooloy, Col. A. S. 
Buford, and others met him and showed him the courtesies of the 
city. Richmond has always been glad to honor the chief magis- 
trate of the United States, and with few exceptions every Presi- 
dent has visited the city. 

The deaths this year were: Maj. Frank P. Turner, January 
1st; Col. H. C. Cabell, former captain of LaFayette Artillery, a 
patriotic and public-spirited citizen and a lawyer of ability, the 
31st; John B. Davis, brother of Ex-Senator H. G. Davis, of West 
Virginia, February 10th; John W. Johnston, Commonwealth's at- 
torney, the 27th; Thomas C. Williams, one of the wealthiest citi- 
zens and a leading tobacconist, April 2d; M. Rosenbaum, a suc- 
cessful merchant, the 3d; J. B. Crenshaw, the minister of the 
Friends, May 10th; Capt. L. L. Bass, president of the Board of 
Aldermen, June 8th ; Dr. T. P. Mayo, the 20th ; Col. Sherwin Mc- 
Rae, long prominent in city affairs, the 26th. Mrs. Julia 



18891 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 415 

Gardiner Tyler, widow of EX-President Tyler^ died at the Exchange 
July 10th, near the room in which her husband died in 1862. 
Her funeral Avas from St. Peters the 12th and she was buried in 
Hollywood. Thomas W. McCance, one of the best known citizens, 
died August 15th; Dr. John Knox, the 23d; Maj. John Selden, 
the 24th. Riclmiond received the sad news of Mrs. Julia Jackson- 
Christian's death the 30th. Col. Thomas J. Evans died September 
30th, Dr. John G. Skelton October 31st; George A. Ainslie 
November 4th, Dr. Eobert G. Cabell the 15th, and Dr. George 
W. Harris December 24th. 



416 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1890 



CHAPTER XI 

The continual and substantial progress of Richmond is shown 
by the figures for the past year, given January 1, 1890. Her 
manufacturing output amounted to $31,088,960; her jobbers sales, 
$29,140,000; property assessments was $53,406,729, and her popula- 
tion was 81,388. With this splendid showing the city was press- 
ing forward to greater achievements. 

Governor McKinney was inaugurated January 1st. The exer- 
cises were held in the Hall of the House of Delegates. Speaker 
Card well presided and Judge L. L, Lewis administered the oath. 
It had long been the custom of Col. John Bell Bigger, clerk of 
the House, to furnish the Bible on which the Governor and Lieu- 
tenant Governor were sworn and the pens with which they signed 
the oath, and afterward to present them to a member of the 
families. This year he presented the Bibles to the daughter of 
Governor McKinney and to the daughter of Lieutenant Governor 
Tyler. 

One of the most delightful social events which had occurred in 
Richmond for years was the Colonial Assembly, held at the Theatre 
January 39th, for the benefit of the Society for the Preservation of 
Virginia Antiquities. It was given to the Governor and his wife 
and was followed by a ball. Every one who took part represented 
one of the early characters of Virginia and was dressed in Colonial 
fashion. Among the ladies who were prominent were Mesdames 
Phil Haxall, Fitz Lee, Bradley T. Johnson, Peyton Wise, Edward 
T. Crump, W. H. F. Lee, T. M. Boykin, H. W. Flournoy, Milea 
Cary, Fred Scott, Alex. Cameron, A. T. Harris, Dr. Hunter Mc- 
Guire, B. R. Wellford, Annie Camm. It was a brilliant assembly, 
and when they danced the stately minuet one would have thought 
that he was living in the early days of Virginia. 

A memorable day was February 22d this year; not because it was 
the birthday of the Father of His Country, but because of one of 
the greatest fires since the evacuation. It began about 9 o'clock 



1890] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 417 

P. M. in the fertilizer building on Gary and Twenty-fifth streets, 
and before it was gotten under control it had destroyed this build- 
ing, the factories of Cameron & Co. and Cameron & Sizer, and 
other property, amounting to a quarter of a million dollars. 

Eichmond had the pleasure of hearing Charles Dudley Warner 
speak at the Y, M. C. A. February 25th on "Prison Reform." 
Maj. Robert Stiles presided. Others who took prominent part in 
the meeting were Joseph Bryan, Judge George L. Christian, Mayor 
Ellyson, Dr. J. L. M. Curry, Dr. J. B. Newton, D. C. Richardson, 
and W. W. Henry. It was a subject that needed attention, and 
good came from this meeting of representative citizens. 

Two other meetings notable in the social life of Richmond fol- 
lowed this one. Gen. Wade Hampton lectured at the Academy of 
Music on "The Cavalry Fight at Trevilians Station." A large 
crowd attended and Governor McKinney introduced the distin- 
guished soldier. 

Professor Leo Wheat, "the poet of the piano," and Dr. Thomas 
Nelson Page gave an entertainment at the Academy April 32d. 
Dr. Page read from his writings : "Mars Chan," "In Ole Vir- 
ginia," and "Edinburgh's Drowndin." The crowd in attendance 
was delighted with the music and the reading. 

"The City of Churches" is applicable to Richmond, for her 
churches increase in larger proportion than her population. An- 
other church was dedicated March 23d, Washington Street Metho- 
dist. Bishop A. W. Wilson preached the sermon and dedicated it. 
Rev. R. H. Bennett was the pastor. These churches had their in- 
fluence, which was especially felt when occasion arose. When 
Sunday baseball was proposed they declared against it, and it was 
abandoned. Richmond enjoys the American game and always has, 
but she will not allow her Sunday to be desecrated. Soon after the 
war a club was organized and General Lee was an honorary member. 

The event to which Richmond had eagerly looked forward for 
nearly twenty years was now almost at hand, the unveiling of an 
equestrian statue to Gen. Robert Edward Lee. It was announced in 
February that the Mercie statue had been successfully cast and 
Col. C. P. E. Burgwyn was sent to Paris to inspect it. He made a 
favorable report and it was shipped, reaching Richmond in four 
boxes, on two flat cars. May 4th. The boxes were loaded on four 



418 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1890 

trucks and the afternoon of the 7th was appointed as the time to 
move them to the site of the monument. Ten thousand people 
gathered at Laurel and Broad to take part in moving the precious 
burden. Col. Thomas A. Brander was chief marshal. The trucks 
were decorated with Confederate colors and long ropes attached to 
iJicm. At the command, "Forward, march," the bands played and 
men, women, and children took hold of the ropes and moved down 
Broad to First, to Franklin, and out to the monument. Among 
those in line were Gen. J, E. Anderson, Mayor EUyson, Maj. B. W. 
Eichardson, Col. Archer Anderson, Attorney General E. Taylor 
Scott, Maj. N. V. Eandolph, and many other prominent citizens. 
When the site was reached the ropes were cut up and taken as 
mementoes of the occasion. General Lee and Traveller were soon 
in place upon the granite pedestal, ready for May 29th, the day 
of the unveiling. The whole city was elaborately decorated with 
Confederate flags and colors and many pictures of Lee, Davis, 
Johnston, and other leaders were displayed. The visitors began 
to arrive by the 26th, and in two days the city was crowded to her 
utmost capacity. Hotels, boarding houses, private homes, and 
many large buildings fitted with cots could not accommodate the 
great crowds. Never before had Eichmond had the pleasure of 
entertaining such a vast number of visitors. Veterans, soldiers, and 
citizens from every State in the South were here to do honor to the 
peerless hero. At dawn on the 29th the city was astir, the drum 
and fife could be heard, and soldiers and citizens could be seen 
hurrying to and fro. The soldiers began to form on Broad street 
at 9 o'clock to be ready to march at 12. The line of march was 
down Broad to Nineteenth, to Main, to Eighth, to Franklin past 
General Lee's home, to the monument. Gen. Fitz Lee was chief 
marshal and Gen. J. E. Cooke chief of staff. Generals Wade Hamp- 
ton, Joe Wheeler, T. M. Logan, T. L. Eosser, M. C. Butler, and 
E. F. Vaughan were in command of the cavalry; Gen. E. P. 
Alexander commanded the artillery; Gen. Henry Heth the in- 
fantry, assisted by Generals C. M. Wilcox, Eppa Hunton, J. H. 
Lane, E. F. Hoke, William McComb, and E. M. Law. Gen. 
John B. Gordon commanded the veterans. Generals Longstreet, 
Joseph E. Johnston, and J. A. Early were in carriages. Other 
generals in line were A. H. Colquitt, P. M, B. Young, E. Ean- 



1890] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 419 

some, James A. Walker, L. L. Lomax, W. R. Cox, W. H. Payne, 
C. A. Battle, Ruggles, and R. C. Page. Governor McKinney and 
many Governors of sister States were in carriages. Gen. W. 
H. F. Lee, Miss Mary, and Miss Mildred Lee were in one carriage. 
Mrs. Stonewall Jackson and Mrs. Pickett were also in carriages 
accompanied by Lieutenant Governor Tyler, Gen. J. B. Kershaw, 
and Maj. John W. Daniel. The parade started at 12 o'clock, and 
such a parade it was; four miles in length, it took two and a half 
hours to pass a given point. All business was suspended this great 
day and all Richmond, with her visitors, was at the monument. 

When Governor ]\lcKinney arose to open the exercises a hundred 
thousand people looked upon the veiled statue of Lee. Dr. Charles 
Minnigerode, General Lee's pastor when in Richmond, opened with 
prayer. Gen. J. A. Early introduced Col. Archer Anderson, who 
delivered the address. After Col. Anderson finished Gen. Joseph 
E. Johntson arose and took hold of the rope attached to the veil. 
There was silence and all heads were uncovered and all eyes fixed 
upon the statue. He drew the rope and the veil parted at the 
shoulders of the statue; he drew it again and the veil fell on either 
side. A great cheer arose from thousands of throats, the cannon- 
boomed, the musketry roared, and hats and handkerchiefs were 
thrown in the air. Many of the old soldiers wept as they looked 
upon their honored and beloved commander on Traveller. Every 
one pronounced the statue a splendid work of art and a perfect 
likeness of General Lee. A sham battle in the fields near the 
monument closed the exercises of the greatest day of its kind Rich- 
mond had ever witnessed. 

There were several notable meetings in the city after the unveil- 
ing. The Grand Lodge of the International Order of B'nai B'rith, 
which meets once in five years, met June 1st in the Hall of the 
House of Delegates. Julien Bien, of New York, was chairman. 
The Hebrews of the city attended the sessions in crowds. Dr. 
Curry and Mayor Ellyson made addresses of welcome. William 
Lovenstein, of this city, was made permanent chairman. 

A public meeting under the auspices of the Chamber of Com- 
merce was held at the Y. M. C. A. June 5th to discuss "How to 
Boom Richmond." Col. John B. Purcell presided. Dr. Thomas 
Nelson Page, Judge George L. Christian, MaJ. J. H. Dooley, J. H. 



420 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1890 

Burton, B. M. Quarles, Mayor Ellyson, and John E. Massey spoke. 
The needs stressed were: Better street car service, a new hotel 
in the western part of the city, a decent depot, and more money 
spent on the streets. These meetings are of much value to the 
city ; they stir the minds of the citizens and start them to thinking 
and then to working for the city's advancement. 

Another meeting that interested the city was that held by the 
noted evangelist, Sam P. Jones. J. Thompson Brown was chair- 
man of the committee on arrangements. Jones preached in Rich- 
mond May 15, 1886, when the Methodist General Conference was 
held here, and a crowd heard him. Now a large tabernacle, seating 
ten or eleven thousand, was fitted up for him on Franklin street 
opposite Richmond College. The first service was held Sunday, 
June 8th, at 3 P. M., and the tabernacle was crowded. George R. 
Stuart assisted him, and a choir of two hundred voices led the 
music. Sam Jones was unlike any evangelist that had ever been 
to Richmond, and his humorous and unique sayings and strong ser- 
mons attracted the people. The second Sunday of his meeting he 
preached to twelve thousand men on "Conscience, Record, and 
Judgment," and those who heard it said that seldom if ever had 
Richmond heard such a powerful sermon. Many professed religion 
before the meeting closed and joined the various churches. 

The city became very much excited in July for fear of more 
reconstruction experience. The Lodge Force Bill was before the 
Senate and there was fear that if it passed armed United States 
soldiers would be at the polls at every national election. A public 
meeting was held and a solemn protest was entered against it, 
and many merchants threatened to boycott the North if it be- 
came a law. The resolutions were sent to Senator Daniel and he 
advised the people to keep cool; that there was little prospect of 
its passage. This gave relief to the city that knew the bitterness 
of reconstruction, and when the news came that the bill was dead 
there was general rejoicing. 

The German citizens held their usual Volksfest at the Exposition 
Grounds October 6th. A. Von Rosenegk was president. Governor 
McKinney and Mayor Ellyson made addresses. The German peo- 
ple over the world held this reunion to attest their love and devo- 
tion to the Fatherland. 



1890] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 421 

The Irish National League also held a meeting in honor of their 
country December 28th. Thomas P. O'Conner, the Irish leader, 
lectured at the Theatre. Bishop Van de Vyver presided and 
Thomas Xelson Page introduced the noted speaker. 

Death had claimed her toll of prominent citizens again this year. 
Col. Joe Carrington, long proprietor of the Exchange and Ballard 
Hotel, died January 24th; W. L. Cowardin, president of the Vir- 
ginia Fire and Marine Insurance Company, February 11th; Dr. 
M. A. Rust, March 20th; Col. John H. Guy, a prominent lawyer, 
June 16th. Judge Edward H. Fitzhugh, of the Chancery Court, 
died the 26th. A large crowd attended his funeral at the First 
Presbyterian Church to attest their esteem for the eminent jurist, 
and the Bar Association passed resolutions expressing their appre- 
ciation of his ability and character. Judge William Josiah Leake 
was appointed to succeed him. Dr. James Beale died July 1st. 
Henry Bodeker, a successful merchant, the 16th; Prof. Ed. B. 
Smith, of Eichmond College, August 31st; John F. Allen, one of 
the pioneer manufacturers of cigarettes, of the firm of Allen & 
Ginter, August 23d; Otho G. Kean, September 1st; W. C. Car- 
rington, ex-mayof, the 25th; Henry K. Ellyson, also an ex-mayor 
and public-spirited citizen, long connected with the Dispatch 
Company, and a leader in the work of the Baptists here, died 
November 27th; Egbert G. Leigh died the same day, Capt. J. M. 
Wise the 28th, Maj. J. H. Claiborne December 18th. 

The first event of the year 1891 that claims attention is the 
partial destruction of a plant that Richmond is justly proud of, 
the Locomotive Works. It gives employment to a large number of 
men, and by the excellent work done in building locomotives it 
advertises Richmond as a manufacturing centre. The boiler shop 
burned January 14th, throwing one hundred and twenty-five men 
out of work. A part of the machinery of the battleship Texas, that 
was being made here, was also destroyed. 

The first legal observance of General Lee's birthday, January 
19th, took place in Richmond. Business was suspended, the mili- 
tary companies and the veterans paraded, and a banquet was given 
by Lee Camp at night at Sanger Hall. Major Stringfellow, Gov- 
ernor McKinney, and Mayor Ellyson were among the speakers. 
Richmond is always glad of an opportunity to honor General Lee. 



422 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1891 

A long felt need of Richmond is a public library; the State 
Library is used, but the city needs one. To meet this need the 
Rosemary Library Association was chartered March 17th. Thomas 
Nelson Page was president, MaJ. E. T. D. Myers vice president, 
Wyndham R. Meredith treasurer, H. S. Hutzler secretary. These, 
with Col. W. E. Cutshaw, Rosewell Page, and General Anderson, 
were the trustees. The library was soon started and continues 
to this day, in a limited way, to meet the city's need. 

The people of Richmond were distressed to hear of the death of 
General Joseph E. Johnston in Washington March 21st. The Lee 
and Pickett Camps of Confederate Veterans sent a delegation to 
the funeral, the Council met and passed resolutions asking that the 
body be buried here, and directed that the Council Chamber be 
draped in mourning, and all flags were put at half-mast. Sunday, 
April 2Gth, a memorial meeting was held at the Academy of Music. 
The building was packed with people who came to honor the great 
soldier, and many were turned away. Col. Alexander Archer pre- 
sided and Dr. S. A. Goodwin, of Grove Avenue Baptist Church, 
delivered the address. Drs. Judkins, Landrum, and L. R. Mason 
also spoke on the life of General Johnston. 

Richmond was growing towards the east and toward the west, but 
the deep ravine had prevented the growth towards the north. 
The Northside Land Company, Maj. IST. V. Randolph president, 
was developing Barton Heights; named for (J. H.) Barton. April 
83d a viaduct connecting it with First street was opened; Mayor 
J. Taylor Ellyson spoke, and at night a banquet was given in honor 
of the occasion. 

By special invitation Governor David B. Hill, of New York, 
visited Richmond October 19th. A great crowd met him at the 
depot and a salute was fired to welcome him. He was entertained 
at dinner and at night he addressed a mass meeting of citizens at 
the Academy. Preston Belvin presided over the meeting and Gov- 
ernor McKinney introduced the distinguished visitor. At this 
time it looked as if Governor Hill would be the next nominee of 
the Democratic party for President of the United States. 

Another occasion of interest was the unveiling of a statue to 
Gen. W. C. Wickham in Monroe Park. The statue was presented 
to the city by his comrades in the Confederate army and by the 



1891] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 423 

employees of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. A long line of 
soldiers and veterans, under Gen. T. L. Eosser as chief marshal, 
marched to Monroe Park. Governor McKinney presided at the 
exercises. Judge Lacy introduced Gen. Fitz Lee, who delivered the 
oration, after which W. C. Wickham Renshaw, a grandson of the 
General, drew the veil. 

Eichmond was constantly adding to the number of her churches. 
Venable Street Baptist Church was dedicated February 1st, Eev. 
Dr. E. H. Pitt pastor. The lecture-room of the new Grove Avenue 
Baptist Church was opened November 29th, and December 13th Dr. 
Hoge dedicated the lecture-room of the Church of the Covenant, 
on Harrison street. Eev. J. Calvin Stewart was pastor. 

Death claimed this year Eev. Dr. A. Harris, of Beth Ahaba Syna- 
gogue, who died in his pulpit January 24th; George D. Fisher, 
February 7th. Col. Eichard F. Beirne died at Ashland the 9th, 
and his remains were brought here and interred in Hollywood. 
The city mourned the death of the brilliant editor of The State. 
Dr. John E. Edwards, long a pastor of Broad Street, Centenary, 
and Park Place Methodist churches, died in Lynchburg March 31st 
and was brought here. His funeral was from Centenary April 3d, 
conducted by Bishop John C. Granbery, assisted by Drs. Peterson, 
Whitehead, Eosser, Brown, Tudor, and Garland, and he was buried 
in HoUj'wood. Gen. John E. Cooke died April 10th and was 
buried from Grace Church the 11th, Eev. Landon E. Mason officiat- 
ing. The First Eegiment, the Howitzers, Blues, Stuart Horse 
Guard, and the Lee and Pickett Camps, Confederate Veterans, 
with a concourse of citizens, followed the remains to Holl3^wood. 
Col. James E. Crenshaw died July 25th; Eev. W. B. McGilvray, 
long a teacher here, November 25th, John A. Pizzini the 27th, and 
Dr. Charles S. Britton the same day. 

The year 1892 brought many events of interest. Judge James 
Christian Lamb, who had been elected to the Chancery Court, took 
his seat in January. On the 15th the Commonwealth Club opened 
at its home, comer Franklin and Monroe streets. A society event 
of note was the reception given by Maj. Lewis Ginter in his palatial 
home on Franklin street February 3d. Governor McKinney, Mayor 
Ellyson, Gen. J. E. Anderson, and many other prominent citizens, 
were guests. The State Convention of the Young Men's Christian 



424 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1892 

Association opened at the Second Baptist Church the 11th. H. 0. 
Williams, the State secretary, opened the convention. J, Hoge 
Tyler was president and T. H. Johnson secretary. Mayor Ellyson 
made the address of welcome, Richmond was glad of the oppor- 
tunity to entertain these young men in her homes. This same 
month the Legislature passed a bill to incorporate a portion of Lee 
district if the voters so decided. The election was held in April. 
The Council voted $125,000 for an electric plant, but the Aldennen 
did not favor it. 

The State Democratic Convention met here May 19th in Armory 
Hall. The leaders and delegates from the whole State gathered 
here to elect delegates to the ISTational Convention. John F. Ryan 
was temporary chairman and Marshall Hanger permanent chair- 
man. Gen. Fitz Lee, Col. Charles T. O'Ferrall, and Governor Mc- 
Kinney spoke. Maj. John W. Daniel delivered an oration on John 
S. Barbour, who died in Washington while the convention was in 
session. Of the delegates elected twelve were for Hill and twelve 
for Cleveland. A week after the Convention Congressmen William 
L. Wilson and William Jennings Bryan addressed the citizens on 
the tariff, at the Theatre, under the auspices of the Reform Club. 

Maj. Thomas A. Brander, of Pegram's Battalion, started a 
movement for a monument to Gen. A. P. Hill. The Hill Monu- 
ment Association was formed and at once started to raise the neces- 
sary funds. Tt was decided to locate the monument at Laburnum 
avenue and the Hermitage road. The remains of General Hill 
were first buried in the family burying ground near Coalfield, in 
Chesterfield county. Col. W. H. Palmer, General Hill's chief of 
staff, had them taken up and brought to Hollywood. A committee 
of Majors Ginter and Brander and Thomas EUett had them again 
removed and placed imder the monument. The unveiling took place 
May 30th. The State troops and veterans, under Gen. Harry Heth 
as chief marshal, marched through the city to the site. Maj. 
Thomas A. Brander called the assembly to order and Rev. Dr. 
J. B. Newton opened with prayer. Dr. J. William Jones introduced 
the orator, Gen. James A, Walker. Virginia Preston Mann, grand- 
daughter of Colonel Palmer, drew the veil, and the great crowd 
cheered and a salute was fired. It was strange that in the dying 
moments of both Generals Jackson and Lee, reference was made 



1892] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 425 

to Gen. A. P. Hill. Jackson said: "Order A. P. Hill to pre- 
pare for action; pass the infantry to the front;" then, after a 
silence, he said quietly : "Let us cross over the river and rest under 
the shade of the trees." Lee said : "Strike the tent ! Tell Hill he 
must come up." 

The Chamber of Commerce decided to build for itself a splendid 
home at Main and Ninth streets and on August 25th the corner- 
stone was laid by the Grand Lodge. Grand Senior Warden Fitz- 
gerald officiated. Judge George L. Christian, the president of the 
Chamber, introduced Col. John B. Purcell, who made the address, 
after which a luncheon was served at the Masonic Temple. The 
building was completed and opened December 28, 1893. Governor 
McKinney and Mayor Ellyson made addresses, Dr. Hoge led in 
prayer, and the keys were presented by Capt. ]\I. Dimmock, the 
architect, to Judge George L. Christian, the president. It long 
stood as one of the best buildings in the city until it was sold and 
pulled do^Ti to make place for the great First National Bank 
Building. 

The city had been spending money with a free hand, so in Sep- 
tember A. B. Guigon, a member of the Council, started a fight for 
retrenchment and reform and did much service for the city by his 
efforts. 

The Virginia State Exposition opened here with a great trades 
parade October 6th. Ashton Starke was chief marshal. Business 
was suspended and a large crowd was at the Exposition Grounds 
at the opening exercises. Dr. W. V. Tudor opened with prayer 
and Mayor Ellyson, Colonel Buford, and Dr. W. T. Holt spoke. 
The 20th was Columbus Day, and all the schools took part. This 
was especially appropriate in view of the Columbian Exposition 
in Chicago. The next day a meeting was held at Dr. Hoge's 
Church to protest against opening the Chicago Exposition on Sun- 
day. Governor McKinney presided and Dr. Fair offered resolu- 
tions requesting the management to close on the Lord's day. 

This was the year for the presidential election and Richmond, 
as usual, took great interest in it. The Republicans, at Minneapolis, 
June 10th nominated Benjamin Harrison and Whitelaw Reid, and 
the Democrats, at Chicago, June 23d nominated Grover Cleveland 
and Adlai E. Stevenson. The Democrats held several grand rallies 



426 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1893 

during the campaign, the most notable of which was the night of 
September 23d. There was a parade and torchlight procession and 
thousands gathered at the Academy of Music to hear Adlai B. 
Stevenson and Isador Kayner speak. Basil B. Grordon presided 
and Dr. Hoge opened with prayer. Col. John B. Gary introduced 
Stevenson, who delivered a splendid address on the issues of the 
campaign. After the speaking the distinguished guests were ten- 
dered a reception at the Governor's mansion, at which were the lead- 
ing people of the city. At another meeting at the Academy J. Kan- 
dolph Tucker delivered an able speech. The election took place 
November 8th, and Eichmond gave Cleveland 10,171 votes and 
Harrison 3,289, and for Congress George D. Wise 9,564, over W. E. 
Grant, who received 3,456 votes. Cleveland's majority in the State 
was 50,841. When the news came that Cleveland was elected Eich- 
mond prepared for one of the greatest parades in her history. 
This took place November 17th, and on that night the streets were 
illuminated and thousands of people were out to witness it. The 
parade, under Col. G. Percy Hawes as chief marshal and Capt. A. 
B. Guigon assistant, was thirty-eight squares long. There were 
torches, tableaux, and floats, which made a brilliant spectable. 
Eichmond rejoiced over the second election of Cleveland almost as 
much as she did over the first. 

Of the many institutions of the city there is none in which Eich- 
mond takes more just pride than the Soldiers Home. Her love 
for the Confederacy and honor for the soldiers who wore the gray 
is a constant inspiration to her to do her best to perpetuate the 
noble memories. The Home began April 18, 1883, when Lee Camp, 
No. 1, Confederate Veterans, was organized to look after the needy 
Confederate soldiers. The next month the ladies, under Mrs. Lewis 
N. Webb, manager, assisted by the citizens, held a bazaar which 
lasted nineteen days, at which $24,000 was cleared. With this 
amount in hand the Camp began plans for the institution, and 
November 12, 1884, thirty-six acres, vrith an old building, on 
Grove avenue and the Boulevard, were bought for $14,000. Eobert 
I. Fleming, of Washington, gave $2,500 to improve and enlarge the 
old building, and the institution was opened January 1, 1885. Cot- 
tages were given by Lewis Ginter, W. W. Corcoran, A. G. Babcock, 
Mark Downey, James B. Pace, W. H. Appleton, of New York, 



1892] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 427 

and the children of Ex-Governor William Smith. Richmond in 
1888 raised $5,000, for a chapel, and later the State gave $35,000 
for additional biiildings. By these efforts since 1885 many a 
worthy Confederate soldier has been cared for and has been made 
comfortable in his declining days, and the city has considered it 
an honor to have within her gates the noble men who defended her 
in the sixties. 

Another monument of the Confederate cause was unveiled 
December 13th at Park avenue and Harrison street. It was to 
commemorate the deeds and services of the Richmond Howitzers 
of the period of 1861-'65. Maj. George W. Randolph conceived 
the idea of forming a battalion of three companies, and as a result 
of this the Howitzers were organized in 1859. The first captains 
of the three companies were Col. J. C. Shields of the First, Capt. 
J. Thompson Brown of the Second, and Capt. Robert Stanard of the 
Third. When the war began the Howitzers were among the first 
to leave for the scene of action, and throughout the whole con- 
flict they gave a good account of themselves. The exercises of the 
unveiling began at the Theatre on account of the cold weather. J. 
Blythe Moore presided and Dr. W. M. Dame opened with prayer. 
W. G. White introduced Leigh Robinson, an old member, who de- 
livered the oration. The procession, composed of the Howitzers 
and other military companies and the Lee and Pickett Camps of 
Veterans, marched to the monument. Col. J. C. Shield drew the 
veil, after which a salute was fired, and the band played "Dixie" 
and the crowd enthusiastically cheered. The statue was made by 
W. L. Sheppard, a gifted sculptor of Richmond. Thus another 
monument was added to Richmond's priceless collection. 

The first death of the year to be noted was that of one of Rich- 
mond's best-loved citizens, Rev. Dr. Joshua Peterkin, who died 
at his residence, 703 east Leigh street, March 7th. Since 1853 he 
had been rector of St. James Episcopal Church, and during that 
time his meekness, charity, and gentleness had attracted the people 
to him, and especially those of his own denomination. He was a 
power in the pulpit and a light in the community. At his funeral, 
which was conducted from St. James by Bishop Randolph, assisted 
by other ministers, there has seldom been such an outpouring of the 
people. His remains were interred in Hollywood. Another dis- 



428 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1893 

tinguished citizen died September 7th — General Joseph E. Ander- 
son, at the Isle of Shoals, and the remains were brought to Rich- 
mond, where they were buried in Hollywood from St. Pauls Church 
the 9th. A great concourse of people were present, besides the mili- 
tary companies and Confederate veterans. General Anderson was 
not only a gallant soldier, but he was a public-spirited and valuable 
citizen. He was long president of the Tredegar Works and for 
several years president of the Chamber of Commerce. Albert L. 
West, a leading architect and one of the best citizenS;, died the 
27th; William T. Allen, October 5th; Maj. H. B. Taliaferro 
the 17th; Mann S, Valentine, another valuable citizen, the 22d, 
and Col. W. W. Gordon, a leading lawyer, December 5th. 

Not since the memorable winter of 1857 had Richmond experi- 
enced such bitter cold as that of January, 1893. The river was 
frozen over and the ground was covered with snow. On the 16th 
the thermometer was 12 degrees below zero, and everything out of 
doors was frozen. Food was high and there was much suffering 
among the poor. There was a spectacular fire the 17th, when the 
factories of the Allen & Ginter Branch of the American Tobacco 
Company and the Valentine Meat Juice Company burned. The 
water-pipes were frozen, so the firemen had to cut a hole in the 
ice in the canal to get water, and the water scarcely touched the 
building before it was ice. The loss was nearly a quarter of a 
million dollars and more than a thousand girls were thrown out of 
work. Major Ginter, however, soon relieved their anxiety by notify- 
ing them that they would not lose any of their wages. This was 
a kind act, for at this intensely cold season they could ill afford to 
lose one day's wages. 

Notwithstanding the cold, Richmond was gay in social events. 
A Democratic dinner was given January 25th at the Masonic Tem- 
ple. Col. Archer Anderson was toastmaster, and among the speakers 
were W. L. Wilson, W. C. P. Breckenridge, J. M. Allen, and Gen. 
Fitz Lee. Two nights later, at the Academy, King Cotton's Ball 
was given for the benefit of the Society for the Preservation of 
Virginia Antiquities. 

Fairmount Methodist Church, Rev. H. E. Johnson pastor, was 
dedicated by Bishop A. W. Wilson January 30th and May 12th 



1893] 



RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 429 



he dedicated Highland Park Methodist Church, which had been 
built by the efforts of Dr. E. N. Sledd, pastor of Centenary Church. 
A distinguished gathering was that in the Senate Chamber April 
13th, when Governor McKinney called to order the meeting of 
the Governors of the Southern States. Dr. James Nelson opened 
with prayer, Governor McKinney made an address of welcome, 
and Governor Fishback, of Arkansas, responded. Governor Fish- 
back was made chairman and Col. John Bigger clerk. In the 
afternoon the Governors were entertained at lunch at Sanger Hall 
and at night at the Westmoreland Club. Governor McKinney also 
entertained them at the Mansion. 

Many Eichmond people attended the opening of the World's Fair 
in Chicago May 1st, but hundreds went to Old Point to see the 
naval vessels of the world at the rendezvous, April 17th, in honor 
of the great fair. 

An interesting event was the celebration of their one hundredth 
anniversary by the Eichmond Blues. Their first service was in 
1800, when the city was threatened by an insurrection of the slaves 
under a negro calling himself "General Gabriel," and in the 
sixties they did splendid service. Their captains in the war were 
0. Jennings Wise, Frederick Carter, Charles P. Bigger, E. J. 
Levy, and George W, Jarvis. Dr. Hoge preached a sermon to the 
company on May 7th, on the 9th there was a ball and banquet at 
the Masonic Temple, and on the 10th (the anniversary day) they 
marched to the park and spent the day in festivities. 

Eichmond had one medical school, but now she was to have an- 
other. Judge Wellford granted, May 16th, a charter to the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons. The incorporators were Dr. Hunter 
McGuire, J. A. White, Lewis Ginter, E. D. Lewis, James B. Pace, 
C. O'B. Cowardin, P. H. Mayo, Charles Watkins, E. D. Taylor, 
M. D. Hoge, B. B. Munford, Ed. Harrison, Joseph Bryan, E. A. 
Saunders, Jr., Frederick S. Meyers, Thomas Atkinson, J. Taylor 
Ellyson, Thomas Potts, John Pope, A. S. Buford, E. L. Brown, D. 
0. Davis, and T. C. Williams, Jr. These men met at the Chamber 
of Commerce May 25th and organized by electing Dr. Hunter Mc- 
Guire president, Maj. Lewis Ginter vice president. Dr. J. A. White 
secretary, and George L. Christian, Charles Watkins, Joseph Bryan, 
E. D, Taylor, and T. C. Williams, Jr., the executive committee. The 



430 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1893 

old Pinel Hospital, on west Broad street beyond Allen avenue, was 
first secured for the hospital. Later the Grant building, corner 
Clay and Tenth streets, where Mrs. Caroline-Richings Bernard had 
her music school, and another building adjoining, were bought for 
the school and hospital. The next session the University College 
of Medicine was opened, and from that day until now it has con- 
tinued to prosper. 

When Jefferson Davis came to Richmond as President of the 
Confederacy he was given a great ovation, and when he came again 
as a United States prisoner because of his loyalty to the Con- 
federate cause the city honored him as much as they dared to 
under the military regime. JSTow they were to honor his third 
coming, or rather the coming of his remains to depart no more for- 
ever. As soon as the news of his death was received Eichmond 
held a mass meeting and took steps to have his remains buried here 
and to erect a monument to his memory. Mrs. Davis met with the 
committee afterward and agreed to have her husband buried here. 
The funeral party started from New Orleans May 28th on a special 
train, and at Montgomery, Atlanta, Ealeigh, Charlotte, Danville, 
and all along the route the people brought flowers and honored the 
dead chieftain. The train reached Richmond at 3 :05 A. M. May 
31st, over the Richmond and Danville road. Lee and Pickett Camps, 
the First Regiment, and about a thousand citizens were at the 
depot to meet them. The casket was placed on a hearse drawn 
by four white horses and was carried to the Capitol, where, in the 
rotunda, the remains lay in state. The casket was not opened, but 
thousands passed by and viewed it. In the afternoon a great multi- 
tude of people gathered at the Capitol preparatory to starting to 
Hollywood. The casket was placed on a catafalque made of an 
artillery caisson draped with black velvet. Gen. John B. Gordon 
was chief marshal, Gen. Charles J. Anderson commanded the Vir- 
ginia Infantry, Gen. Fitz Lee the cavalry, and Gen. John Glynn the 
artillery. Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Hayes, and Miss Winnie were in one 
carriage, Governors Tillman of South Carolina, Carr of North 
Carolina, Brown of Maryland, Torney of Tennessee, and McKinney 
of Virginia, were also in carriages. Generals Jubal A. Early, 
D. H. Maury, W. H. Payne, Stephen D. Lee, Harry Heth, George 
H. Stuart, and Maj. John W. Daniel were in the procession. This 



1893] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 43I 

was the largest funeral procession ever known in Kichmond. The 
city was in mourning and the public buildings and many private 
homes were draped. The route from the Capitol to Hollywood 
was lined with people, and at the grave there were twenty or 
twenty-five thousand. The funeral services were conducted by Drs. 
Moses D. Iloge, W. W. Landrum, and E. S. Barton. The com- 
mittee was anxious to have Dr. Charles Minnigerode, President 
Davis' old rector, but he was unable to attend. The grave was not 
closed at once; it was kept open until June 1st, and under guard, 
so that the three sons of Jefferson Davis could be buried by him. 

Now that the remains of the Ex-President of the Confederacy had 
been interred here, the second part of the resolution was to be 
carried out, the erection of a monument. The Jeff. Davis Monu- 
ment Association had been formed with the following oflBcers : J. 
Taylor Ellyson, president; Lewis Ginter, vice president; W. D. 
Chesterman, secretary; J. S. Ellett, treasurer; and D. C. Richard- 
son, N. V. Eandolph, George L. Christian, P. H. Mayo, Peyton 
Wise, directors. They continued their work to erect a suitable 
monument. 

Richmond was constantly adding to the number of her beautiful 
churches. The cornerstone of the handsome new Union Station 
Methodist Church was laid July 11th. Henrico Union Lodge, 
No. 130, performed the ceremony and Dr. W. V. Tudor made the 
address. Rev. Dr. George H. Ray was pastor. The work pro- 
gressed rapidly and the new church was dedicated June 17, 1894, 
on the fiftieth anniversary of the dedication of the chapel, 1844. In 
the afternoon Drs. W. J. Young, R. N. Sledd, and J. Y. Fair 
spoke; at night Dr. Hoge preached. 

Hard times had come around again, consequently business was 
almost at a standstill; the people were depressed and money was 
scarce. The cause of the panic which was doing so much damage 
was thought to be the "Sherman Act," which required the coinage 
of a certain amount of silver. The President called an extra ses- 
sion of Congress and August 7th the "Sherman Law" was repealed, 
but the damage was already done. Many hoped for better times 
after this, but the improvement did not come for some months; 
in fact, the times grew worse, for August 10th the banks stopped 
paying out money except in small amounts and began paying in 



432 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1893 

script, and this caused more of a feeling of panic, so that the people 
began to hide their money rather than deposit it where they could 
not get it when they wanted it. 

But politics were not affected by hard times; the people were 
always ready to turn their attention to them. This was the year 
for the gubernatorial election and there were three candidates for 
the Democratic nomination — J. Hoge Tyler, Col. A. S. Buford, and 
Charles T. O'Ferrall. Richmond favored her own citizen. Colonel 
Buford, The convention met in Shelbourne's warehouse here 
August 17th. J. Taylor Ellyson, the State chairman, called the 
meeting to order and E. H. Cardwell was made permanent chair- 
man and John Bell Bigger secretary. Maj. John W. Daniel spoke 
on present conditions and stated that the "Sherman Bill" and the 
"McKinley Bill" were responsible for the financial panic. He was 
followed by Governor McKinney, Gen. Fitz Lee, and Col. John 
Goode. The vote was taken for the nominee and O'Ferrall received 
1,146, Tyler 360, and Buford 150. The ticket nominated was 
Charles T. O'Ferrall Governor, E. C. Kent Lieutenant Governor, 
and E. Taylor Scott Attorney General. Eichmond gave Colonel 
O'Ferrall a splendid reception when he spoke at the Theatre October 
26th, and when the election came in November she gave him a 
majority of 5,756 over Ed. E. Cocke. O'Ferrall's majority in the 
State was 39,726. William Lovinstein and Conway E. Sands 
were elected to the Senate from the city and Julian Bryant, Thomas 
Byrne, J. Alston Cabell, B. T. Crump, and J. S. Harwood to the 
House of Delegates. 

There might have been an "affair of honor" even at this late 
time had it not been for the good judgment and cool self-possession 
of Joseph Bryan. Jefferson Wallace was secretary of the City 
Democratic Commiittee and the Times reported a speech he made 
and commented on it. This he thought was unjust and he de- 
manded an apology from the paper, and when this was refused he 
sent a challenge to Joseph Bryan. Bryan replied that he was will- 
ing to arbitrate the matter but was not willing to fight a duel for 
three reasons : he was a Christian and law-abiding citizen and he 
considered this method of settling difficulties absurd and barbarous. 
When the matter of sending the challenge became known Wallace 
was arrested and bailed. If the same wisdom as exercised by 



1893] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 433 

Joseph Bryan had been exercised by others many a fatal duel would 
have been avoided in Virginia; but it is to be hoped that the day 
of the duel has forever passed in the old State. 

Another of Richmond's institutions which was doing a fine work 
was the Masonic Home for Orphans. It had grown until the need 
of a new building was sorely felt. The plans for it were adopted, 
and December 6th the cornerstone was laid. Capt. A. GT. Babcock, 
the founder of the Home, was present in a wheel chair. Maj. A. R. 
Courtney, the vice president, accepted the tools. Jo Lane Stem 
was chief marshal and R. T. W. Duke spoke. On account of the 
snow the exercises were held in the Masonic Temple. The work 
was pushed forward, and in December, 1895, the new building was 
completed and opened. 

Calvary Baptist Church, corner Grace and Pine streets, was 
dedicated December 17th. Dr. S. C. Clopton, the first pastor, 
preached the sermon. R, R. Gwathmey was chairman of the build- 
ing coromittee and Rev. H. A. Bagby pastor. 

The Legislature was again in session, and it was time for the 
election of United States SenatxDr for the short term, occasioned 
by the death of Senator Barbour, and for the long term. There 
was a warm fight for the place of Senator for the full term between 
friends of Gen. Fitz Lee and Thomas S. Martin, On the first ballot 
Martin received 55 votes, Lee 46, and John Goode 15. Six ballots 
were taken in the Democratic caucus December 7th, and on the sixth 
ballot of 124 votes Martin received 66 and Lee 56, which nominated 
Martin. Gen. Eppa Hunton was nominated for the short terra. The 
Lee people were much stirred up and soon rumors began to go 
abroad that undue influence had been used to elect Martin men to 
the Legislature. An investigation was demanded and the House ap- 
pointed four — C. E. Nicol, H. H. Downing, M. T. Cooke, and R. E. 
Boykin, and the Senate three — G. A. Mushback, J. L. Treadway, 
and J. C. Green, to form a committee of investigation. Much ex- 
citement prevailed in Richmond while the committee was at work. 
In the meantime the two nominated were elected December 19th. 
The committee, through its chairman, C. E. Nicol, reported the 
21st that they had investigated the rumors and that there were no 
facts revealed to show that improper influence had b'een exerted to 
elect members. Both houses adopted the report of the committee. 



434 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1893 

The funeral services of Dr. J. Lansing Burrows, long pastor of 
the First Baptist Church, took place from that church January 5th. 
Dr. W. D. Thomas presided and Drs. Cooper, Tupper, Hatcher, 
Hoge, Landrum, and Professor Harris took part in the exercises. 
Miles Turpin, the city auditor, died the 20th; Dr. T. G. Dashiell, 
rector of St. Marks, died in Colon, Panama, March 20th; Dr. 
J. Dorsey Cullen, dean of the Medical College and a leading phy- 
sician, died the 22d ; Joseph W. Eandolph the 26th, Joseph Hall the 
28th, Emil 0. Nolting April 17th, Eohert H. Whitlock May 16th. 
Maj. Legh E. Page, a leading lawyer, died in Chicago June 9th 
and his funeral was from St. James Episcopal Church the 11th. 
W. Scott Carrington died June 16th, L. W. Billups July 14th, W. 
F. Harwood August 10th. Eev. Dr. P. A. Peterson, pastor of 
Trinity Methodist Church, one of the most prominent members of 
the Virginia Conference, died at his home, corner of Broad and 
Twenty-sixth streets, October 7th, and his funeral was conducted 
from Trinity the 9th. Adolphus Blair, a successful merchant, died 
November 1st, Gen. James McDonald, adjutant general of Vir- 
ginia, ISTovember 15th, and Edward Y. Cannon, a prominent lawyer, 
the 23d. 

The year 1894 opened with the inauguration of Col. Charles T. 
O'Ferrall as Governor of Virginia. There was a brilliant military 
parade, composed of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Eegi- 
ments. The exercises took place on the portico of the Capitol. Dr. 
Hoge opened with prayer. Governor McKinney introduced the 
Governor-elect, who made an address. Judge L. L. Lewis, president 
of the Court of Appeals, administered the oath to Governor O'Fer- 
rall, Lieutenant Governor E. C. Kent, and Attorney General E. 
Taylor Scott. At night there was a reception at the Mansion. 
There was more pomp and ceremony attending this inauguration 
than any since the war. 

The term of office of the Court of Appeals expired January, 1895, 
and the Legislature at this time had to elect their successors. The 
Democratic caucus was held January 5th and many names were pre- 
sented, among them Judge W. H. Mann, W. B. Pettit, H. E. Pol- 
lard, J. D. Horsley, and the five who were nominated — James 
Keith, John A. Buchanan, E. H. Cardwell, George M. Harrison, 



1894] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 435 

and John W. Eieley. Judge Keith was chosen president when the 
court was organized the following year. 

At this session of the Legislature a Court of Law and Equity was 
provided for Richmond and Judge E. C. Minor, of the Henrico 
County Court, was elected judge, Judge T. Ashby Wickham being 
elected to succeed him. The new court opened March 12th with 
P. P. Winston clerk. 

An interesting event took place at St. Pauls Church January 
31st. A special session of the Episcopal Council was held to elect 
a bishop-coadjutor to Bishop F. M. Whittle. Dr. J. B. Newton, 
rector of Monumental, was elected and was consecrated at Monu- 
mental Church May 16th. Bishop Thomas U. Dudley preached 
the sermon, and he, with Bishops Whittle, Jackson, Capers, Ran- 
dolph, and Peterkin, performed the ceremony of consecration. A 
large crowd was present to attest their admiration for the new 
bishop. The next day the regular session of the Council opened at 
the church. 

An important day in the history of Richmond was February 15, 
1894, which marked the completion of the new City Hall. The 
first City Hall was started April 18, 1814, when the president of 
the Common Hall laid before the body the report of the committee 
on the erection of a courthouse. The lot was secured on Broad 
and Capitol streets, the plans were adopted June 6, 1814, and 
$60,000 appropriated for the work. The hall, which was of Doric 
architecture with large columns on Capitol street and a dome, was 
completed February 28, 1816, at a cost of $107,151. The first meet- 
ing of the Common Hall was held in the building December 10, 
1818, and the first session of the Hustings Court the 28th of the 
same month. It was torn down by order of the court after the 
Capitol disaster, July, 1870. The new hall was talked of from 
that time, but not much was done until November, 187.7, when the 
matter was brought before the Committee on Grovinds and Build- 
ing. Then it rested until April, 1882, when Capt. Andrew Pizzini 
offered a resolution to submit to the people the question whether 
the Council should appropriate $300,000 for a new City Hall. The 
election was held May 25, 1882, and 1,324 voted for the expenditure 
and 964 against it. The following March an ordinance was passed 
carrying out the instructions of the people. Then a contention 



436 RICHMOND- HER PAST AND PRESENT [1894 

arose as to the lot on which it should be placed, the City Hall lot 
then being less than half of what it is now. Some proposed the 
old Swan Tavern site, on Broad between Eighth and Ninth, but 
it was finally decided to buy the Tupper lot, 63 feet, and the lot the 
First Presbyterian Church was on, 60 feet, and add these lots to 
the 126 feet already owned by the city, and put the building on 
the entire square. Prizes were offered for the first and second best 
plans, and E. E. Meyers received the first and Yost & Murdock the 
second. The Meyers plan was adopted January 4, 1884, and bids 
were advertised for, but no contractor was found who would erect 
the building according to the plans for $300,000, the lowest bidder 
being $69,000 over this amount. The architect declared that he 
could erect the building for that sum and proceeded to make the 
specifications. He could not do it, so new bids were asked for Jan- 
uary, 1885. When no one was found to do the work at the price 
specified the Meyers plan was rejected and the plans of Waite & 
Cutler were adopted. These plans were corrected to meet the idea 
of the Council and the specifications were made. The Eeform Coun- 
cil went into office July 1, 1886. The report of July 27th showed 
that $59,816,69 had been expended for lots and plans and no 
work had been done. Two days later they voted to build it by day 
labor and to give the committee full power to build as they saw fit, 
and to use Meyers' or "Waite & Cutler's plans. The plans of E. E. 
Meyers were again adopted and Colonel Cutshaw was made general 
superintendent of the work, and C. P. E. Burgwyn supervising 
architect. Work was begun September Ist, when the first shovel 
of dirt was thrown by Capt. Andrew Pizzini's daughter, Miss 
Lucile. Invitations to the laying of the cornerstone were issued 
signed by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, which was: 
Thomas N. Kendler (chairman), L. D. Crenshaw, Jr., W. C. Am- 
mon, Evan. Snead, Andrew Pizzini, Jr., and W. E. Cutshaw. The 
cornerstone was laid August 5, 1887, by the Grand Lodge. Grand 
Master W. F. Drinkard officiated, Dr. Moses D. Hoge led in prayer, 
and Judge Beverley R. Wellford delivered the address. The First 
Regiment, the Howitzers, the Stuart Horse Guard, two colored 
companies, the Confederate veterans, and many others were in the 
procession. Maj. N. V. Randolph was chief marshal, and Governor 
Holliday, Generals Lee and Butler took part. The afternoon was a 



1894] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 437 

general holiday in Eichmond. The work was pushed forward, not- 
withstanding many difficulties with the material and the labor, and 
the splendid building was completed. The total appropriations dur- 
ing the course of construction amounted to $1,440,000, of which 
$1,318,349.19 was spent — considerably over the estimated cost of 
$300,000. Col. W. E. Cutshaw was superintendent of construc- 
tion, assisted by C. P. E, Burgwyn, with Reuben Sherriffs and S. E. 
Bates assisting architects. The dedication exercises of the hall 
took place February 15, 1894. A large crowd was present. Presi- 
dent J. C. Dickerson, of the Board of Aldermen, presided. Dr. 
Moses D. Hoge opened with prayer. Governor O'Ferrall, J. Taylor 
Ellyson, Judge Wellford, and others made addresses. R. E. Glover, 
of the Council, moved that the building be accepted and that it be 
opened for business Friday, February 16th. This was carried and the 
City Hall was opened on that date, and the city offices were moved 
there, including the Police Court, that had been held in the old 
hall on Franklin and Mayo streets. To give all the citizens an 
opportunity to inspect the building it was kept open at night for 
nearly a week. 

Another conspicuous figure of the Confederacy passed away 
March 2d. Gen. Jubal A. Early died at his home in Lynchburg. 
Eichmond received the announcement with sorrow, and a detail of 
the Howitzers and many prominent citizens attended the funeral. 
The 13th of the following December Maj. John W. Daniel, on the 
invitation of the Association of the Army of Northern Virginia, 
delivered an oration at the Theatre here on General Early. A 
great crowd attended to hear the distinguished speaker and to honor 
the Confederate leader. Judge George L. Christian presided, and 
the people were delighted with Major Daniel's great speech. 

The celebrated evangelists Moody and Sankey, on the invitation 
of the Ministerial Association, came to Richmond March 26th to 
hold services. A large tabernacle was built for them on Main and 
Fifth streets, where the old Allan house had stood. After the 
first service the weather became so cold that the tabernacle had to 
be abandoned and the meeting moved to the new Grace Street 
Baptist Church, which had just been dedicated March 25th, Dr. 
John A. Broadus preaching the sermon. Here the services were held 



438 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1894 

until the 29th aud the tabernacle was again used. Immense throngs 
of people gathered day after day for more than two weeks. Under 
the tender appeals of Moody many professed religion and great good 
was done. An unpleasant affair resulted after the evangelists 
left. George F. Tibbitts, secretary of the Y. M. C. A., was appointed 
to send out cards to the various ministers with the names of those 
who desired to unite with their churches. He sent some cards to 
Eev. Hartley Carmichael, rector of St. Pauls, and he replied in a 
caustic letter and told the secretary that he was paid to do this 
work and that it was outside of his work to follow up these results. 
'The matter got into the newspapers and there was a great deal of 
■correspondence. P. A. Arthur and other Episcopalians wrote and 
repudiated Cannichael's position. Among the good results of the 
services was a meeting held at the Y. M. C. A. to relieve the asso- 
ciation of debt. Mayor Ellyson presided, and S. W. Travers, presi- 
dent of the Association, Judge George L. Christian, Joseph Bryan, 
and others spoke. A good amount was raised at the meeting and 
soon the whole debt was pledged. 

The cornerstone of Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, on Laurel 
street, was laid by Dove Lodge, No. 51, May 16th. Bishop Dudley 
made the address. The first chapel, called Moore Memorial, was 
dedicated July 24, 1874. Eev. Joshua Peterkin preached the ser- 
mon. Services were held in the new church in October, although 
it was not complete. 

Nearly seven years before Joseph B. Welsh suggested that a 
monument be erected in Eichmond to the soldiers and sailors of 
the Confederacy. The matter was taken up and the Confederate 
Soldiers and Sailors Monument Association was fomied, with D. 
C. Eichardson president, Carlton McCarthy secretary, and W. H. 
CuUingworth treasurer. The Association at once started to work 
and secured from the Council a site on Libby Hill and $5,000. 
The ladies held a bazaar and raised $14,939, the State contributed 
$3,500, and the balance was given by individuals. The total cost of 
the monument was $33,018. The work was completed under the 
supervision of Col. W. E. Cutshaw, and May 30th was appointed 
for the unveiling. The city was gaily decorated and many visitors 
came to witness the ceremony. Gen. Fitz Lee was chief marshal 
and Capt. E. J. Bosher chief of staff. It was a rainy day but 



1894] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 439 

crowds thronged the streets. The volunteer military companies of 
the State, the Confederate veterans under Gen. Wade Hampton, 
a column of school children in the form of a Southern cross, Gov- 
ernor O'Ferrall and his staff, many societies and organizations, and 
citizens in carriages and on foot formed the long procession. Gen- 
erals Rosser, Payne, McComb, Lane, and Stewart were in line. 
When the monument was reached the crowd was so great that it 
was with difficulty that the soldiers and veterans could get near. 
Dr. Moses D. Hoge opened the exercises with prayer; D. C. Ilich- 
ardson, president of the Association, introduced Eev. Dr. R. C. 
Cave, the orator of the occasion. After the address two children, 
Edward S. McCarthy and Mary Curtis, drew the veil, and when 
the statue was exposed there was great cheering and a salute. All 
present admired the work of art and concluded that the Soldiers 
and Sailors Monument was in the most conspicuous place in the 
city. 

To this time Virginia had never had a woman to practice law 
in her courts, but Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood determined that this 
should no longer be the case, so she applied May 29th for a license. 
She was promptly refused, but she was not to be discouraged by a 
mere refusal. She took the case to the Court of Appeals and that 
court decided that a woman could practice in the courts, so she 
applied again October 2d to Judge Wellford, who was sitting in 
Richmond in the Circuit Court of Henrico, and the license was 
issued. Mrs. Lockwood, however, did not have many cases in the 
Virginia courts. 

Richmond held another exposition, which opened October 9th. 
H. W. Wood, the president, worked hard to make it a success, 
and he succeeded, for it was a good show and the military companies 
added much to it. At the opening exercises Governor O'Ferrall and 
Mayor Richard M. Taylor made addresses of welcome. 

One of the most exciting and daring deeds ever committed in 
Virginia, and perhaps the only one of its kind, greatly stirred 
Richmond. The R., F. & P. train left the city October 12th at 7 
P. M. with a large amount of money in the express car. When the 
train reached Aquia Creek it was boarded by masked men, who 
crawled over the tender and at the point of the pistol ordered 
Engineer F. T. Gallegher to stop. The conductor, Captain Bird- 



440 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1894 

song, came out to see what was the trouble and he was overpowered 
and silenced. The engine was cut loose and started up the track 
while some of the robbers tried to enter the express car. The 
messengers, B. F. Crutchfield and H, Murry, bolted the door, but 
this availed nothing, for the robbers blew the door open with 
dvnamite. They then cut the pouches and took $50,000 and hastily 
retreated into the darkness. The news of the hold-up stirred 
Eichmond as few things have. The people had associated such 
robberies with the cheap stories of the West, but to hold up a train 
from Eichmond in Virginia was almost unthinkable. The Gover- 
nor offered $1,000 reward for the capture of the robbers and detec- 
tives were at once put to work on the case. In less than ten days 
C. J. Searcy was arrested at Cumberland, Md., charged with being 
connected with the crime. The Governor issued a requisition for him 
and he was brought back to Virginia. He confessed and implicated 
C. A. Morganfield and told where the pouch of money was buried. 
All but $5,000 was found near Calverton October 23d. Morgan- 
field was arrested later in Cincinnati, and he, too, was brought to 
Virginia after a strong legal fight to hold him in Ohio. Both men 
were tried in Fredericksburg and Morganfield was sent to the peni- 
tentiary for eighteen years, and Capt. M. A. Birdsong had the 
pleasure of bringing him to Eichmond on his train and it was 
Morganfield's turn to be held up with iron bracelets. Searcy was 
sentenced to eight years in the penitentiary. There were only two 
in the daring hold-up, and they were given time for reflection within 
the white walls of the State prison. 

Eichmond's city of the dead was growing, alas, too rapidly. This 
year there was added a large number, among whom were: Capt. 
A. G. Babcock, January 16th. He was founder of the Masonic 
Home for Orphans and gave to it $50,000. The rite of Kadosh 
was celebrated over his body at St. Alban's Hall the night of the 
18th. This was the first time in the history of Masonry in Virginia 
this rite was celebrated. Capt. Thomas Cunningham, February 
4th; Alfred Shields, late clerk of the Circuit Court, was buried 
from St. James Episcopal Church March 6th; J. D. K. Sleight, 
the 15th. Dr. Thomas Whitfield, pastor of Fulton Baptist Church, 
died May 28th; John Purcell, an old citizen, June 29th. Dr. 
Charles Minnigerode, rector of St. Pauls Church since 1856 and 



1895] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 44I 

lately rector emeritus and the pastor of General Lee and President 
Davis during the war, died in Alexandria October 13th. His re- 
mains were brought here and the funeral was conducted from the 
church the 15th by Bishops Whittle and Eandolph, assisted by 
Eevs. Hartley Carmichael and Beverly Tucker. A large crowd 
was present to honor this devoted servant of God. His remains 
were interred in Hollywood. Francis H. McGuire, a well-known 
lawyer, died the 31st; Abraham Levy, a well-known merchant, 
November 8th. 

The year 1895 opened with another robbery sensation; this time 
in Eichmond. It was not a hold-up, however, but a gold brick, 
T. H. Parker alias Smith met A. W. Withers and told him how he 
had bought a gold brick from the Indians at a reduced price and 
that he was willing to sell it for $5,000. Withers, anxious for a 
bargain, gathered his money together and paid it for the brick. 
He soon found that he had been robbed by a clever trick and had 
Parker-Smith arrested before he got away. When it became 
known throughout the country that Parker was here in jail people 
came from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and other places and 
identified the prisoner as the person who had robbed them with the 
gold brick scheme. Parker tried to get bail but could not for less 
than $50,000, and he seemed not to have the proceeds of ten bricks, 
so he stayed in jail. He was tried and found guilty but the jury 
could not agree on his punishment. Before another trial Judge 
Isaac Christian, of New Kent, bailed him in the sum of $7,000. He 
never returned to the second trial and the bail was forfeited. 

Eichmond College was having trouble at this time. The Board of 
Trustees elected Prof. F. W. Boatwright president and he accepted 
January 1st. Strong opposition to Professor Boatwright arose 
and an investigation was had by the board. The only fault alleged 
was that he was too young to fill the place, a fault which the passing 
years would easily cure, and with Professor Boatwright did effect a 
cure, as his great success as president has proved. The students had 
a mock funeral and some of the professors resigned, but the college 
was not hurt. The following June President Boatwright was in- 
stalled and all the trouble vanished and the college moved forward. 

One of the most interesting social occasions in Eichmond was 
that which took place February 26th at Masonic Temple. It was 



442 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1895 

the beginning of the celebration of Dr. Moses D. Hoge's semi- 
centennial as pastor in Eichmond. Dr. Hoge began his ministry 
here in 1845 in a small lecture-room and in 1848 the Second 
Presbyterian Church was dedicated. During these fifty years he 
had been closely identified with the history of Richmond. He 
was considered one of the ablest preachers in America, and during 
his long pastorate drew large congregations. The celebration began 
with an elegant supper, served by the ladies of the Second Presby- 
terian Church. All the ministers of the city and their wives were 
specially-invited guests. During the evening the Confederate vet- 
erans, the First Regiment, the Howitzers, the Blues, and the 
Stuart Horse Guard, and a large concourse of citizens called to con- 
gratulate the venerable minister. Governor O'Ferrall was also 
present. A pleasant feature of the reception was the presentation 
by Joseph Bryan, on behalf of the ladies of Hollywood Memorial 
Association, of a handsome silver berry bowl to Dr. Hoge. The 
next day, Wednesday, the 27th, the church presented him with a 
large purse of gold. At 7 P. M. a great crowd assembled at the 
church to hear Dr. Hoge's memorial address, which was interesting 
and eloquent. 

Two other social afEairs took place after this one. The Howitzer 
Armory, on Eighth street beyond Leigh, was dedicated Sunday 
afternoon, March 31st. Governor O'Ferrall presided and Dr. W. 
W. Landrum preached the sermon. On April 2d the Howitzer 
Association gave a delightful supper, to which the Council and 
Aldermen were invited. Captain Hutchinson made the address of 
welcome. The other event was the banquet April 18th of the 
Alumni of the University of Virginia at the Commonwealth Club. 
Dr. Hoge opened with prayer and William L. Wilson, Postmaster 
General, made an address. The members of the Supreme Court and 
of the city courts were among the guests. 

Another committee was appointed on the annexation of Manches- 
ter, and in March it reported through Chairman Wallerstein in 
favor of annexing the territory. The Chamber of Commerce also 
favored it, but the Council again turned down the proposition. 

The Council decided to purchase the lot on Broad street and 
Brook avenue for $10,700 for the site of the Stuart monument, but 
the Confederate veterans and the Monument Association urged them 



1895] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 443 

to set the amount aside for a monument. In view of the oppo- 
sition to this site the action was rescinded. 

Ivichmond appeared as if another war was in progress from the 
movement of the soldiers. The Howitzers and Blues, under Maj. 
W. E. Simons, had been ordered by Governor O'Ferrall to Graham 
and Pocahontas to quell the riots caused by the striking coal miners. 
The Governor also went and remained several days looking over the 
situation. No serious trouble ensued and the soldiers returned in 
about twenty days without the loss of a single man, and none were 
wounded except a few in the heart by Cupid's darts. 

The Methodists dedicated a new Chuch on Lombardy street and 
Hanover avenue May 12th. Dr. J. A. Kern preached the dedicatory 
sermon. In the afternoon Drs. E. N. Sledd, Paul Whitehead, and 
W. J. Young and R. T. Wilson and R. H. Bennett made addresses. 
This church was the union of Washington Street Church and 
Kinney Street mission, and was named in honor of Bishop Francis 
Asbury, the pioneer Methodist bishop of America. Rev. W. A. 
Christian was pastor. 

The new State Library building had been completed, and in July 
the books were moved from the Capitol and arranged in the new 
building. W. W. Scott was librarian. It seemed as if some of 
the officers of the Commonwealth wanted to have a general clean- 
ing in the Capitol as well as moving the books, so they sold to 
J. C. Smith, a junk dealer, a lot of old public documents be- 
longing to the Library and delivered some of them. Charles 
Poindexter and others applied to Judge E. C. Minor, of the Law 
and Equity Court-, for an injunction restraining the Secretary 
of the Commonwealth from delivering any more of these documents 
to Smith. The injunction was granted and those already delivered 
were returned, and thus priceless records of the State were saved 
from destruction. 

The Court of Appeals declined to occupy their quarters in the 
Library building on account of not being adequate or convenient, 
but November 12th they reversed themselves and opened court in 
the rooms assigned them, where they have been abiding by their 
own decision and meeting since that time. 

Richmond had been having trouble with her gas plant from the 
beginning, but it would be more correct to say before its beginning. 



444 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1895 

for there was great trouble to start it. During Mayor A. M. 
Keiley's administration there was an. investigation, lasting for 
weeks, which revealed a bad state of affairs. Now there was an- 
other investigation and a shortage of $29,576 was revealed. Since 
then the city has been more watchful, and to-day the works are 
well managed, affording the people cheap gas. 

A distinguished visitor reached Eichmond October 4th on the 
way from Philadelphia to the Atlanta Exposition and a great crowd 
was present at Byrd street when the train pulled in. Liberty Bell 
was in Richmond. As soon as it arrived the Howitzers, stationed 
on Capitol Square, fired a salute. Mayor Richard M. Taylor and 
Commonwealth's Attorney C. V. Meredith met Mayor C. F. War- 
wick and party, of Philadelphia, who were accompanying the bell, 
and extended to them the hospitality of the city. They were also 
received by the Governor. The bell was of especial interest to Rich- 
mond, not only because of its association, but because it was cracked 
when tolling for the death of Richmond's illustrous son, John Mar- 
shall. While in the city Company A of the Bhies kept guard over it. 

Two days later a cordial reception was given to the Ancient and 
Honorable Artillery of Boston, who were here to celebrate their 
two hundred and fifty-eighth anniversary. The local military 
companies, under General Phillips, met them at Elba and escorted 
them to the Exchange Hotel. The next day they attended services 
at the First Baptist Church, and Monday night they were enter- 
tained at a splendid banquet at Masonic Temple. Later the Blues 
visited Boston and were royally entertained. These social inter- 
minglings draw the sections close together and show that after all 
"we be brethren." 

During the State Fair, October 10th, the Good Roads Convention 
opened here. In the absence of Joseph Bryan, the president, B. B. 
Munford presided. Dr. R. N. Sledd, of Centenary Church, opened 
with prayer and Governor O'Ferrall delivered the address of wel- 
come. No association had before it a greater work nor one more 
needed in the State than this association. They discussed the ques- 
tion of good roads and recommended that the Legislature pass such 
laws as would improve the bad roads in the State. 

Sunday, October 27th, was a calm, delightful day, and the people 
of the city were wending their way to the various churches to wor- 



1895] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 445 

ship, when the news that sent a pang of sorrow to every heart was 
received: The University was in ruins. The pride of Virgfinia, 
and the special pride of Eichmond, because of her care of it and the 
large number of alumni here, was now a heap of smoldering ruins. 
The fire began about 10 o'clock Sunday morning and quickly 
enveloped the whole building. Richmond was telegraphed to for 
aid and soon several fire engines with the men were loaded on a 
special train and started for Charlottesville. When they reached 
Gordonsville they were stopped and told that the fire was under 
control. But it was not gotten under control before it had done 
incalculable damage. Besides the building and furniture many 
valuable books, costly apparatus, and the famous copy of Raphael's 
great picture, "The School of Athens," were destroyed. The total 
loss was $226,000. Many of the books and portraits were saved 
and much credit was due not only to the men but to the women 
who assisted in getting them out. Richmond gave substantial evi- 
dence of her grief over the calamity by calling a mass meeting at the 
Chamber of Commerce October 28th to pass suitable resolutions 
concerning the destruction and to plan to raise money to help in 
the rebuilding. Judge George L. Christian called the meeting to 
order and Governor O'Ferrall was made chairman. John P. Mc- 
Guire offered resolutions expressing the sympathy of Richmond and 
pledging their help in rebuilding. J. Taylor Ellyson moved that a 
committee of seven be appointed to memorialize the Legislature to 
make a liberal appropriation to rebuild. Gordon McCabe, J. N. 
Boyd, A. S. Buford, Ed. P. Valentine, S. D. Crenshaw, George 
Wayne Anderson, and Joseph Bryan were appointed. Many made 
eloquent speeches on the work of the University and its value to 
the State. A subscription was started and $8,000 was raised in 
a short while. Later this amount was largely increased by those 
who were not present. 

After a long and bitter fight the city granted, August 28th, the 
Richmond Traction Company, John Skelton Williams president, a 
franchise to run electric cars on Broad street. The City railway 
already had horse cars as far as Ninth street and these were to con- 
tinue on their own tracks, thus having four tracks on the street. 
The company also wanted to build a viaduct across to Church Hill, 
but this was again refused. Some years before E. H. Fergusson, 



446 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1895 

of the Council, proposed that the city build a viaduct across on 
Broad street, from the First Baptist Church to Twenty-second street, 
but the sensible plan was defeated. An injunction against the 
Traction Company was asked for by L. H. Hyer, who claimed half 
of the franchise, but notwithstanding the difficulties the work was 
begun. October 30th Greenhow, the son of A. Langstaff Johnston, 
the engineer, broke ground for the beginning of the big enterprise. 
The work progressed well and June 15th the first car started from 
the City Hall on its trial trip. Three days later the road was for- 
mally opened to the Exposition Grounds. 

Eichmond had been working for years for a fine hotel in the 
western pai't of the city, and now this desire was realized. The 
Jefferson, one of the finest hotels in the South, was opened for 
guests October 31st. The night before the elegant building was 
opened to the people of Richmond and thousands visited it. Maj. 
Lewis Ginter was the leader in the movement and the principal 
owner. Associated with him were John Pope and George Arents. 
The plans were drawn by Carrere & Hastings, of New York, and 
work was begun May 1, 1893. The building cost a half million 
dollars. No city was prouder of a noble building than Richmond 
was of the Jefferson. 

There were many interesting events about this time, the mention 
of which will recall to many interesting history connected with 
them. S. K. McKee was installed secretary of the Young Men's 
Christian Association October 15th. John Morton, the president, 
presided at the meeting. 

At the election November 5th John S. Harwood, Julian Bryant, 
J. A. Cabell, T. B. Murphy, and W. F. Reddy were elected to 
represent the city in the House of Delegates. 

Two days later at St. Pauls at high noon a brilliant marriage 
was celebrated by Dr. Carmichael. Miss Irene Langhorne, one 
of the belles of Richmond, and Charles Dana Gibson, the artist, 
were iinited in marriage. From the home of C. D. Langhorne, 
the bride's father, 101 west Grace street, to the church a large 
crowd stood on the sidewalk to get a sight of the bridal party. 
Three other fashionable marriages were John W. Atkinson and 
Miss Elsie Davenport Williams, at St. Pauls the 12th; Austin 
Broekenbrough and Miss Ellen Mercer Cooke, daughter of Gen- 



18951 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 447 

era! Cooke, the 14th; and Frank T. Crump and Miss Nannie 
Moore Ellyson, daughter of J. Taylor Ellyson, December 12th. 

The Virginia Conference met at Centenary Church November 
13th. Bishop Charles B. Galloway presided. Dr. Paul Whitehead 
was secretary. Dr. A. Coke Smith preached the opening sermon. 

The third anniversary meeting of the Virginia Baptist Young 
People's Union met at Grace Street Church the 20th. J. C. 
Moss presided and George F. Bagby was secretary. 

Two Hebrew social organizations, the Jefferson Social and 
Library Club and the Mercantile Club, united and occupied a 
house on Marshall street between Eighth and Ninth. Philip 
Whitlock was president and J. H. Kaufman vice president. Later 
they built a fine home on Grace street and Allen avenue. 

The Stuart Horse Guard took charge of their new araiory on 
Seventh street beyond Leigh November 28th. Capt. E. J. Euker 
and others provided a banquet in celebration of the occasion. 

It will be recalled that after the Moody meeting here Dr. Moses 
D. Hoge began mission work in the Old Market Hall. He con- 
tinued this work and the purses of gold presented him on his 
forty-fifth and fiftieth anniversaries he used to build a church at 
Franklin and Nineteenth streets, and it was called Hoge Memo- 
rial. On this northwest corner stood a story-and-a-half frame 
house which was the home of John Worrock, a printer who in 
1815 started the Worrock Almanac, which is to-day considered a 
standard in Virginia. The old house was pulled down December 
18th to make room for the church, which was dedicated February 
28, 1897. 

The Chamber of Commerce, always alert for the interest of 
Richmond, was at this time discussing the question whether the 
city should be governed by commissioners, and this discussion 
brought fruit in later years. They also endorsed the plan of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio railroad to build a union depot on Main 
street. 

Richmond became legally interested in one of the most atro- 
cious murders that ever occurred in Virginia. Mrs. Lucy Jane 
Pollard was murdered June 14th in her yard, near Keysville, 
Lunenburg county. Four negroes — Solomon Marable, Mary 
Abernathy, and Pokey Barnes — were tried for the murder and sen- 



448 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1895 

tenced to be hanged. Mary Barnes, the mother of Pokey, was 
sentenced to the penitentiary. The prisoners were brought here 
for safe keeping. The Supreme Court granted a writ of error and 
supersedeas in the case of the three women, and Marable was 
granted a respite. Later Sheriff Cardoza, of Lunenburg county, 
came for the prisoners, but Governor O'Ferrall refused to allow 
them to go for fear of a lynching. Judge Orgain resented the 
G-overnor's interference and issued a rule against City Sergeant 
Epps, who still refused to surrender the prisoners. The Common- 
wealth's attorney of Lunenburg applied to the Supreme Court for 
a mandamus to compel the surrender of the negroes to the county 
authorities. The court refused the mandamus, but stated that the 
Governor had no right to interfere with the prisoners and that 
Judge Orgain had authority in the matter. Arrangements were 
made to take them back when a writ of habeas corpus was applied 
for from Judge Wellford on another issue in the case. He dis- 
missed the application and the Supreme Court ordered the sheriff 
to keep the prisoners here. In the meantime Judge Orgain fined 
Sergeant Epps $25 for contempt of court. Finally the negroes 
were granted a new trial, which was held in Farmville. Marable 
was convicted and hanged and the women were released. The 
last appearance of Pokey Barnes in public here was when as a 
heroine Pokey, arrayed in red, sat within the chancel of Fifth 
Baptist Church (colored) to receive the colored callers, who con- 
tributed to a collection for her benefit. 

Among the prominent citizens who died this year were: Maj. 
Benjamin H. Nash, a well-known member of the bar, February 
12th. Memorial services were held March 24th at First Baptist 
Church in memory of Dr. John A. Broadus, who died at Louis- 
ville the 16th. John C. Shafer, an old merchant, died the 24th. 
George D. Bahn, a young man who was injured in a game of 
football in Georgetown, died the 28th ; Charles Watkins, a business 
man. May 11th; Capt. J. B. Pleasants, June 6th. William B. 
Isaacs, a prominent Mason, the 10th; Maj. John Poe, chief of 
police, the 18th; Dr. William T. Richardson, long editor of the 
Central Presbyterian, August 14th; 0. L. Cottrell, September 4th; 
Eev. John Polk Gamm.on, pastor of the Third Presbyterian 
Church, September 11th, and his funeral was conducted from the 



1896] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 449 

church by Dr. Hoge, assisted by other ministers. Dr. George C. 
Rawlings died October 1st, Maj. W. J. Johnson the 4th, James 
Gordon the 15th, Dr. E. T. Robinson the 21st, Gustave A. Peple 
the 24th, James Leigh Jones the 25th, Joseph M. Newell December 
26th, and R. C. Wortham the 28th. 

When the year 1896 opened it was found that Richmond, not- 
withstanding the general depression in business, had made a good 
record the past year. The banl^s increased their business, many 
buildings went up, there were more goods manufactured, and 
property values had increased. Altogether the outlook was better 
and the people were hopeful. 

An organization of which Richmond was proud, R. E. Lee 
Camp, Xo. 1, Confederate Veterans, took possession of their new 
hall on Broad street January 19th, General Lee's birthday. James 
T. Gray, commander, presided. Dr. Moses D. Hoge opened with 
prayer. J. S. Van Horn, chairman of the Building Committee, 
delivered the keys to Maj. N. V. Randolph, assistant commander. 
Capt. W. Gordon McCabe presented a portrait of General Lee. 

There were two notable society events in January. Sir Henry 
Irving, the celebrated actor, arrived in Richmond the 19th and 
was entertained at dinner at the Jefferson in the evening by the 
British-American Association. Alexander Cameron, the president, 
presided. J. H. Webb-Peploe proposed the health of Sir Henry 
and he responded in a happy speech. Judge Keith, of the Court of 
Appeals, responded to the toast, "The United States." The next 
night Irving appeared at the Academy in "The Merchant of 
Venice." A brilliant and fashionable audience greet-ed him and 
they agreed that he was one of the most original and remarkable 
actors who had ever visited Riclmiond. 

The next event was the Kirmess at the Academy, 28th, 29th, 
and 30th, under the auspices of the Association for the Preserva- 
tion of Virginia Antiquities, Mrs. Joseph Brj^an president, Mrs. 
James Lyons, Jr., recording secretary. Among the ladies who 
took part were Miss Lucy W. Wormeley, as Diana; Miss Nellie 
Parker, leader of the Grecian Cymbal Dance; Miss Mary C. 
Drewry, leader of the Spanish Wedding Dance; Miss Mary Hayes, 
leader of the Nile Worshippers; Miss Eliza G. Cameron, leader 
of the Japanese Court Dance; Miss Hunter Fergusson, as Indian 



450 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1896 

Princess; Miss May Handy represented Virginia; Miss Alice 
Connally led the Minuet, and Miss Maria Eobins the Swedish 
Dance. It was a scene of brilliance and beauty, and Eichmond 
society was there in full force. ^ 

Another pleasant social occasion was the dinner tendered by the 
Chamber of Commerce to the Virginia Legislature at the Jefferson 
the 23d. S. H. Hawes, the president, was toastmaster. Governor 
O'Ferrall, Lieutenant Governor R. C. Kent, Judge Keith, Gen. 
George J. Hundley, Major Ginter, and Speaker Eyan, of the House 
of Delegates, spoke. It was one of the most enjoyable occasions 
that Eichmond had witnessed for some time. 

The question of the annexation of Manchester came up again. 
Both committees reported favorably and the Council instructed the 
city attorney to prepare the proper bill to carry out the plan and 
present it to the Legislature. The matter went to the Aldermen, 
and February 11th they voted against the measure and it was 
again killed. 

As soon as Eichmond learned that Union Theological Seminary 
would be moved from Hampden Sidney she began to seek to bring 
it here. Seven or eight different sections offered sites for the insti- 
tution. Major Ginter offered eleven and three-quarter acres near 
his country home, and fifty thousand dollars in addition was also 
offered. This was accepted and the Synod decided to build on the 
site. A building committee, consisting of S. H. Hawes (chair- 
man). Dr. E. P. Kerr, J. S. Munce, and Charles D. Larus, and 
an advisory committee of Drs. W. W. Moore, Moses D. Hoge, and 
George W. Watts, who contributed $50,000 for Watts Hall, were 
appointed. They began work and it progressed rapidly. The 
buildings were completed, and dedicated October 5, 1898. Dr. 
Theodore L. Cuyler made the address. Drs. A. C. Hopkins, E. P. 
Kerr, and Moses D. Hoge also took part, and in the afternoon 
Governor Tyler made an address. The Seminary opened the next 
day with seventy-five students. The following composed the 
faculty: Drs. W. W. Moore, Thomas C. Johnson, G. B. Strickler, 
Thomas E. English, and C. C. Hersman. 

Mention has been made of the fact that when the Jefferson 
Davis mansion, "The White House of the Confederacy," was 
turned back to the city by the Federal Government, after the war. 



1896] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 45I 

the first proposition was to sell it and it was advertised for sale. 
Later it was made a public school-house and called Central School. 
The Ladies Hollywood Memorial Association, assisted by Lee 
Camp, applied to the Council March 14, 1890, to give the build- 
ing for a Confederate Museum. The Council was willing, but 
City Attorney C. V. Meredith gave the opinion that the city had 
no right to grant the building for a museum but that it could be 
granted for a librar}^ The ladies then formed the Southern 
Memorial Literary Society — Mrs. Joseph Bryan, president; Mrs. 
E. C. Minor, first vice president; Mrs. James H. Grant, second; 
Mrs. R. T. Colston, third; Mrs. M. S. Smith, treasurer; Mrs. 
Stephen Putney, recording secretary; Mrs. L, C. Daniel, cor- 
responding secretary; Miss Mary Baughman, regent for the South; 
and Mrs. J. Taylor Ellyson, regent for Virginia. Maj Robert 
Stiles secured a charter and the building was deeded to the asso- 
ciation. The ladies began the work of repairing it and making it 
fireproof, and were diligent in their efforts. The work was com- 
pleted and the Confederate Museum was opened February 22', 
1896, with many rare and valuable relics. Dr. Hoge opened the 
exercises with prayer and Gen. Bradley T. Johnson made the 
address. The people not only of Richmond but of the South are 
indebted to the noble work of these ladies for the preservation of 
the historic building and with it priceless relics of the Confederate 
cause. 

Richmond had her sorrows as well as her joys. The funeral of 
Albion L. Sheppard was to take place from Grace Street Bap- 
tist Church February 25th at 3 o'clock. At 2 o'clock smoke was 
seen issuing from the furnace-room. Dr. Hatcher, the pastor, 
and the sexton were in the building, and they rushed out and gave 
the alarm. The fire companies were soon on the scene, but they 
could not check the devouring flames, which quickly enveloped 
the whole building. A great crowd was present and every one was. 
sad over the destruction of the splendid new building. The Rich- 
mond Female Seminary, on the opposite side of the street, and 
other buildings were badly damaged. The loss of the church 
amounted to $80,000. with $25,000 insurance. The First Presby- 
terian Church, Beth Ahaba Synagogue, and the Academy of Music 
were offered to the homeless congregation. They accepted the 



452 RICHMOND: HER. PAST AND PRESENT [1896 

offers temporarily but later built a tabernacle at Grace and Bel- 
videre streets. The brave congregation, under their courageous 
leader. Dr. W. E. Hatcher, began at once to plan for rebuilding, 
and the sympathizing community was glad to assist them. 

Two buildings long identified with the history of Richmond 
went out of use March 16th — the Exchange-Ballard Hotel and the 
Richmond Theatre, rebuilt during the war and opened February 
9, 1863, were closed. The Theatre was pulled down at once and 
the Exchange several years later. 

The next month the Henrico courthouse, which was built after 
the evacuation, was pulled down to make place for a new one, 
which was completed November 14th at a cost of $20,000. 

Many distinguished visitors came to Richmond in April. Dr. 
Theodore L. Cuyler, the great Brooklyn preacher, addressed the 
Virginia Bible Society at Dr. Hoge's Church the 26th, and the 
30th the National Society of Sons of the American Revolution met 
here. The Virginia Society entertained them at a banquet at the 
Jefferson in the evening. William Wirt Henr}'-, president of the 
Virginia Society, was toastmaster. Among those who responded 
were Gen. Horace Porter, Vice President Adlai E. Stevenson, 
Judge Waller R. Staples, and Governor O'Ferrall, The follow- 
ing night the Daughters of the Revolution entertained the visitors 
at the Westmoreland Club. 

For a long time Richmond had been making preparations for 
the great Confederate Reunion to be held here June 30th. The 
Council appropriated $10,000 for the entertainment of the veterans. 
The city was gorgeously decorated with Confederate colors, and 
Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, was arranging to give 
her sons a royal welcome. Crowds began to arrive several days be- 
fore the time and by the 30th every place of entertainment was 
filled, ten thousand were in cots in the Exposition building, and 
many had to sleep on the grass in the Square. The sixth annual 
Confederate Reunion was called to order in the Auditorium in the 
Fair Grounds by Gen. John B. Gordon. Dr. J. William Jones 
led in prayer. Governor O'Ferrall delivered the address of wel- 
come, Generals Wade Hampton, S. B. Buckner, and J. B. Gordon 
responded, and Gen. Peyton Wise, chairman of the Reunion Com- 
mittee, formally turned over the hall. At night Polk Miller and 



1896] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 453 

his Old South Quartette entertained the visitors. The Ladies Con- 
federate Memorial Literary Society tendered a reception at the 
"White House of the Confederacy" to Mrs. Davis, Miss Winnie 
and Mrs. Hayes. Another session of the veterans was held in the 
Auditorium July 1st, and there was a choir of one thousand 
voices that sang Confederate songs. The grand parade was July 
2d, and at night Governor O'Ferrall gave a reception to the vet- 
erans at the Mansion, and the Sons and Daughters of Veterans 
gave a reception to Miss Winnie Davis at the Masonic Temple. 
The parade started at First and Broad and marched to Eleventh 
street, thence to Governor, to Main, to Eighth, to Grace, to Fifth, 
to Franklin, to Monroe Park. Gen. John B. Gordon was chief 
marshal and Maj. N. V. Randolph chief of staff. There were nine 
hundred camps of Confederate veterans, representing all the 
Southern States, in line, besides the military companies and other 
organizations. There were twenty thousand men in line. The 
commanders who were never together in line again were Generals 
Joseph Longstreet, Wade Hampton, D. H. Maury, W. B. Talia- 
ferro, Harry Heth, M. C. Butler, T. L. Eosser, Joe Wlieeler, W. M. 
McComb, James A. Walker, L. L. Lomax, D. A. Weisiger, G. M. 
Terrell, E. M. Law, J. H. Lane, T. T. Munford, W. B. Ball, John 
C. Underwood, S. B. Buckner, A. P. Stewart, L. McLane, S. G. 
French, W. H. Forney, R. F. Hoke, E. C. Walthall, E. P. Alex- 
ander, B. W. Duke, Eppa Hunton, N. H. Harris, T. M. Logan, F. 
A. Schoup, E. L. Thomas, W. R. Terry, M. J. W^right, G. C. Whar- 
ton, J. F. Shipp, C. H. Tebault, Peyton Wise, W. H. Jackson, C. 
A. Evans. At Monroe Park the cornerstone of the Jefferson Davis 
Monument was laid. J. Taylor Ellyson, president of the Monu- 
ment Association, presided. Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, past grand 
master, Grand Master Fitzgerald, Grand Chaplain George H. Ray, 
and Grand Marshal J. Thompson Brown took part in the Masonic 
ceremony. Bishop John C. Granbery opened with prayer and 
Gen. Stephen D. Lee delivered the address. The design of a 
colossal temple, drawn by Percy Griffin, was accepted for the monu- 
ment, but, as we shall see, a change was made later. Altogether 
the reunion was the greatest that had been held, and none enjoyed it 
more than Richmond. 

One of the most exciting presidential campaigns ever held was 



454 RICHMOND; HER PAST AND PRESENT [1896 

that of this year. The question was free silver, sixteen to one, or 
the gold standard. The Eepublicans, at St. Louis, nominated 
William MeKinle}^ and Garrett A. Hobart; the Democrats, at 
Chicago (Senator John W. Daniel was temporary chairman of the 
convention), nominated William Jennings Bryan and Arthur 
Sewell; the Gold Democrats, at Indianapolis, nominated Palmer 
and S. B. Buckner, and the Prohibitionists Joshua Levering. The 
candidates for Congress from the district were Capt. John Lamb 
and Judge L. L. Lewis. A good deal of literature on the money 
question was distributed among the people and there was much 
speaking. William Jennings Bryan spoke at the Auditorium 
at the Fair Grounds September 18th. J. Taylor Ellyson presided 
and John W. Daniel introduced the speaker. The Auditorium was 
packed, and it was one of the most enthusiastic political meetings 
ever held in Richmond. Gen. S. B. Buckner spoke at the Academy 
of Music the 23d. Among those interested in the Gold Democratic 
nominees were Joseph Bryan, F. T. Glasgow, E. C. Tenable, W. E. 
Meredith, and W. L. Eoyall. Gen. Peyton Wise introduced Gover- 
nor O'Ferrall, who introduced General Buckner. Ex-President 
Benjamin Harrison spoke at the Auditorium October 4th for the 
Eepublican nominee and Judge L. L. Lewis presided. Joshua 
Levering spoke at Corcoran Hall October 13th; Prof. F. W. Boat- 
wright presided. Among those on the platform were Sev. J. T. 
Mastin, Eev. W. W. Lear, W. M. Bickers, and Dr. A. E. Dickinson. 
Thomas W. Grady and John W. Daniel spoke for Bryan. When the 
election came off Eichmond gave Bryan 7,798 votes, McKinley 
5,082, Palmer 247, Levering 67, Lamb 8,189, Lewis 4,976; Bryan's 
plurality in Virginia was 20,061. For several days the election 
seemed to be in doubt and the Democrats hoped for victory until 
it was positively announced that McKinley was elected. 

The most severe wind-storm in the history of Eichmond was 
that which swept over it September 29th. It began about 7 o'clock 
and raged until midnight. The wind blew at the rate of eighty 
miles an hour and did great damage. The steeple of the Second 
Baptist Church was blown down; St. Johns Church, the Male 
Orphan Asylum, the Y. M, C. A., and many houses were injured. 
In some cases the roof was blown off of whole blocks of houses. 



1896] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 455 

Wires were down, trees in the street and in the parks were up- 
rooted, and altogether $200,000 damage was done by the tornado, 
but fortunately no one was killed. 

The Grim Eeaper kept his scythe busy this year also. R. H. L. 
Dibbrell died January 9th, J. V. Ramos the 10th, Samuel M. Page, 
a well-known criminal lawyer, the 23d, T. L. D. Walford, one of 
the city's best men, the 27th, Col. W. C, Knight February 3d, Rev. 
Dr. W. II. Christian, a prominent member of the Virginia Metho- 
dist Conference, the 12th. Col. Lewis B. Williams' remains were 
interred in Hollywood with military honors the 16th. W. E. 
Turner died the 17th, George B. McAdams the 24th. W. 0. Eng- 
lish, principal of Elba School, March 2d, Dr. William P. Palmer 
the 3d, Dr. John Gamble Cabell the 26th, Capt. George W. Allen 
April 6th; John Pope, a wealthy capitalist, the 8th; Charles E. 
Wortham May 27th; Rev. Dr. W. A. Campbell, a prominent Pres- 
byterian minister, June 9th; Horace P. Edmunds the 19th; Gen. 
Raleigh E. Colston died at the Soldiers' Home July 29th. Prof. 
William Nicholas Crouch, author and composer of "Kathleen 
Mavourneen," long a resident of Richmond, who served in the 
First Company of Howitzers during the war, died in Portland, 
Me., August 18th; Dr. Charles H. Chalkley September 14th. Isaac 
Davenport, Jr., the last of the old-time merchants, died in October. 
Peter R. Burton, a well-known newspaper man, the 24th; Capt. 
R. G. Pegram, of the legal fraternity, November 9th; W. P. 
Lawton, clerk of the Hustings Court, December 14th; John W. 
Beveridge, one of the oldest merchants, the 21st; Mrs. John P. 
Branch died in Munich the 20th and her remains were brought 
here by her husband and son, who were with her, and were buried 
from Centenary Church January 12th, Dr. W. V. Tudor officiating. 
William Lovenstein died December 26th and J. T. Sutton the 
same day. 

The past year was one of great business depression; the presi- 
dential election and the constant discussion of the money question 
had seriously affected capital, and this had a bad influence on all 
business. Nevertheless Richmond made progress and at the open- 
ing of 1897 the outlook was brighter. 

An institution of Richmond that has done a splendid work is 
the Younsf Woman's Christian Association. It was organized in 



456 RICHMOND: HER, PAST AND PRESENT [1897 

April, 1887. Mrs. Anna F. Eahm called a number of ladies to 
meet in the parlor of Mrs. F. M. Whittle and here began the 
organization. A flat of six rooms on Main street was rented and 
the work was inaugurated. Later a house was rented and seventy- 
nine young women were received. In 1890 they went into the 
house on Franklin street near Eighth, and by entertainments and 
gifts in two years the institution was free from debt. The tenth 
annual meeting was held this year. Mrs. Joseph Bryan was presi- 
dent, Mrs. A. H. Christian recording secretary, Mrs. W. H. Tyler 
treasurer, and Mrs. M. V, Kellogg treasurer of the building fund. 

A severe earthquake shock was felt May 31st and the people were 
greatly alarmed, but no damage was done. 

The British Association gave a banquet at the Jefferson June 
22d in honor of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Alexander 
Cameron, president, was toastmaster. Dr. Hoge opened with 
prayer. Captain Woon responded to "The Queen and Empress of 
India," Judge L. L. Lewis to "The President of the United States," 
W. L. Eoyall to "Virginia," J. F. Jackson to "Our Native Land," 
Col. C. O'B. Cowardin to "The Press." A telegram of congratula- 
tion was sent to the Queen, who responded through her secretary. 

The Episcopal Council met at St. James June 30th to elect a 
successor to Bishop-Coadjutor J. B. Newton. On the fifth ballot 
Eev. Dr. Pobert A. Gibson was elected. He was consecrated at 
Holy Trinity November 3d. Bishop Thompson preached the ser- 
mon. Drs. Angus Crawford and Berryman Green conducted the 
service. Bishop Whittle, assisted by Bishops Vincent, Penick, 
Peterkin, Randolph, and Thompson, consecrated the new Bishop. 
After the services a public reception was held in the lecture-room 
of the church. 

This was the year for the election of Governor, and Richmond 
was especially interested because one of her citizens was a strong 
possibility. In the city primary J. Taylor Ellyson had forty-eight 
delegates and J. Hoge Tyler thirty. The convention met at Roanoke 
August 11th and nominated J. Hoge Tyler for Governor, Edward 
Echols for Lieutenant Governor, and A. J. Montague for Attorney 
General. At the election November 2d Richmond gave Tyler 3,829 
votes, P. H. McCaull (the Republican candidate) 508, and L. A. 
Cutler (Prohibitionist) 40. B. B. Munford and Conway Sands 



I 



i 





J 



-]t\ 



■h 



,-jCiaMW 




The Jefferson Davis Monument. 2. The Lee Monument. 3. The 
Soldiers and Sailors Monument. 4. The Stuart Monument. 5. The 
Washington Monument. 6. The White House of the Confederacy. 
7. The Governor's Mansion. 8. Monumental Church. 9. The Jackson 
Monument. 10. St. Johns Church. 11. The Tomb of James Monroe. 



1897] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 457 

were elected to the Senate and J. L. Anderson, E. C. Folkes, T. B. 
Murphy, W. F. Reddy, and Charles M. Wallace to the House. 
Governor Tyler's majority in the State was 42,815. 

Many prominent citizens died this year: William T. Barrett, 
January 8th; J. W. Shields, the 10th; S. McG. Fisher, the 13th; 
Prof. H. H. Harris, long professor of Greek at Richmond College, 
died in Lynchburg February 4th and was buried from Grace Street 
Tabernacle the 7th, Drs. Hatcher, Willingham, and Whitsitt con- 
ducting the service; M. B. Leonard died the 6th, Capt. Phil. Haxall 
the 11th; Rev. Pike Powers, the beloved rector of St. Andrews, the 
20th ; Judge W. W. Crump, one of the most prominent lawyers in 
the State and a public spirited citizen, died the 27th; General 
Peyton Wise March 29th. His funeral was from St. Pauls and a 
long procession of soldiers, veterans, and citizens followed his re- 
mains to Hollywood. The same day Gen. W. R. Terry died. Capt. 
Charles H. Epps, City Sergeant, April 16th, and Dr. Charles M. 
Shields the same day; Dr. James R. Nalle April 19th, N. W. Nelson 
May 8th. Bishop John B. Newton died May 28th at his residence, 
717 east Grace street. The whole city grieved over his death, and 
at his funeral, from Monumental Church, large crowds attended to 
express their sorrow. Bishop F. M. Whittle, assisted by Rev. F. S. 
Stickney, the rector, and other clergymen of the diocese, conducted 
the funeral service, and the interment was in Hollywood. A. L. 
Boulware, president of the First National Bank and a well-known 
lawyer, died June 12th; C. P. Stokes, July 1st; Attorney General 
R. Taylor Scott died at his home in Warrenton August 6th, and his 
son, R. Carter Scott, was appointed to succeed him. Rev. S. S. 
Stickney, rector of Monumental, died August 16th, Rev. Benjamin 
Dennis conducted his funeral service. Dr. Robert M. Pulliam Sep- 
tember 6th. Maj. Lewis Ginter, one of Richmond's most useful 
citizens and the wealthiest man in the State, died October 2d. 
Major Ginter was a soldier in the Confedrate army, and after the 
war he engaged in business here and was very successful. He used 
his means liberally in the upbuilding of the city. His funeral was 
from St. Pauls, conducted by Drs. Carmichael and Hoge and Rev. 
Preston Nash. Few funerals in Richmond were more largely at- 
tended than this one. 

A public meeting of the citizens was held at the Y. M. C. A. 



458 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1898 

October 4th. Maj. N. V. Eandolph presided. After many speeches 
on the life of Major Ginter it was resolved to erect a memorial to 
him, and later it was decided to endow the Mechanics Institute as 
the memorial. 

In business affairs there was a great improvement last year over 
the preceding year, and 1898 presented an especially hopeful 
prospect. 

J. Hoge Tyler was inaugurated Governor January 1st in the 
Hall of the House of Delegates. Dr. Hoge opened with prayer, and 
after Major Tyler's address Judge E. H. Cardwell administered 
the oath to him and Lieutenant Governor Edward Echols. 

Dr. Woodrow Wilson was tliis year invited to deliver the Thomas 
lectures at Richmond College. 

The question of Cuba's freedom and the recognition of a state of 
war in Cuba had been before the people for some time. General 
Weyler, the "Spanish Butcher," as he was called, had been reported 
as being almost barbarous in his treatment of the people of the 
island. JPresident Cleveland appointed Gen. Fitz. Lee Consul 
General at Habana April, 189G, and President McKinley continued 
him there. This fact gave the Richmond people a special interest 
in Cuban affairs, and when the news came that February 15th the 
Maine was blown up in Habana harbor and two hundred and fifty- 
eight lives were lost, excitement here reached its highest point. 
The people said it was Spanish treachery and meant war, and when 
Spain demanded General Lee's recall and objected to the United 
States sending supplies to the Cuban sufferers in war vessels and 
President McKinley gave his ringing reply refusing the demand, 
it seemed as if war was at hand. Crowds surrounded the bulletin 
boards all day awaiting the declaration of war. The President sent 
a message to Congress April 11th stating that war in Cuba must 
stop. The next day General Fitz. Lee passed through Richmond 
on his return from Habana to Washington. The great demon- 
stration shown reminded the old soldiers of the '60's. Multitudes 
gathered at the train, the bands and the soldiers were there, the 
veterans, the Governor and his staff, and Mayor Taylor. Governor 
Tyler made an address, to which General Lee responded, and as 
the train moved out a salute was fired. 

Now preparation for war was going on in earnest, and many 



1898 j RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 459 

offered their service. It was not long before the expected hap- 
pened; the House voted for intervention April 13th and the Senate 
the 16th, and the 21st Spain cut off diplomatic relations with the 
United States and war was formall}^ declared the 25th. The Presi- 
dent called for 125,000 volunteers for two years and Virginia's 
quota was 2,913. General Fitz. Lee was appointed Major General 
and Richmond was to be the rendezvous for the Virginia troops. 
Governor Tyler issued a proclamation April 25th calling for troops, 
and there was a quick response. The place of encampment was 
the Exposition Grounds, and it was called Fort Lee, the same name 
it bore in the Civil War. Richmond, as she has always done, in 
the hour of the country's need, responded quickly and gladly, and 
six companies of her men went into camp at Fort Lee. Company 
F, First Regiment, Capt. M. R. Mills ; Company C. First Regiment, 
Capt. G. P. Shackelford, Guard of Commonwealth; Company A, 
Blues, Capt. C. Wyatt; Company B, Blues, Capt. W. S. P. Mayo; 
Company C, Capt. William Russell, Walker Light Guard; Com- 
pany A, Capt. C. G. Bossieux, Grays. Every day soldig:'s from 
other parts of the State were arriving, and as they marched through 
the streets to the sound of the drum and fife it seemed as if war 
was really upon us. Colonel Baker was in command of Fort Lee. 

"Wliile these martial preparations were in progress the news came 
of Dewey's great victory in Manila Bay May 1st. The extra an- 
nouncing the battle was eagerly sought, and the report stirred the 
patriotism of the people. When the Virginia troops were mustered 
into the United States service the position of the Richmond troops 
was changed. There were three companies in the Second Virginia 
Regiment, Company B (Walker Light Guard), Capt. William 
Russell; Company J (Guard of the Commonwealth), Capt. G. P. 
Shackelford; Company M (Grays), Capt. C. G. Bossieux. In the 
Third one company (M), Captain Masurier, and in the Fourth two. 
Company H (Blues), Capt. C. Wyatt; Company M (Blues), Capt. 
George B. Pegram. 

The Second Regiment, under Colonel Baker, was ordered to leave 
June 2d for Tampa, Fla., to join General Lee's Corps. When they 
marched from the camp that morning crowds stood on the streets 
and cheered them. At First and Franklin Lee and Pickett Camps 
of Confederate Veterans were in line to bid them God speed, and 



460 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1898 

when they reached Byrd Street Depot thousands of citizens were 
there to see them off to the war. Governor Tyler made an address 
and soon the soldiers were off, and wives, mothers, sisters, and 
sweethearts were left behind weeping. The Fourth marched to 
Byrd Street Depot June 5th, amid the same enthusiasm, and took 
the train for Jacksonville, Fla. The Third, under Col. William 
Nalle, took the train at Camp Lee for Fort Alger, near Washington. 

The war tax went into effect July 1st and it was everywhere 
visible in the iorm of stamps; insurance policies, deeds, notices, 
bills of lading, telegrams, sleeping car tickets, checks and drafts, 
and all such documents, with proprietary medicines, chewing gum, 
and other things had to be stamped, and thus the people had to 
"Eemember the Maine." 

The news came that July 4th, near Santiago, the United States 
ships, under Admirals Schley and Sampson, had annihilated Cer- 
vera's fleet, and by this victory had ruinel the Spanish navy. This 
and the surrender of Santiago to General Shaffer the 14th was 
such a severe blow that Spain sued for peace through the French 
Ambassador July 26th, and August 12th she accepted the terms 
of the United States and the war was ended. 

Our soldiers in the army were not injured by Spanish bullets, 
but embalmed beef and typhoid fever killed many. 

The war claimed much attention at this time, but there were 
other events of interest in the city. Much to the gratification of 
the citizens, Judge Edmund Waddill was appointed United States 
judge for the Eastern District of Virginia. 

A memorial window to Jefferson Davis was unveiled in St. Pauls 
April 17th. Dr. W. M. Dame preached and Drs. M. D. Hoge and 
Hartley Carmichael took part in the service. Mrs. Davis and Mrs. 
Hayes were present. Lucy Hayes, a granddaughter of Jefferson 
Davis, and Gen. Dabney H. Maury drew the veil. 

The Mortuary chaptel at Holl3^wood was completed May 22d. 

Richmond, while scorning anything that savors of social equality, 
has nevertheless been always ready to advance the welfare of the 
negroes in her midst, and with the better element of the colored 
race there has not only been peace, but a friendly feeling and real 
cooperation. She has provided good primary schools for them, but 
has not been able to give them higher education. Friends of the 



1898] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 461 

North liave met this need. November 1st the ground was broken 
for Union University for negroes. Drs. Corey, Teft, Dickinson, 
and Cooper spoke. The buildings were soon erected and the good 
work of the University for Colored Men and Women increases in 
effectiveness 3'ear by year. 

Two institutions were opened in November that are a credit to 
Richmond. The Valentine Museum the 21st, in the old home of 
John Wickham, Clay and Eleventh streets. The building, with 
its contents of books, works of art, curios and relics, was the gift 
to the city of the late Mann S. Valentine. The opening exercises 
consisted of a prayer by Eev. W. Meade Clarke, an address by Ed- 
ward V. Valentine, president of the board of trustees, and an 
address by Governor Tyler. The other institution, the Home for 
Incurables, was opened the 25th. This noble work was begun 
March 1, 1894, when it was first chartered. Mrs. Mary C. Green- 
how was president of the board of visitors, Mrs. P. E. Carrington 
first vice president, Mrs. J. B. Pace second, Mrs. W. H. Tyler 
treasurer, Mrs. F. J. Cragie corresponding secretary. Mrs. C. T. 
O'Ferrall, Mrs. L. B. Vaughan, Mrs. S. J. Dudley, Mrs. H. G. 
Manson, and Mrs. F. Mayo were members of the board. The first 
building, a modest house on Mayo street, was opened December 18, 
1894. Now their elegant home on west Broad street was ready. 
At the opening exercises Dr. Z. T. Sweeney, of Seventh Street 
Church, Drs. Kerr and Cooper took part. Rev. B. M. Beckham 
made the address. Under this merciful roof many a poor sufferer 
has been blessed with the knowledge that they had a comfortable 
home for life. 

The sixteenth biennial session of the Union of American Hebrew 
Congregations met in the Hall of the House of Delegates December 
6th, Dr. Isaac M. Wise president. Dr. Calisch, Julius Straus, and 
Mayor Taylor made addresses of welcome. 

Prominent among those who died this year were: Col. John B. 
Cary, one of the most useful citizens, January 13th; Dr. Thomas 
J. Moore, February 24th ; James W. Allison, a prominent business 
man, March 10th; Charles G. Thompson the same day; Rev. W. T, 
Jolly, pastor of Randolph Street Baptist Church, the 14th. Dr. 
George C. Vanderslice, pastor of Union Station Methodist Church, 
a faithful worker, a good preacher, and a brave soldier of Pickett's 



462 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1898 

Division, died the 17th. His funeral was conducted from the 
church by Drs. Brown, Whitehead, and LafEerty. Dr. Charles 
McGruder died April 3d, Col. T. H. Ellis the 11th, Moses Mill- 
hiser the 25th; Maj. Fred. E. Scott, president of the Eichmond 
and Petersburg railroad, a banker and public-spirited citizen, May 
15th; Capt. E. P. Eeeve June 10th, Charles H. Hasker July 8th, 
Capt. W. F. Drinkard the 11th, Maj. B. W. Eichardson the 15th, 
Col. W. E. Tanner August 6th; I. N". Vaughan, a prominent 
tobacconist, the 8th; Capt. C. A. Taylor, traffic manager of the 
E., F. & P. road, the 10th; Judge F. E. Farrar, "Johnny Eeb," 
died at Murphy's Hotel the 12th; William J. Young September 
5th, Lieut. Frank M. Woon the 15th. Miss Winnie Davis died 
at Narragansett Pier the 18th and her funeral took place from 
St. Pauls the 23d. Dr. Carmichael conducted the service. The 
Second Eegiment, Lee and Pickett Camps, Daughters of the Con- 
federacy, Oakwood and Hollywood Associations, and a crowd of 
people followed the remains to Hollywood. Maj. N. V. Eandolph 
was chief marshal. S. C. Greenhow died the 24th, Thomas Potts 
October 21st, Marx Kelson and J. Newton Gordon the 29th, and 
C. P. Eady, for fourten years clerk of the School Board, December 
22d. 

The war had its effect upon business in the past year, but 1899 
opened with a good promise of prosperity. This was shown by the, 
various enterprises that were started, the principal one being the 
Trigg Shipyard. The first step towards the shipyard here was 
March 8, 1890, when J. M. Scott, of the Union Iron Works of San 
Francisco, Com. Mellville, Chief Engineer Fletcher, and others 
were entertained by W. E. Trigg, with Mayor Ellyson, Col. W. H. 
Palmer, Maj. E. T. D. Myers, Joseph Bryan, C. E. Boiling, and 
S. Wilkins. They talked over Eichmond as a site for a shipbuild- 
ing plant. It was announced in August, 1898, that Trigg would 
convert the Talbott Iron Works, on the dock, into a shipyard. The 
following October the Trigg Shipbuilding Company was chartered 
and work on the plant was begun. They secured the contract for 
building two torpedo boats, the Stockton and the Shubrick, and 
January 6th their keels were laid. Every one predicted a success- 
ful career for the new company, and at this time all promised well. 

It is the delight of Eichmond to honor every distinguished Con- 



1899] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 463 

federate soldier. This was shown when Gen. Joe Wheeler, "Fight- 
ing Joe," the veteran of two wars, arrived here January 16th. He 
was met at Milford by a special delegation, consisting of Capt. 
John Lamb, J. Taylor Ellyson, Major Brander, Captain Cussons, 
Maj. E. T. D. Myers, and Judge George L. Christian. General 
Wheeler's connection with the Spanish War also made him promi- 
nent before the people, and when he arrived at Elba a large crowd 
greeted him. He was escorted to Murphy's Hotel and in the even- 
ing addressed Lee Camp on a theme of the Confederate War. 

Not since 1857 had Richmond experienced such a winter as this, 
and not then, for this was worse. The snow began Saturday, Feb- 
ruary 4th, at 2 o'clock, and a fierce storm raged until Monday night 
at 9 o'clock, the snow continuing to fall for two days and seven 
hours. The street cars stopped, business was suspended, the rail- 
roads were blocked, and there were no trains and no mail, the 
schools closed, and everything was at a stand-still. Fortunately 
there was a good supply of fuel in the city and by earnest efforts 
the suffering of the poor was relieved. The majority of the citi- 
zens had never seen such a snow-storm. It was not until the 14th 
that the roads were opened, and school did not begin until the 16th. 
The weather began to moderate and then came rain. The snow 
melted and the ice in the river broke and there was a freshet and 
a great ice-gorge. Mayo's bridge was twisted and torn from the 
piers and the Southern railway bridge was injured. The ice and 
high water caused considerable damage along the water front. 

Dr. Charles H. Eead, the venerable pastor of Grace Street Pres- 
byterian Church, eighty-seven years old, celebrated March 12th his 
fiftieth anniversary as pastor of that church. He became pastor 
March 11, 1849, and continued until July 30, 1887, when he be- 
came pastor emeritus. Few ministers of Richmond were honored 
for their personal worth and noble work as was Dr. Read. 

The Methodists of the city celebrated the centennial of the build- 
ing of the first Methodist church in Richmond, April 23. 1799. 
The celebration began at Trinity Sunday morning, April 23d, with 
an experience meeting led by Dr. A. G. Brown. Bishop Galloway 
preached at Trinity at 11, Dr. E. E. Hoss at Park Place, Bishop 
Wilson at Laurel Street, and prominent divines at the other 
churches. The exercises continued through the week and the fol- 



464 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1899 

lowing took part in them : Drs. W. J. Young, J. J. Lafferty, W. V. 
Tudor, H. E. Johnson, J. C. Eeed, W. G. Starr, James Atkins, 
W. B. Beauchamp, J. J. Tigert, C. W. Hardwicke, and J. T. Mastin. 
John P. Branch did much to make the occasion a success. Dr. E. L. 
Pell edited a book, "A Hundred Years of Eichmond Methodism," 
commemorating the centennial. 

This was the year for meetings in Eichmond, especially church 
gatherings. The one hundred and fourth Annual Council of the 
Episcopal Church met at St. Pauls May 17th. Bishop Whittle 
presided, assisted by Bishop-Coadjutor Eobert Gibson. Eev. W. 
A. Burr preached the opening sermon. The next day the General 
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church opened its session at the First 
Presbyterian Church. Dr. E. M. Green, the moderator, preached 
the opening sermon. Dr. W. A. Alexander was stated clerk. Two 
hundred delegates were present. 

The Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church met at St. Johns 
the 31st. Eev. Ed. Purhmann, of Newark, N. J., presided. 

The National Baptist Young People's Union held their ninth 
annual session at the Auditorium in the Fair Grounds July 13th. 
There were a thousand delegates, representing all sections of the 
United States. J. H. Chapman was president, Dr. E. H. Pitt vice 
president, and E. E. Chivers general secretary. J. Garland Pol- 
lard, president of the Virginia Union, made the address of wel- 
come and J. Taylor Ellyson also spoke. Dr. P. S. Henson, of Chi- 
cago, replied. Eichmond gave a cordial greeting to this host of 
Baptist young people. 

The International Association of Eailway Surgeons met in the 
Grand Lodge room May 31st. More than a thousand of the most 
prominent surgeons in America were here. Dr. Bruce L. Eeordan 
was president and Dr. Hugh M. Taylor, of Eichmond, vice presi- 
dent. Eev. Daniel Guthrie opened the exercises with prayer. Dr. 
C. W. P. Brock, chairman of the committee on arrangements, intro- 
duced Mayor E. M. Taylor, who made an address of welcome. 
Dr. J. Allison Hodges also made an address and Dr. Eeordan re- 
sponded. The association was in session several days discussing 
topics of interest to the profession. 

When the Methodists of the Virginia Conference decided to build 
an orphanage Eichmond undertook to bring it here. Eev. B. H. 



1899] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 465 

Rawlings, John P. Branch, J. Thompson Brown, and Charles W. 
Hardwicke were appointed a committee on a site. After examining 
a good many places they decided on one on Broad-street road. It 
was voted that the Orphanage should be located here, and soon 
work began. Now this splendid institution is doing a great work 
for the helpless children of the State. 

Drs. Hunter and Stuart McGuirc opened their new St. Lukes 
Hospital, corner Grace and Harrison streets, in September. This 
added much to Richmond's reputation as a surgical centre. 

The alarming news came July 31st that yellow fever had made 
its appearance at the National Soldiers Home at Phoebus. There 
were thirty-three cases and seven deaths. The Board of Health 
ordered a strict quarantine against Hampton and Phoebus and that 
quieted those who were afraid it would be brought to Richmond. 
The fever continued in the Home and town for several weeks and 
was finally stamped out. 

The Trigg Company worked rapidly and October 31st the Shu- 
brick, the first torpedo boat built in the South, was ready to be 
launched. President McKinley and members of his Cabinet came 
to the launching. The city was decorated and there was to be a 
great trades parade at 10 o'clock, but the downpour of rain caused 
it to be postponed until the next day. The launching took place at 
3 :30 and about thirty thousand people were present. President 
McKinley was introduced by Mayor Taylor and made a stirring 
address; the boat was then launched and was christened by Miss 
Carrie Shubrick. After the launching the presidential party was 
driven around the city and were given a reception at the Jefferson. 
Many prominent citizens of Virginia were present on this occasion. 
The next day the greatest trades parade ever seen here was had. 
S. W. Travers was chief marshal, and Gen. Fitz Lee, Governor 
Tyler, and Mayor Taylor were in line. This was an auspicious be- 
ginning for Richmond's new shipbuilding company. The Stockton 
was launched December 27th. 

The National Convention of the Daughters of the Confederacy 
met here November 9th, Mrs. Kate Cabell Currie, of Texas, presi- 
dent. Mrs. N. V. Randolph was president of the Richmond Chap- 
ter. At this time a monument to Miss "Winnie" Varnia Anne 
Davis, which they erected, was unveiled; also a monument to Jef- 



466 RICHMOND: HER. PAST AND PRESENT [1899 

ferson Davis, erected by his wife. There was a parade of veterans 
and the military companies. Dr. J. P. Smith opened with prayer, 
Hon. B. B. Munford made the address, and J. H. Reagan, the only 
surviving member of Jefferson Davis' Cabinet, made a speech on 
Davis. Gen. Fitz Lee also spoke. A tablet to Miss Winnie Davis 
in St. Pauls was unveiled in September. At night the Daughters 
of the Confederacy were tendered a reception at the Westmoreland 
Club. 

The seventy-sixth session of the Baptist General Association of 
Virginia began at the Second Baptist Church November 17th. Dr. 
A. E. Owen was president. At night the new Science and Memorial 
Halls of Richmond College were opened. Dr. J. S. Ames, of Johns 
Hopkins, and Dr. J. L. M. Curry made the addresses, 

A conference was held in Richmond at the Academy of Music 
May 10th in advocacy of the popular selection of United States 
Senators by primary elections. John Goode was temporary chair- 
man and Hon. W. A. Anderson permanent chairman. Resolutions 
were passed calling on the State Committee to hold a convention 
and on the Legislature to enact suitable laws; but neither acted 
this year. Governor J. Hoge Tyler and Thomas S. Martin were 
the candidates. They canvassed the whole State and the contest 
was very interesting. When the Democratic caucus met December 
.7th Martin received 103 votes and Tyler 27. Senator Martin was 
formally elected December the 20th. 

The forty-eighth anniversary of St. Marys German Catholic 
Church and school was celebrated December 10th with great cere- 
mony. 

Death claimed many prominent citizens this year. The first to 
fall was Dr. Moses D. Hoge, who died January 6th, at his resi- 
dence, corner Main and Fifth streets. He was installed pastor 
of the Second Presbyterian Church February 27, 1845, and for 
nearly fiftj^-four years he had faithfully served that church, and not 
only that church but the whole city, for he was ready to engage in 
every good work. His catholic spirit and his kind and Christian 
disposition, united with his great ability as a preacher, made his 
loss great to all who knew him. His funeral took place from his 
church Sunday afternoon, the 8th, and a large crowd attended. The 
Confederate Veterans, the Masons, Hollywood Memorial Associa- 



1899] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 467 

tion, the Confederate Memorial Literary Society, and other organi- 
zations, besides the ministers of the city, were present. Drs. Donald 
Guthrie, assistant pastor; Jcre Witherspoon, J. P. Smith, E. P. 
Kerr, J. Calvin Stewart, and J. E. Cook conducted the service. 
George Gibson, the only survivor of Dr. Hoge's first congregation, 
was at the funeral. A large concourse of people followed the re- 
mains to Hollywood. Memorial services in his honor were held at 
the Second Presbyterian Church Sunday, February 3d. Governor 
Tyler presided. Dr. W. V. Tudor, of the Methodist Church ; Dr. W. W. 
Moore, of the Seminary; Bishop Penick, of the Episcopal Church; 
Dr. W. E. Hatcher, of the Baptists; Rev. J. A. Dearborn, of the 
Disciples; Dr. R. P. Kerr, of the Presbyterian; Dr. Menzel, of the 
Lutheran, and Dr. Calisch, of the Hebrews, took part. 

Dr. Leonard C. Crump and Barton H. Wise died February 6th, 
Capt. George E. Talcott the 18th; Gen. Daniel A. Weisiger, a 
veteran of the Mexican and Civil wars and a successful business 
man, died the 23d at his residence, 209 east Grace street. Dr. 
Creed Thomas, one of the oldest citizens, a schoolmate and desk- 
mate of Edgar Allan Poe, died the same day. John Howard, of 
the bar, March 12th; L. S. Squire, a veteran teacher, the 31st. 
Rev. Dr. Robert Ryland, the first president of Richmond College, 
died in Lexington, Ky., April 23d, in his ninety-fifth year. His 
remains were brought here and his funeral was conducted from 
Richmond College chapel the 25th. Drs. W. E. Hatcher, George 
Cooper, James Nelson, J. R. Garlick, T. S. Dunnaway, and F. W. 
Boat^\Tight took part. The body was laid to rest in Hollywood. 
James Netherwood died May 28th. Col. John Bell Bigger, the 
popular clerk of the House of Delegates, died June 7th, The body 
lay in state in the Hall of the House and the funeral was from 
Monumental Church. The interment was in Shockoe Cemetery 
the 9th. Maj. A. H. Drewry, long a leading dry goods merchant 
and a brave soldier, who did much at Drewry's Bluff to save Rich- 
mond from capture during the war, died July 6th. John H. Powell, 
a well-known teacher, principal of the Richmond Seminary, died 
the 22d; Dr. W. W. Parker, "the good physician," August 4th. He 
commanded Parker's Battery, of Longstreet's Corps, during the 
war, and since the war he did much for the poor and unfortunate 
of the city. He was connected with the Male Orphan Asylum, the 



468 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1899 

Magdalen Home, the Infants' Home, the Home for Old Ladies, 
and many other charitable institutions. E. B. Taylor, president 
of the E. B. Taylor Company, died the 25th. General Harry Heth 
died in Washington September 27th and his remains were brought 
here for burial. He was a veteran of the Mexican and Civil wars. 
His body lay in state in the Capitol and he was buried with military 
honors. Maj. T. A. Brander was chief marshal. The casket was 
borne on a caisson to Hollywood. Bishop E. A. Gibson conducted 
the service, and a large crowd attended. H. M. Smith, Sr., died 
October 25th, Prof. George F. Merrill December 2d; A. L. Ellett, 
a citizen of Richmond for sixty years, who had done much to 
build up the city, died the same day ; and Capt. Eichard E. Frayser, 
a soldier, editor, and lawyer, the 22d. 



1900] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 469 



CHAPTER XII 

The opening of the year 1900 found Richmond well advanced in 
all respects, and with a brilliant future beckoning her on to the 
conquests of a great city. The material prosperity of the past year 
was phenomenal ; there were 1,245 manufacturing plants in the 
city, an increase of one hundred over the previous year, employing 
21,222 operatives with an aggregate capital of $17,332,330 and 
sales of manufactured goods of $41,366,923, an increase of $6,500,- 
000 in a year. Her jobbing trade increased $4,000,000 and the 
bank clearings were $153,618,376, an increase of $32,282,711. 
The real estate and personal tax of the city amounted to $1,076,- 
054. The building activity was the best ever known. The health 
of the city was excellent, the death rate being only 15.86 per 
thousand, and the population was 85,050. 

But with her prosperity there were also her disasters. A great 
fire occurred January 5th, which destroyed Planters Warehouse 
with four thousand hogsheads of tobacco, Kingan & Company, the 
Cardwell Machine Works, and Davenport Warehouse, and other 
buildings were damaged. The loss amounted to nearly a half mil- 
lion dollars. 

There were two social events of interest in February. The Legis- 
lature invited William Jennings Bryan to address them, and ap- 
pointed T. N". Jones, W. P. Barksdale, Carter Glass, N. B. Early, 
and Pembroke Pettit to meet him in Washington and escort him to. 
the city. The address was delivered at the Academy of Music at 
3 P. M. the 12th. A great crowd was present to hear tlie dis- 
tinguished orator. Senator W. P. Barksdale presided. The sub- 
ject of the address was, "The Income Tax, Trusts, Currency', and 
Imperialism." In his speech Bryan paid a glowing tribute to Vir- 
ginia's noble sons, Henry, Jefferson, Monroe, Lee, and Daniel, 
and this aroused great enthusiasm. The other affair was a dinner 
given to George W. Stevens, at the Commonwealth Club, in honor 



470 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1900 

of his being made president of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. 
L. T. Myers, A. M. Seldon, and Barton Grundy were a committee 
to arrange it and they did their work well. Wyndham, R. Meredith 
was toastmaster. President Stevens made a speech on the rela- 
tion of his road to Eichmond and told that in a few months the 
general offices would be moved here. 

The watchword of Eichmond was "Onward," and month by 
month and year by year she was pressing forward. There was 
scarcely a month in which there was not some signs of progress. 
A new church was added to her already large number March 11th, 
when the Third Christian Church on Marshall and Twenty-sixth 
streets was dedicated. Eev. L. E. Maxwell, the pastor, conducted 
the service and Eev. F. M. Eains preached the sermon. At this 
time automobiles had not been introduced in the city, but Capt. A. 
Pizzini introduced an ordinance in the Council in April to grant 
a company the privilege of using the streets for their machines, 
which were to be hired to the public. The great work of building 
the Chesapeake and Ohio and Seaboard Air Line depot, which was 
to cost $165,000, and viaducts was in progress. While the work 
on the viaduct over Main street was going on a part of the struc- 
ture gave way April 28th carrying down tons of wood and iron and 
killing three men and injuring others. It was while this work 
was being done that the old St. Charles Hotel, on Fifteenth and 
Main streets, which had long been connected with the history of 
the city, and which stood on the site of the old Bell Tavern, was 
pulled down to make room for the new improvements. This work 
was nearly finished by June, and the Seaboard Air Line, which had 
a hard fight before the Legislature to get a through line into Wash- 
ington, sent her first through train out of Eichmond to Tampa, Fla., 
with capitalists and prominent citizens on board. This train was 
to return June 2d, which was to be the first train into Eichmond 
over that road. The city planned to give the new-comer a royal 
welcome, and thousands of people gathered on Main and Broad 
streets to see the new train. It was in two sections drawn by 
engines 544 and 504, made by the Eichmond Locomotive Works. 
When the engine appeared the Howitzers fired a salute of twenty- 
one guns, three for each State through which the Seaboard passed, 



1900] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 471 

and the crowd cheered. It arrived at 4 :50 P. M., and the road was 
completed by the driving of a golden spike by Master J. S. "Wil- 
liams, Jr., a son of John Skelton Williams, president of the road. 
The Blues and the Walker Light Guard escorted the visitors to Capi- 
tol Square, where Governor Tyler, Mayor Taylor, and L. Z. Morris, 
president of the Chamber of Commerce, addressed them. John 
Skelton Williams, V. P. St. John, vice president, and Gen. Joe 
Wheeler responded. At night a brilliant banquet was given at 
the Jefferson. Under these auspicious circumstances the Seaboard 
Air Line began operations in Eichmond. 

A great street carnival was opened on Broad street May 14th, 
A. H. Meyer president and J. S. Harwood vice president, and 
Henry Lee Valentine was king of the carnival. Broad street was 
filled with novel and beautiful booths and all the houses were 
decorated. At night it looked like fairyland. The first day there 
was a grand parade of floats advertising the various enterprises 
of the city. Then there was a floral parade, the next day the mili- 
tary companies marched, and the last day, the 19th, there was a 
children's parade. Day after day there were thousands of people 
on the street, and all seemed to enter into the spirit of the occa- 
sion. 

The Trigg Shipyard was busy with its government contracts 
and July 24th, in the presence of thousands of people, the Dale, the 
first torpedo boat destroyer built in the South, was launched. The 
Decatur, another of its class, was launched Septem^ber 26th. 

Few things advertise a city better than conventions, because they 
bring so many strangers who go back and talk of what they have 
seen. Richmond realized this, and this year there were a number 
of these gatherings. The forty-eighth annual convention of the 
American Pharmaceutical Association met at the Jefferson May 
7th, Dr. A. B. Prescott president. Governor Tyler and Mayor 
Taylor welcomed the two hundred visitors, and at night the local 
druggists tendered them a banquet. The American Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association met on May 22d, Dr. J. G. Rogers president. 
Drs. J. IST. Upshur and Allison Hodges made addresses of welcome. 
Then came the State Epworth League Conference, Rev. W. B. 
Beauchamp, pastor of Broad Street Church, president. Rev. John 



472 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1900 

Bosman, of Park Place, welcomed the members. Bishop Warren 
Candler and Drs. W. R. Lambeth and A. Coke Smith were the 
principal speakers. The Annual Convention of Odd Fellows met 
September 17th. Five or six thousand delegates attended. A. S. 
Pinkerton, grand sire, responded to the welcome of Hill Monta- 
gue, of the executive committee, the Governor, and mayor. Presi- 
dent Walker Hill, of St. Louis, called to order the convention of 
Bankers of America at the Jefferson October 3d. J. E. Branch 
was secretary. Col. John B. Purcell read an address of welcome 
prepared by Virginius Newton, president of the First National 
Bank. The local bankers entertained the visitors at a banquet at 
the Jefferson. The next convention to come was the Brotherhood 
of St. Andrew of the United States. G. Harry Davis, first vice 
president, presided, and Bishop Eobert A. Gibson delivered an 
address. The Baptist Congress of America met at the First Bap- 
tist Church November 21st, Dr. A. P. Montague president. Many 
subjects of interest were discussed, among them was one ably pre- 
sented by Dr. W. H. Whitsitt, of Louisville Theological Semi- 
nary, "Romanist Survivals in Protestantism." The Southern 
Educational Association brought the educators of the South here 
December 26th. Dr. R. B. Fulton was in the chair, J. L. Hill was 
chairman of the local committee, and J. A. McGilvray chairman of 
the committee on arrangements. The Governor and mayor also 
spoke words of welcome to these men and women who had in their 
hands the training of the next generation. 

There were a few other matters, however, during the year besides 
conventions. Dr. R. P. Kerr celebrated his sixteenth anniversary as 
pastor of the First Presbyterian Church February 21st, and Dr. 
W. E. Hatcher his twenty-fifth as pastor of Grace Street Baptist 
Church May 27th. Rev. Benjamin Keiley was consecrated Bishop 
of Savannah by Cardinal Gibbons at the Cathedral June 3d. The 
sympathy of Richmond went out to her Southern sister, Galveston, 
which was wrecked September 9th by the raging sea that was 
driven over her by the violent winds. Three thousand were 
killed and a vast amount of property was destroyed. A meeting 
of the citizens was called at the Y. M. C. A. to aid the sufferers. 



1900] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 473 

and the chiirelies took collections and a large amount of money 
was raised for the ruined city. 

The beautiful Grove Avenue Baptist Church burned October 
20th. No one seemed to know how the fire originated, as it was 
in the early morning. The church cost $53,000, the insurance 
was $15,000, and the debt was $12,400. There was little left, 
therefore, to start a new church except the faith and courage of the 
good people, and with this large asset they soon began work. 
Dr. J. B. Hawthorne, the pastor, lost his valuable library in the 
church. West End Christian Church was dedicated November 
25th. Rev. Peter Ainslie preached the sermon. 

This was the year for the presidential election, but it was not as 
exciting as the last. The Republicans at Philadelphia nominated 
William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, the Democrats at 
Kansas City W. J. Bryan, and the Prohibitionists at Cincinnati 
John G. Woolley. At the election November 6th Richmond gave 
Bryan 6,046 votes and McKinley 2,730 ; Capt. John Lamb received 
7,373 for Congress and Edgar Allan 2,510. The State gave Bryan 
50,215 majority. 

This year death summoned to "the bourne from whence no 
traveler ever returns" many prominent citizens. Gen. Dabney H. 
Maury died at Peoria, 111., and his remains were brought here 
January 13th and were taken to St. Johns Episcopal Church under 
military escort. The interment was in Fredericksburg. S. W. 
Harwood died the 22d, W. F. Reddy, a member of the bar, the 23d ; 
Maj. Thomas A. Brander, a gallant Confederate soldier and an 
upright citizen, the 28th. The veterans and the military com- 
panies marched with his remains to Hollywood. Rev. Dr. A. G. 
Brown died at Ashland March 16th and his funeral took place 
from Centenary the 18th; Bishop John C. Granbery, Rev. W. H. 
Atwill, and Dr. W. G. Starr officiated. R. L. Brown the 17th, Dr. 
R. A. Lewis the 18th, Rev. Dr. George F. Bagby, a Baptist minis- 
ter, the 26th, Capt. Peter McCurdy April 14th, Judge J. F. Lay 
the 16th, Capt. Page McCarty May 25th; H. G. Cannon, a leading 
member of the bar, June 7th; Col. Charles O'B. Cowardin, presi- 
dent of the Dispatch Company and a public-spirited citizen, July 
5th; W. H. Pleasants, the 17th; the venerable Dr. Charles H. Read, 



474 RICHMOND: HJER PAST AND PRESENT [1900 

long the pastor of Grace Street Presbyterian Church, August 14th. 
Judge John W. Rieley, resident judge of the Court of Appeals, 
died at Houston, Va., the 20th ; George D. Thaxton, a gallant Con- 
federate soldier, the 24th; Dr. Benjamin Harrison September 11th, 
Dr. Hunter McGuire died September 19th. He was in his buggy 
on his way to the hospital March 19th when he was paralyzed. 
When his affliction became known the whole city was grieved, but 
hoped that he would yet recover. All that medical skill was capa- 
ble of doing was done to arrest the disease, but in vain. The great 
surgeon breathed his last at his country home on Brook road near 
the city. His death brought sorrow not only to Eichmond but 
to the State. He was one of the most distinguished surgeons in the 
South and a teacher of ability. His services as surgeon of Stone- 
wall Jackson's corps and his success since the war had made for 
him a national reputation. His funeral took place from St. Pauls 
Church the 21st. Bishop Eobert Gibson, assisted by Dr. J. P. 
Smith and Eev. Preston Nash, conducted the service. Not since 
the funeral of Major Ginter had there been such a concourse of 
people. Lee and Pickett Camps and many other organizations 
accompanied his remains to Hollywood. The friends of Dr. Mc- 
Guire met at the Jefferson Hotel November 2d to organize the 
McGuire Monument Association to erect a monument to his mem- 
ory. Judge George L. Christian presided and the following were 
made officers of the association: Miss Francis B. Scott, president; 
Mrs. E. A. Lancaster, first vice president; Mrs. George L. Chris- 
tian, second; Mrs. John Addison, third; Mrs. E. 0. Nolting, 
fourth; Mrs. E. J. Gordon, treasurer; and Mrs. Stephen Putney, 
secretary. Miss Elizabeth Van Lew, who acted as a Federal spy 
in Eichonmd during the war, died the 25th. She was buried in 
Shockoe Cemetery and some New England admirers had a rock 
boulder placed over her grave, for her admirers in Eichmond were 
few. Col. E. B. Munford, commissioner of revenue, died October 
1st and 0. A. Hawkins succeeded him. Capt. A. J. Vaughan the 
5th, Josiah Eyland, second auditor, the 15th, Col. J. H. Eichard- 
son November 29th, the Eev. W. H. Eeynolds, an aged Methodist 
minister, the 30th; John E. Popham December 3d; William Wirt 
Henry, grandson of Patrick Henry, a lawyer of ability and. an 



1901] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 475 

author of note, died the 5th. He was one of the few men to receive 
an honorary membership in the Virginia Historical Society. Dr. 
Russell Cecil conducted his funeral from the Second Presbyterian 
Church. Dr. F. S. Marker died the 8th. 

With the advent of 1901 came the new century, an occasion 
which few ever witness the second time. In many of the churches 
religious services were held and the Xew Year which brought in the 
century beheld many people upon their knees with devout hearts 
uplifted to Him to whom centuries are but as moments. The past 
hundred years in the history of Eichmond had witnessed many 
changes, and had been filled with joys and sorrows, with successes 
and failures, with achievements and with disasters, but altogether 
the city had made wonderful strides forward, and from a town of 
5,537 she had grown to a city of more than 125,000. Her material 
wealth had advanced in proportion to her population, and her 
social and religious gains had been large. In fact, the past year 
had surpassed all others in the volume of trade, the increase of 
buildings, and in industrial development. 

The first events of the new year to be noted is the completion of 
several handsome churches. All Saints Episcopal was conse- 
crated January 6th. Bishop Robert A. Gibson conducted the 
service, assisted by the pastor. Rev. J. Y. Downman. The same 
day the new Grace Street Baptist Church, which had arisen from 
the ashes of the other church, was dedicated. The pastor. Dr. W. 
E. Hatcher, preached the sermon, and during the day five special 
services were held. West View Baptist, afterward caller Taber- 
nacle Church, on Grove avenue and Meadow street, was opened 
January 20th, Rev. Dr. Mercer pastor. 

Good Queen Victoria closed her long reign January 22d and all 
the world mourned the death of this great woman. In Richmond 
memorial services were held at the Jefferson February Ist, the day 
her body was borne to the tomb. Alexander Cameron, president of 
the British Association here, presided, and P. A. S. Brine, the 
British vice consul, was secretary. Suitable resolutions were passed 
and addresses upon the life of the Queen were made. 

A memorable occasion in the history of Richmond was February 
4th, John Marshall Day, which marked the one hundredth anni- 



476 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1901 

versary of his appointment as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 
of the United States. A large meeting was held at the Academy 
of Music at 4 P. M. B. B. Munford presided. Dr. W. E. Evans, 
of Monumental Church, opened with prayer. The chairman pre- 
sented Judge Keith, who introduced Mr. Justice Horace Gray, of 
the Supreme Court, who delivered the address. One sentence alone 
of his address is worthy of the subject : "John Marshall," said he, 
"was the greatest judge in our language." At night a banquet 
was given at the Jefferson. Judge Gray, Governor Tyler, Hon. 
John Goode, Hon. John S. Williams, of Mississippi, Hon. J. K. 
Eichards, of Ohio, and Attorney General A. J. Montague responded 
to toasts suitable to the occasion. 

Another banquet was given at the Jefferson the 26th to the mem- 
bers of the Tri-State Medical Association of Virginia, North and 
South Carolina, which was in session here. Dr. J. N". Upshur was 
elected president of the association. 

Richmond had long possessed an interesting document that was 
hidden away in the clerk's office of the Hustings Court and was 
discovered in March. It was the marriage bond of Edgar Allan 
Poe. Every circumstance connected with the life of the great 
poet is of interest and especially this marriage and its associations. 
The bond is therefore given in full : 

Know all men by these presents, That we, Edgar A. Poe and 
Thomas W. Cleland, are held firmly bound with Wyndham Robertson, 
Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor of the Commonwealth of 
Virginia, in the just and full sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, to 
the payment whereof, well and truly to be made to the said acting 
Governor, or his successor, for the use of said Commonwealth, we bind 
ourselves and each of us over, and each of our heirs, executors, and 
administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents, sealed 
with our seals and dated this 16th day of May, 1836. 

The condition of the above obligation is such, That whereas a mar- 
miage is shortly to be had and solemnized between the above bound 
Edgar A. Poe and Virginia E. Clemm, of the city of Richmond. Now 
if there is no lawful cause to obstruct said marriage, then the above 
obligation is to be void, else to remain in full force and virtue. 

Edgar A. Poe, (Seal) 

Signed, sealed and delivered Thos. W. Cleland. (Seal) 

in the presence of 
Chs. Howabd. 



1901] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 477 

City of Richmond, To- wit: 

This day Thomas W. Cleland, above named, made oath before me 
as Deputy Clerk of the Court of Hustings for said city, that Virginia 
E. Clemm is of the full age of twenty-one years and a resident of the 
said City. Given under my hand this 16th day of May, 1836. 

Chs. Hovtard." 

The marriage took place in this city, as is shown by a short 
notice in the Enquirer of May 20, 1836 : 

"Married — On Monday, May 16th, by the Rev. Mr. Converse, Mr. 
Edgar Allan Poe to Miss Virginia Eliza Clemm." 
'■* . 
Eev. -Aflaoea Converse, who performed the ceremony, was a 

Presbyterian minister. Poe was made assistant editor of the South- 
ern Literary Messenger, and came to Richmond in 1835 to assume 
the duties. Mrs. Clemm and her daughter Virginia came later and 
boarded at Mrs. Yarrington's, corner Twelfth and Bank streets. 
Although the bond states that she was twenty-one she was only 
fourteen. The marriage was a happy one, but the bride did not 
live long. They left Richmond and went to Fordham, a village 
just outside of New York, where they lived in a small Dutch cot- 
tage, suffering the privations of poverty. It was in this cottage 
that the young wife died upon a bed of straw with her husband's 
overcoat as her only covering. Upon the death of his delicate and 
beautiful wife Poe wrote his pathetic poem, "Annabel Lee," which 
immortalizes her memory. 

Since the memorable fire of 1865 the Mechanics Institute had 
been without a home, but they were to be homeless no longer. The 
cornerstone of the new building on Broad and Eleventh streets was 
laid March 19th by Joppa Lodge. A large crowd attended the 
exercises. L. T. Christian was chief marshal and Grand Master 
W. H. Bennett conducted the ceremony. Dr. John Hannon, of 
Union Station Church, offered the prayer. W. J. Whitehurst, presi- 
dent of the Institute, introduced A. J. Montague, who made the ad- 
dress. A handsome building was erected, which is one of the 
ornaments of the city. 

The night of March 29th is memorable as a night of sorrow in 
Richmond. The pride of the city, the beautiful Jefferson Hotel, 
burned at that time. Fire was discovered in a blanket room on 



478 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1901 

the fourth floor about eleven o'clock, but at first it was not thought 
to be serious. It spread rapidly and soon went to the sixth story. 
The fire companies quickly arrived and valiantly fought the 
flames, but were unable to check them. The guests hurried from 
the burning hotel leaving their valuables to be destroyed by fire, 
but it was fortunate that no lives were lost. Great crowds were 
soon on the streets, and as they stood watching the fire many wept. 
The fire raged until the building, with the exception of the 
Franklin street side, was destroyed, entailing a loss of nearly a 
half million dollars. The statue of Jefferson was saved, but in 
moving it the head was broken off. No fire since the burning of 
the Spotswood Hotel produced such universal sorrow as this one. 
There was a sense of relief when it was announced that the Jefferson 
would be rebuilt. 

The smoke of this fire had scarcely cleared away when another 
serious fire occurred. The large dr^^ goods store of Julius Meyer's 
Sons, corner of Broad and Foushee streets, burned on the morn- 
ing of April 10th. The loss was heavy, but the saddest part was 
that R. E. Slaughter, one of the employees, was burned to death 
in the building. Eichmond was moved by this sad death and soon 
$1,500 was raised for the afflicted family. 

There were many interesting events that may be mentioned 
here. Rev. F. B. Meyer, the noted preacher, was drawing large 
audiences at Broad Street Methodist Church. The services were 
under the direction of the pastor, Rev. W. B. Beauchamp. Dr. W. 
E, Hatcher, long the pastor of Grace Street Baptist Church, re- 
signed to enter into educational work. A delightful social occa- 
sion was the banquet given at the Commonwealth Club by the phy- 
sicians of the city to Dr. J. B. McCaw. Dr. Ross was toastmaster. 
As a token of esteem his associates presented Dr. McCaw with a 
loving cup. Drs. Brock, Hugh M. Taylor, and Allison Hodges 
spoke. It seemed as if a great need of Richmond was about to be 
met when March 2d Andrew Carnegie offered the city $100,000 
for a public library on condition that the city provide a site and 
appropriate $10,000 a year to maintain it. The various organiza- 
tions of the city set to work to secure the gift and the Board of 
Aldermen April 19th, by a vote of 14 to 2, agreed to accept the 



1901] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 479 

offer. The Council concurred with the Aldermen May 6th, and 
Mayor Taylor approved the ordinance the 10th. The library 
seemed to be an assured fact, but here the matter rested, and Eich- 
mond is still without a public library. 

Dr. W. H. Wliitsitt, one of the most learned men among the 
Baptists, was in June elected to the chair of philosophy in Rich- 
mond College. The sixtieth anniversary of the organization of Beth 
Ahaba Synagogue was celebrated by Dr. E. N. Calisch, the rabbi, 
June 14th. If Richmond could not have a public library she could 
have one new building. Judge Witt had ordered the old jail to be 
pulled down and this year $75,000 was appropriated to build a new 
one on the site. 

The Democratic Convention held in Norfolk May 2, 1900, en- 
dorsed the proposition for a Constitutional Convention, and on the 
24th the question was submitted to the people. Richmond cast 
5,082 votes for the convention and 793 against it. The State gave 
a majority of 18,835 in favor of it. Governor Tyler called an extra 
session of the Legislature to meet January 23d to prepare for the 
convention. When the Legislature met, before this work was taken 
up, it elected Judge Stafford G. Whittle to be one of the judges of 
the Court of Appeals. After debate in both the Senate and House 
it was decided that membership in the Constitutional Convention 
should be apportioned as membership in the House of Delegates, 
making a body of one hundred. May 23, 1901, was the day of the elec- 
tion, and the convention was to meet June 12th. The question that cre- 
ated a great deal of discussion was whether the Constitution should 
be proclaimed or submitted to the present electorate for ratifica- 
tion. Senator Hal D. Flood led the fight for submission and Sena- 
tor Carter Glass for proclamation. It was finally agreed that if 
the revised or amended Constitution be ready before October 5, 
1901, it should be submitted at the following November election. 
This act was approved February 16th. A primary election was 
held in Richmond March 28th to nominate delegates to the conven- 
tion, and George D. Wise, C. V. Meredith, Virginius Newton, J. 
Garland Pollard, and James W. Gordon were nominated and sub- 
sequently elected. 

The convention assembled in the Hall of the House of Delegates 



480 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1901 

June 12th, and a more capable body of men were never gathered 
together in a convention in Virginia. There may have been more 
prominent leaders in other Constitutional Conventions, but the 
personnel of none was superior to this one. Senator John W. Dan- 
iel called the convention to order and presented Col. W. B. Pettit 
as temporary chairman. John Goode was elected permanent chair- 
man and Joseph Button secretary. A large crowd was present, 
and some were there who witnessed the disgraceful scenes of the 
"Underwood Convention" in the days of reconstruction, and they 
could but notice the wonderful contrast. The weather at this time 
was very warm and there were several propositions to move the 
convention to a cooler place, but these were defeated and the 
decision was to remain in Richmond. After the organization they 
began the heavy work assigned them and continued from day to 
day with occasional intermissions. One of the most important 
questions that was presented was the basis of suffrage. A plan 
was presented by H. D. Flood, one by Carter Glass, and one by 
Major Daniel. After much debate Glass' plan, with modifications, 
was adopted. In December Virginius Newton resigned his place 
as a delegate from Richmond and MaJ. Otway S. Allen was elected 
to fill the vacancy. 

When the Legislature met the convention was still in session, but 
it adjourned February 18th to meet in the new Mechanics Hall. 
It is interesting to recall that the Secession Convention also ad- 
journed to meet in the old Mechanics Hall that stood on Ninth 
street. Here they remained until the Legislature adjourned and 
then went back to the Hall of the House of Delegates. 

The question as to whether the Constitution could be proclaimed 
or submitted to a vote of the people was decided by the conven- 
tion May 9th, 48 to 38, in favor of proclamation. The convention 
having about finished its work, a vote was taken June 6th and the 
new Constitution was adopted, all the Democrats and two Republi- 
cans voting for it. A recess was then taken June 6th until the 
25th, after having been in session a year lacking six days. Gov- 
ernor Montague proclaimed the Constitution June 27th, which 
according to the schedule took effect at noon July 10, 1902. The 
Legislature was called to meet July 15th to arrange the laws in 



1901] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 481 

accordance with the new instrument. The convention did not ad- 
journ sine die, but voted to expire January 1, 1903, so that it could 
be called in case of necessity before that time. 

Richmond was shocked when she received the news that Presi- 
dent William McKinley was shot Friday, September 6th, while 
holding a public reception at the Buffalo Exposition. A union 
prayer service was called to meet at Centenary Methodist Church 
the 7th, the President being of that denomination, to pray for his 
recovery. Dr. W. W. Lear, the pastor, presided and many promi- 
nent citizens attended. Many messages of sympathy were sent 
from the city to the wounded President and his family. The an- 
nouncement a few days later that he had greatly improved and 
would certainly recover brought cheer to the hearts of thousands, but 
this soon passed to give way to grief, for he became suddenly worse 
and at 2 :15 o'clock, September 13th, at the Milburn House in Buf- 
falo, President William McKinley died. Richmond mourned the 
loss of this good man. The next day the State oflBces were closed, 
the Capitol was draped, the flags were at half-mast, and the Gov- 
ernor wore crape for thirty days. The City Council sent a wreath 
of roses, which was placed on the bier of the dead President. The 
day of the funeral, Thursday, the 19th, was like Sunday in the city, 
business was suspended, many buildings were draped, religious 
services were held in the churches and in the Hall of the House of 
Delegates, and the Howitzers fired a salute. Czolgosz, the wretch 
who shot him, was electrocuted October 29th. 

Four years had passed and now it was time to elect another Gov- 
ernor of the State. The Republicans at Roanoke nominated J. 
Hampton Hoge for Governor, Robert W. Blair for Lieutenant 
Governor, and D. Lawrence Groner for Attorney General. The 
Democrats at Norfolk nominated A. J. Montague for Governor, 
Joseph E. Willard for Lieutenant Governor, and William A. An- 
derson for Attorney General. During the campaign John Goode 
and A. J. Montague spoke to a large audience at the Academy. 
When the election took place November 5th Richmond gave Monta- 
gue 5,386 votes and Hoge 350. George Wayne Anderson and 
Julien Bryant were elected to the Senate and L, T. Christian, E. C. 



482 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1901 

Folkes, A. C. Harmon, S. L, Kelley, and C. M. Wallace to the 
House. Montague's majority in the State was 35,317. 

The progress of Eichmond was everywhere noticeable. The 
Trigg Shipyard was doing a good deal of work. The Chesapeake 
and Ohio passenger steamer Virginia was launched JSTovember 12th; 
Miss Helen Stevens, the daughter of President Stevens, christened 
it, and on March 18th the steamer Berkeley was launched. Miss Bertie 
Nolting breaking the bottle of champagne. The cruiser Galveston slid 
down the ways July 23, 1903. Miss Ella Sealey christened it. The 
splendid Chesapeake & Ohio and Seaboard Air Line union depot 
was opened November 2d. Much credit is due to George W. Stevens 
and John Skelton Williams for this handsome and serviceable 
building. Since the proposition had been made to have a ter- 
centenary celebration in honor of the first English settlement in 
America, the Chamber of Commerce had been working diligently 
to have it in Richmond, but their labors were not rewarded. For 
more than twenty years Henry C. Burnett had been cashier of the 
First National Bank, and in December he resigned and John M. 
Miller, Jr., was elected in his place. The city was making her 
usual elaborate preparation for Christmas and the night before the 
great parade on Broad street was had as had been the custom for 
years. But all was not joy; on December 31st there was another 
disastrous freshet in James river, the water reaching 23.2 feet, the 
highest since 1886. The damage was considerable, but less than 
the former great freshets. 

There is no year in which death's doings must not be recorded. 
W. C. Preston died March 10th, John S. Bethel, collector of cus- 
toms, the 15th, John R. Williams the 21st; Rev. John Jasper, 
the negro preacher who made himself famous by his "Sun Do 
Move" sermon, died the 30th, and his body lay in state in Zion 
Baptist Church, of which he was pastor. Maj. R. S. Archer, a 
popular .citizen, superintendent of the Tredegar Works, died the 
30th ; Thomas L. Alf riend, a prominent business man, April 19th ; 
Rev. Joseph H. Riddick, of the Virginia Methodist Conference, 
died at the home of his son, J. R. Riddick, the 30th ; A. Langstaff 
Johnston, a well known electrical engineer, May 15th; Prof. W. D. 
Thomas, of Richmond College, died in Baltimore the 21st, and was 



1902] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 483 

buried in Hollywood the 23d ; Rev. J. R. Harrison, of Fulton Bap- 
tist Church, June 24th ; Leroy S. Edwards, long one of the leading 
teachers of the city, July 25th. George W. Anderson, of the firm 
of George "W. Anderson & Sons, died at his home, 611 east Leigh 
street, November 1st, John Scott the 17th, Sergeant J. A. Cosby 
December 14th. 

Richmond, during the first year of the new century, set a good 
pace for the coming years, for she made great strides forward in 
commerce, manufacturing, and social and religious development. 
When 1902 opened the city was true to the spirit of the past in 
pressing onward "to the stars." 

A. J. Montague was on January 1st inaugurated the sixty-seventh 
Governor of the State. A crowd that taxed the capacity of the 
Hall of the House of Delegates gathered before noon to witness 
the ceremony. The Constitutional Convention was in session. 
President John Goode was in the chair, and many distinguished 
citizens were present. Dr. T. B. Thame, the Governor's pastor, 
conducted the religious exercises. Ex-Governor Tyler was on the 
platform near the Governor-elect. After the address by Governor 
Montague Judge Keith administered the oath to him and to Lieu- 
tenant Governor Willard. This is the only time a Governor of 
Virginia was inaugurated before a Constitutional Convention. At 
night Governor and Mrs. Montague gave a reception at the man- 
sion. 

The first State Convention of the Anti-Saloon League was held 
at Grace Street Baptist Church January 16th. Dr. S. C. Mitchell,, 
of Richmond College, was president. Judge W. H. Mann and Dr.. 
J. B. Hawthorne were among the speakers. Dr. C. S. Gardner, 
the pastor, delivered an address of welcome. There were not many 
delegates, but it was a favorable beginning. Dr. C. H. Crawford 
was made superintendent of the League. 

There was a spirited contest for the nomination for mayor be- 
tween Carlton McCarthy and R. M. Taylor. Night after night 
meetings were held and the candidates addressed the voters. The 
primary was held April 10th and Taylor again received the nomi- 
nation. 

For vears there had been a stubborn fight here between the Trac- 



484 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1902 

tion Company and the Passenger and Power Company, the old 
company trying to keep the new company off of Main street. Public 
meetings were held and at times it looked as if there would be 
bloodshed. This was stopped April 23d, when all the companies 
agreed to unite, forming the Virginia Passenger and Power Com- 
pany with Fritz Sitterding as president. A mortgage of $10,000,- 
000 was placed on the property to effect the consolidation. 

An old landmark disappeared this year. To make place for the 
Virginia State Insurance Company's building the former home of 
Dr. Moses D. Hoge, corner Main and Fifth streets, was pulled 
down. Before Dr. Hoge occupied the house it was the home of 
Maj. James Gibbon, one of the well known citizens of the past and 
long collector of customs of the port of Eichmond, whose son. 
Lieutenant Gibbon, as has been stated, was killed in the awful 
theatre fire of 1811 while trying to rescue the lady to whom he was 
engaged. 

The Board of Managers of the Home for Needy Confederate 
"Women met May 9th at the residence of Mrs. L. 0. Miller to plan 
for a new building. At the last session tlie Legislature appro- 
priated $5,000 for the work, and for some time a small home was 
conducted on Grove avenue. The building was not erected, but this 
splendid work was carried on at the Old Powell School building 
on Grace street near Foushee. 

It was proposed to erect a memorial arch to Jefferson Davis on 
Broad and Twelfth streets and the matter was discussed for some 
time. The model of Louis A. Gudebrod, of New York, was ac- 
cepted by the Association June 5th, but the site was not determined 
upon. This model was never used, as will be seen later. 

The operatives of the street car lines struck July 16th, and the 
next day for the first time since Richmond had had the trolley 
system no cars were running and all the city was walking. Many 
feared trouble and thought that the military companies should be 
■called out, but both sides agreed to submit the matter to arbitra- 
tion. The men chose Edgar Fergusson and J. Linwood Puller 
to represent them and tlie company chose J. D. Carneal and W. S. 
Forbes, and these chose J. B. Pace as the fifth man. After hear- 
in sr both sides the arbitrators allowed an increase which amounted 



1902] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 485 

to $50,000 a year to the company. The men Tvent back to work 
and the cars ran as usual. 

A paragraph may be given to some matters of interest. Judge 
J. C. Lamb resigned his seat as judge of the Chancery Court July 
8th, to take effect October 6th, and Judge Daniel Grinnan was ap- 
pointed in his place. The big auditorium at the Fair Grounds was 
struck by lightning July 10th and burned to the ground. Capt. 
John Lamb defeated Jefferson Wallace in the primary held in 
September for the nomination for Congress. An interesting scene 
was that which took place in front of City Hall when $15,000 
worth of gambling paraphernalia captured by Oflficer Wyatt was 
publicly burned. At this time Rev. George R. Stuart, the noted 
evangelist, was conducting a meeting at Broad Street Church, of 
which Rev. "W. B. Beauchamp was pastor. The Virginia Confer- 
ence met at this same church November 12th. Bishop W. W. 
Duncan presided and Paul Whitehead was secretary. The Rich- 
mond Horse Show began a successful season at the Fair Grounds 
October 15th, John S. Wise, on behalf of the negroes, began his 
attack upon the validity of the new Constitution of the State in 
November, but his efforts were futile. The bar of the city nomi- 
nated R. Carter Scott for judge of the Circuit Court and he was 
later elected by the Legislature. 

A granite boulder in Hollywood Cemetery, to commemorate two 
hundred and twenty-four Confederate soldiers buried in the Na- 
tional Cemetery in Philadelphia, was unveiled October 25th. Miss 
Dabney Maury Halsey, granddaughter of General Dabney H. 
Maury, drew the veil. Hon. J. Taylor Ellyson presided and intro- 
duced Dr. Thomas Nelson Page, who made the address. Gen. Fitz 
Lee and Hon. John Cadwalader also made addresses. The large 
crowd present attested their honor for the brave men who sleep 
beneath the sod of a Northern State. 

The great hope which Richmond had in the Trigg Shipbuilding 
Company was dashed to the ground when on December 23d the com- 
pany was placed in the hands of a receiver. L. T. Myers, the vice 
president, was appointed receiver. This was the beginning of the 
end. It was not long before the company went out of business 



486 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1903 

and the plant was closed. Many citizens lost heavily by the enter- 
prise. 

There had died this year Herbert A. Claiborne, an old and 
prominent citizen, February 15th; Henry C. Burnett the 16th, Dr. 
William Henry Ruffner, one of the State's most prominent educa- 
tors, March 23d ; John Morton, secretary and treasurer of the Vir- 
ginia Trust Company, April 16th. He was one of the most highly 
esteemed citizen, Capt. J. Vaughan May 22d, Bishop Francis M. 
Whittle June 18th at his home on east Leigh street. He was 78 
years old. In 1868 he was elected assistant to Bishop John Johns 
and moved to Richmond in 1871. He was a notable preacher and 
was greatly beloved by the people of Richmond — a man of noble 
character and simple life, with high gifts and marked culture. His 
funeral took place from St. James Church the 20th, conducted by 
Bishop Robert A. Gibson, assisted by Revs. R. A, Goodwin, W. M. 
Clarke, and Dr. Strange. A large crowd attended and the body 
was borne to Hollywood. A. W. Traylor died the 18th, Maj. 
David N". Walker the 28th, Hugh Blair, a well known druggist, 
August 11th; Dr. J. K. Hazen, secretary of the Presbyterian 
Board of Publication, October 2d. 

When the year 1903 opened Richmond was cold and it was a 
very expensive luxury to keep warm. The strike at the coal mines 
had afforded an opportunity to put up the price of coal, and anthra- 
cite was hard to get at $15 to $20 a ton, and this, of course, car- 
ried up the prices of soft coal and wood. There was much suffer- 
ing, but in a short while "the wind was tempered to the shorn 
lambs," and the weather became like spring; thus the sun warmed 
many an aching body without the help of the coal barons. 

The city presented many signs of progress. St. Andrews Episco- 
pal Church, with its library and schools, the gifts of Miss Grace 
Arents, was opened January 4th, Rev. Thomas Semmes rector. The 
newspapers of Richmond had been equal to any in the country. 
Such men as Thomas Ritchie, John M. Daniel, John Hampden 
Pleasants, Henry K. Ellyson, and others had made a reputation 
for the city's papers. The Dispatch, the leading paper of the city, 
which was founded in 1850, closed its issue January 25th, and the 
Times, which was founded in 1886, consolidated with it and formed 



1903] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 487 

The Times-Dispatch. The News and the Leader also consolidated, 
forming the News Leader. There was another consolidation at this 
time which ended a fight lasting eight years. The first telephone 
introduced in Virginia was brought from the Philadelphia Cen- 
tennial by Col. C. E. McClure. A local exchange was started in 
Richmond in 1879 by the Bell Company. In 1894 the Chamber 
of Commerce complained of the service and of the rates and a home 
company was organized. Then the fight began. The Bell Company 
applied to Judge Goff, of the United States Circuit Court, for an 
injunction restraining the home company. Judge Goff decided 
that the Bell Company had no right to the streets of Richmond and 
denied the relief and dismissed the injunction. Both companies 
then went to work to install large plants and the fight continued 
until January 26th this year, when the rival companies consoli- 
dated. Judge Waddill enjoined the telephone merger but later 
dismissed the injunction, and the Richmond Telephone Company 
went out of existence February 28th. 

The session of the Legislature this year was of especial interest. 
The Halsey Bill to put a statue of General Lee in Statuary Hall in 
Washington had attracted attention, but there were two measures 
that had stirred Richmond and the whole State as few had before. 
One was the bill offered by Judge William Hodges Mann, known 
as the "Mann Bill," which abolished the sale of liquor in the 
country and restricted it in the towns and cities. After a strenuous 
fight before the Senate and House committees the bill was passed 
by the Senate March 26th with only five dissenting votes. It 
passed the House April 9th by a vote of 55 to 32, and Governor 
Montague signed it the 16th. Few measures have done more for 
the moral uplift of the State than this one. The other exciting 
measure was the removal of Judge Clarence J. Campbell, of the 
Amherst County Court. Judge Campbell summoned Rev. Dr. C. 
H. Crawford, superintendent of the Virginia Anti-Saloon League, 
to appear before him to answer the charge of contempt of court 
for an article Crawford had written in the League paper criticising 
Campbell. Judge Mann appeared with Crawford as his attorney 
June 24, 1902. The case was dismissed, and as Dr. Crawford was 
leaving the court-house Judge Campbell left the bench and over- 



488 RICHMOND- HER PAST AND PRESENT [1903 

taking him said : "I gave you an opportunity to apologize and 
you would not, now I give you this." With that he began to cow- 
hide the minister, striking him eight or ten times with a horse- 
whip before any one could interfere. Campbell was tried by a 
jury in August and was acquitted, but the matter did not end here. 
Members of the bar in Lynchburg took the case up and asked the 
Legislature to investigate it and if Campbell was guilty to remove 
him. This was done and the removal proceedings were instituted 
in January. Maj. Holmes Conrad appeared for Campbell and 
Aubrey Strode and J. Thompson Brown for the prosecution. Rich- 
mond became very much excited over the case as it progressed 
day by day. At last the comjnittee reported through its chairman, 
R. B. Davis, recommending the removal of Judge Campbell. The 
House adopted the report April 9th by a vote of 63 to 18, and the 
Senate concurred May 9th by a vote of 21 to 13, thus removing 
Campbell. Judge J. M. White was elected to fill his place. 

There were some matters, social and religious, that claimed at- 
tention. A brilliant bazaar, under the auspices of the Daughters 
of the Confederacy, for the benefit of the Davis Monument, opened 
April 15th. Mrs. Joseph Bryan was president of the Association. 
The prominent educators of the South gathered here to attend the 
Conference of Southern Educators, Robert Ogden president, which 
opened at the Academy of Music April 22d. Governor Montague 
and Dr. Lyman Abbott were among those who made addresses. 
It was proposed to erect a Confederate battle abbey in Richmond, 
and on May 4th the Council appropriated $50,000 towards helping 
forward the project. The Methodists of the city began the celebra- 
tion of the bi-centenary of the birth of John Wesley, their founder. 
May 17th. Bishop John C. Granbery, Dr. J. J. Tigert, and many 
other distinguished men of that denomination made addresses on 
the occasion. Rev. W. B. Beauchamp, of Broad Street Church, was 
chairman of the committee on arrangements. Reference has been 
made to the efforts of the Catholics to build a handsome cathedral 
in the western part of the city. Thomas Ryan and his wife gave 
the church $250,000 for this purpose and the work was begun on 
the lot already purchased. The cornerstone was laid June 4th. 
A large crowd was present. Apostolic Delegate Diomede Fal- 



1903] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 489 

conio, Bishops Van de Vyver, Donalioe, and Keiley, and Dr. D. J. 
O'Connell took part in the ceremony. Rev. William Reardon, of 
New York, preached the sermon. The new edifice was called the 
Cathedral of the Sacred Heart. 

Another dispute arose between the motormen and conductors 
and the Virginia Passenger and Power Company. The Richmond 
Union of the Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Em- 
ployees asked an increase in wages for men on the main line, motor- 
men from 18H to 22 cents per hour, conductors 17J^ to 21, and on 
the branch lines motormen 16/^ to 18 and conductors 15/^ to 17 
cents. They also asked that in case of the dismissal of an employee 
the matter be arbitrated. The company refused the demands, stat- 
ing that the cost of operating the road exceeded the receipts, as was 
sho\\Ti by the books, which were open for inspection; that the in- 
crease asked for would aggregate $80,000 a year, and that the 
percentage of receipts now paid in wages was greater than that of 
any other city, being 31 per cent., and further that to arbitrate 
the question of dismissal of an employe would take from the com- 
pany the power of discipline. When the Union received the reply of 
S. W. Huif, the general manager, a meeting was held in Old 
Market Hall, and at 3 A. M. June 17th it was decided to strike. 
No cars were run on that day, but on the 18th the company under- 
took to run cars with strike-breakers, and this was the beginning 
of trouble. Rioting began, and although special police were sworn 
in the trouble continued. Missives were thrown into the cars, the 
men on them were hurt in many cases, the tracks were blocked, 
and attempts were made to burn the car barns and bridges. All 
efforts at arbitration failed, and the company insisted upon running 
the cars and the men seemed determined that they should not run. 
The trouble grew worse day by day and business was almost para- 
lyzed ; many feared that there would be bloodshed. Mayor Taylor 
on June 23d called upon the Governor for troops, and the Richmond 
Blues, Howitzers and First Regiment were ordered out. These were 
not sufficient to guard the property and keep order, so Company A, 
Lynchburg Home Guard ; B, Staunton Rifles ; C, Danville Light In- 
fantry ; F, the Washington Guards, of Fredericksburg ; H, the Mon- 
ticello Guards, were ordered to Richmond. It looked as if the days of 



490 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1903 

war had come again. The trouble continued^, and day after day there 
were outbreaks; sometimes men in ambush would fire upon the 
soldiers and they would return the fire. Never before in the his- 
tory of Eiehmond had there been such disorder in the times of 
peace. Manchester also called for troops, and July 4th one man, 
L. Taylor, was killed there in a riot. At one time there were six- 
teen companies of soldiers here under orders. The rioting did not 
cease until July 23d, when the troops were withdrawn. On the 
24th a meeting on behalf of the strikers was held at the Academy 
of Music. C. M. Wallace, Jr., E. C. Folkes, and Col. M. L. Spots- 
wood made addresses. The strike was called off by the street car 
men August 24th after it had cost the men, the company, the city, 
and the State nearly a quarter of a million dollars. 

As a memorial to his daughter Charlotte, who was drowned, 
whose death has been mentioned, John L. Williams gave $160,000 
to establish a hospital. Memorial Hospital was incorporated Octo- 
ber 12, 1899, Dr. R. S. Bosher president, John L. Williams first 
vice president, E. Randolph Williams secretary, Fred E. Nolting 
treasurer. A site was secured at Broad and Twelfth streets and 
work was begun at once. Much credit for securing the hospital 
for the city is due to Drs. George Ben Johnston, Christopher Tomp- 
kins, and Lewis Bosher, and the people will ever be grateful to 
John L. Williams for his munificent gift. Memorial Hospital was 
opened for patients July 27th this year. It is one of the largest 
and most complete institutions of its kind in the South. 

The following October Richmond was greatly disturbed to learn 
that the banking house of John L. Williams & Sons, in connec- 
tion with J. W. Middendorf & Co., of Baltimore, was embarrassed. 
The sympathy of all the people were with them, and their confi- 
dence in these men was such that they believed they would yet get 
on their feet. Their assets were in excess of their liabilities, and 
it was the universal desire of the city that they should weather the 
storm, which they did with ability but not without some loss. 

The cornerstone of Immanuel Baptist Church, corner of Leigh 
and Fifth streets, was laid September 26th by Temple Lodge, No. 
9, J. T. English master. Drs. J. B. Hawthorne and George Cooper 
made addresses. The church was dedicated November 5, 1905. 



1903] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 491 

Dr. W. E. Hatcher preached the sermon. The old Swan Tavern, 
an old landmark on the north side of Broad between Eighth and 
Ninth streets, was pulled down in October to make place for a 
modern building. 

The Legislature made an appropriation of $500 to defray the 
expenses of removing the remains of the wife and daughter, Mrs. 
Gouveneur, of Ex-President James Monroe, from their former 
home, Oak Hill, in Loudon county, to Hollywood. The caskets 
reached Richmond November 18th. They were met at Byrd Street 
depot by a large crowd of citizens and the Sons of the American 
Revolution, the Daughters of the Revolution, the Colonial Dames, 
the Mount Vernon Association, the Society of Cincinnati, and the 
Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. When the 
long procession reached Hollywood the sacred dust was lowered into 
the earth near the grave of Ex-President Monroe. Bishop Robert 
A. Gibson conducted the religious service, assisted by Revs. J. J. 
Gravatt and Meade Clarke. Senator John W. Daniel made an 
address. 

At the election in November C. J. Anderson, S. L. Kelley, C. M. 
Wallace, Jr., E. P. Cox, and E. B. Thomason were elected to rep- 
resent Richmond in the House of Delegates. 

The Gallego Mills were for the fourth time destroyed by fire 
Sunday, December 27th. The flames started in the top of the 
building and in a short while the whole structure was on fire. The 
firemen were unable to check it, and the fire brands blowing over 
the city threatened a general conflagration. It was a grand spec- 
tacle, but the loss was great, reaching $260,000. The mill was 
owned by Warner Moore & Co., and was partially insured. 

This year many of Richmond's prominent citizens passed into 
the Great Beyond. Judge John Christian Lamb, one of the lead- 
ing lawyers, died at his home, 827 west Grace street. His funeral 
was from St. James Episcopal Church. The bar paid a splendid 
tribute to his ability and character. John Bowers, February 8th; 
Dr. J. L. M. Curry, one of the most distinguished educators in the 
South, died in Asheville the 12th. His remains were brought here 
and lay in state in Richmond College, with which he had long been 
connected. His funeral took place from the college the 15th, con- 



492 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1903 

ducted by Dr. W. C. Bitting, Bishop C. B. Galloway, Dr. C. H. 
Eyland, and Dr. George Cooper. Among those present were Eobert 
G. Ogden, J. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Wallace Buttrick, President 
Eoosevelt and John D. Rockefeller sent flowers. The interment 
was in Hollywood. W. R. Trigg died at his residence, 714 west 
Franklin street, the 16th. He was one of the founders of the Loco- 
motive Works, being the first to conceive the idea of turning the 
Tanner & Delaney works into this enterprise. He also started the 
shipbuilding plant which bore his name. The funeral was from 
Holy Trinity the 18th. Rev. J. J. Gravatt, the rector, officiated. 
W. H. Tatum, one of the oldest grocers of the city, died the 23d. 
Rev. Dr. W. E. Edwards died at Ashland March 5th and his re- 
mains were brought here and buried in Hollywood. He was at 
one time pastor of Centenary Church. Major Norman V. Ran- 
dolph, a Confederate veteran and one of the most public-spirited 
citizens, died the 13th. His funeral was from St. Peters and the 
veterans and soldiers, with many citizens, followed his remains to 
the cemetery. William H. Cullingworth died the 24th, David J. 
Baldwin May 7th, E. B. Chesterman August 10th, Rev. B. M. 
Randolph, rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church, the 11th; George 
K. Taylor, long clerk of the Court of Appeals, the 22d; Judge 
Edmund Christian Minor, a distinguished lawyer and judge of 
the Law and Equity Court, died in Norwich, Conn., whither he 
had gone for his health. His remains were brought here September 
10th and he was buried from Holy Trinity the 11th. A large 
concourse of people followed the corpse to Hollywood. The bar 
selected Judge John H. Ingram to succeed him. Gen. Bradley T. 
Johnson died October 5th at Rock Castle and his remains were 
brought here and lay in state in the Capitol. The Lee and Pickett 
camps and the Seventieth Regiment accompanied the body to the 
depot and it was forwarded to Baltimore for interment. Joseph 
W. Laube, who himself had consigned many to the grave, died the 
13th. Maj. Charles R. Skinker, a brave soldier and a popular citi- 
zen, died December 17th. 

Despite the disorder in the stock market, Richmond made steady 
progress in the past year, and when 1904 came it was greeted by 
many new buildings, especially in the Lee District. 



1904] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 493 

The McGuire Monument Association had been diligently work- 
ing to erect a statue to the memory of Dr. Hunter McGuire. Wil- 
liam Couper, a A'irginia artist, designed it and it was cast by the 
Gorham Manufacturing Company, of New York. January 7th at 
1 P. M. was the time set for the unveiling. The site selected was 
on Capitol Square near the statue of Dr. McGuire's old commander, 
Stonewall Jackson. A crowd of people gathered to witness the cere- 
mony, and the military companies and veterans were out in large 
numbers. Rev. Dr. J. P. Smith, who was associated with Dr. Mc- 
Guire on Jackson's staff, opened the exercises with prayer. Judge 
George L. Christian, on behalf of the Association, presented the 
statue to the State, and Governor Montague received it. J. Holmes 
Conrad, of Winchester, Dr. McGuire's native town, made the ad- 
dress. Hunter McGuire, Jr., a grandson, drew the veil and the 
Howitzers fired a salute. The following inscription was placed on 
the stone : 

Hunter Holmes McGuire, M.D., LL.D., 

President of tlie American Medical and of the 

American Surgical Associations, 

Founder of the University College of Medicine, 

Medical Director of Jackson's Corps of 

Army of Northern Virginia, 

An Eminent Civil and Military Surgeon 

and a Beloved Physician, 

An Able Teacher and a Vigorous Writer, 

A Useful Citizen and a Broad Humanitarian, 

Gifted in Mind and Great in Heart, 
This Monument is erected by his many friends. 

Some matters of interest must at least have a mere mention. 
Two Richmond women who had made for themselves a name in the 
world of literature — Miss Mary Johnson also made Richmond her 
home — this month added to their works. Miss Ellen Glasgow 
presented "The Deliverance," and Mrs. Charles G. Bosher ^^hen 
Love is Love." The General Assembly of 1901-2-3 adjourned 
January 12th and the new Assembly met the 13th. They elected 
Maj. John W. Daniel United States Senator for the fourth time 
the 26th and the next day he addressed the joint session. The 
Anti-Saloon League held its State convention at the Second Bap- 
tist Church, comer Main and Sixth streets, the 13th. Dr. S. C. 



494 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1904 

Mitchell was president. Judge Beverly E. Wellford, who for thirty- 
four years had filled the position of judge of the Circuit Court 
of Eichmond and Henrico county with marked ability, resigned 
his seat and was succeeded by Judge E. Carter Scott. The lawyers 
gave the retiring judge a farewell dinner at the Westmoreland Club 
February 2d. Among those who responded to toasts besides Judge 
Wellford were Judges Scott, Witt, and Meredith, and Major String- 
fellow. The State Convention of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciations opened at the Second Presbyterian Church March 3d. Gov- 
ernor Montague and Dr. Sussell Cecil, pastor of the church, made 
addresses of welcome. 

Eichmond, as few other cities could, sympathized with her sister 
city Baltimore in her great loss by fire Sunday, February 7th. The 
fire raged in the heart of the city for fifteen hours and destroyed 
two hundred million dollars worth of property. The Council and 
Aldermen met the 9th and sent resolutions of sympathy to the 
stricken city. 

The cornerstone of Beth Ahaba Synagogue, on Franklin street, 
was laid March 4th by Fraternal Lodge, No. 53. Thomas N. Davis 
was master, J. Thompson Brown chief marshal, and Charles Hutz- 
ler chairman of the building committee. Dr. E. N. Calisch, the 
rabbi, conducted the religious exercises. The work progressed 
rapidly, and December 9th the building was dedicated. Dr. Samuel 
Sale, of St. Louis, made the address. Miss Mildred Calisch, on 
behalf of the building committee, presented the key to Julius 
Straus, president of the congregation. The perpetual lamp, pre- 
sented by H. S. Hutzler, was lighted by Alfred Moses, the oldest 
member of the congregation. 

The new Presbyterian publishing house, on sixth street between 
Broad and Grace, was dedicated March 26th. Dr. J. P. Smith, 
chairman of the publishing committee, delivered the keys to E. E. 
Magill, the secretary. Dr. G. B. Strickler offered the dedicatory 
prayer. The new Eichmond Hotel was opened for the reception of 
guests April 4th. 

An important meeting held in Eichmond March 28th was the 
Co-operative Educational Convention of Virginia. That which has 
to do with the proper education of youth is one of the most power- 



1904] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 495 

ful agencies in building up a city and establishing a State. Gover- 
nor Montague presided and Capt. C. E. Vawter, who had done such 
splendid work at the Miller Manual Labor School, spoke, as did 
also John Stewart Bryan. 

Another exciting contest for the nomination for mayor opened 
with the spring. Captain Carlton McCarthy again contested the 
seat of Mayor E. M. Taylor. Warm speeches were made, and April 
26th McCarthy was nominated by 139 majority, and was subse- 
quently elected. 

Richmond was adding to the number of her handsome churches 
almost monthly. The cornerstone of the new Second Baptist 
Church, corner of Franklin and Adams streets, was laid July 16, 
by Eichmond Lodge, No. 10. Grand Master Thomas N. Davis 
presided. Addresses were made by Dr. E. M. Long and also by 
Dr. W. E. L. Smith, the pastor. This church was dedicated Feb- 
ruary 11, 1906, Dr. W. W. Landrum, a former pastor, preaching 
the sermon. 

The old Capitol, which had sheltered many of the nation's noblest 
patriots, was now in a wrecked condition. The Houdon statue had 
been taken down and boxed and placed in a corrugated iron house 
on the Square. Now the roof was off of the historic building, but 
it was not the result of a storm nor the effects of a fire, only the 
work of the contractor, W. A. Chesterman, who had secured the con- 
tract for repairing the building and adding two wings according 
to the plan of J^ Kevan Peebles, which had been accepted. The 
work was begun in July and was completed December 1, 1905, at 
a cost of $169,000. 

Eichmond took part in another notorious murder case. Samuel 
H. McCue, ex-mayor of Charlottesville, was arrested September 
7th for the brutal murder of his wife on the night of the 4th. The 
sheriff came to Eichmond and summoned a venire of fifty men, and 
out of that number three jurors were secured. Dr. Jud. B. Wood, 
A. E. Heinrich, and John Traylor. McCue was found guilty 
November 5th and was hanged February 10th after confessing 
his crime. 

Miss May Handy, one of Eichmond's fairest daughters, was mar- 
ried September 28th, at 211 east Franklin street, to James Brown 



49^ RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1904 

Potter, of New York. Eev. G. Otis Mead, of Christ Church, per- 
formed the ceremony. A large crowd gathered on the street to get 
a glimpse of the beautiful bride. 

The time was at hand for another presidential election. The 
State Democratic Convention met in Richmond June 9th. James 
Hay was chairman and Joseph Button secretary. The convention 
endorsed Alton B. Parker but did not instruct the delegates. John 
W. Daniel, Thomas S. Martin, Caperton Braxton, and Governor 
Montague were elected delegates at large to the National Conven- 
tion, which met at St. Louis. The convention nominated Alton 
B. Parker for President and Henry G. Davis for Vice President. 
The Republicans at Chicago nominated Theodore Roosevelt for 
President and Charles W. Fairbanks for Vice President. Rich- 
mond took less interest in this election than in any presidential 
election which had been held for years. The vote was very small : 
Parker received 3,891 and Roosevelt 597; Capt. John Lamb re- 
ceived 3,911 for Congress and Edgar Allen, Jr., 419. Parker's 
majority in the State was 34,188, although he received only eighty 
thousand votes. This was due to the restricted electorate, which 
disfranchised many negroes. 

Two important meetings were held in the city in December. 
A meeting was held the 8th at the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation Hall to further the progress of Richmond. John C. Free- 
man was chairman and Mayor McCarthy and John Stewart Bryan 
spoke. The other meeting was held at the Academy of Music 
the 16th. Governor Montague presided. The purpose of this gath- 
ering was wider in scope than the other; it was to endorse the move- 
ment for international peace. Truly a great aim, and one that 
should be reached. The speakers were Dr. Dennis J. O'Connell, 
of the Catholic University at Washington; Dr. Thomas Nelson 
Page, and Dr. S. C. Mitchell, of Richmond College. A large and 
cultured audience was present and resolutions urging the arbitra- 
tion of international difficulties and advocating peace were passed. 

Men prominent in the city's life died this year also. Robert S. 
Bosher died January 13th, R. M. Blankenship the 22d, Rev. Wil- 
liam Meyer, rector of St. Mary's German Catholic Church, March 
14th; Capt. W. S. Taylor April 17th, John Addison the 24th, 



1905] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 497 

M. P. Hudnall May 7th, Virginius Kewton, president of the First 
National Bank, May 26th; Major Mann Tage the 28th, Col. W. D. 
Chesternian, of the editorial staff of the Times-Dispatch, the 29th; 
George D. Pleasants, one of the oldest citizens, June 21st; Captain 
Shinberger, who was shot in the performance of his police duties 
by a negro July 3d; Dr. W. B. Gray, November 24th; J. E. V. 
Daniel, a well known attorney, the 26th. 

One standing at the threshold of 1905 and looking back over the 
past year would give the just verdict that it was the best in the 
city's history. A good standard by which to measure prosperity 
is the bank accounts of the people ; this year the individual deposits 
increased nearly five millions. The manufacturing industries and 
the jobbing trade also showed a large increase. The good work of 
the past encouraged the people to press on to better attainments. 
The Public Library Association, with James K. Gordon as presi- 
dent, was earnest in its efforts to secure a library for the city. The 
Joint Committee of Progress, J. Stewart Bryan chairman, which 
represented the various business organizations of the city, took up 
the question of a Greater Richmond. Their plan was to annex the 
district surrounding the city — Fulton Hill, Fairmount, Highland 
Park, Barton Heights, and a large area in Lee District. Public 
meetings were held and the Council was urged to pass the ordinance 
as prepared by the Association. Strong opposition developed for 
some reason, and when the Council acted it passed a substitute 
ordinance, which the Board of Aldermen rejected. Another ordi- 
nance was prepared, known as the "Mills Plan," and this was 
vetoed by Mayor McCarthy. Finally an ordinance was passed 
August 7th which carried out the ideas of the business men, with 
some exceptions, among which was the leaving out of the Cedar 
Works, Locomotive Works, Highland Park, and Barton Heights, 
and this was approved by the mayor. The matter was then taken 
into Henrico county, Judge Nicol being appointed to hear the case. 
He granted the petition for annexation February 15, 1906, and 
3,000 acres, 12,000 people, and $3,500,000 worth of property was 
added to the city. An appeal was taken by the county authorities, 
but the Court of Appeals December 6, 1906, affirmed the judgment 
of the lower court and annexation was accomplished. 



498 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1905 

Another important business organization which was called into 
being this 3'ear was the Association of Retail Merchants. T. A. 
Miller was president, Samuel Cohen vice president, and J. H. 
Kaufmann treasurer. The object of the Association was to advance 
the city's interest by mutual efforts and to protect the individual 
merchant. 

Life without the social element is mechanical and barren, and 
this is true both of the individual and the community. With all 
the business enterprises, therefore, Richmond has never forgotten 
the things social. A banquet was given at the Masonic Temple to 
the members of the late Constitutional Convention. Otway S. 
Allen, C. V. Meredith, Eppa Hunton, and George D. Wise were 
on the committee of arrangements. Among those who responded 
to toasts were Governor Montague, Mayor McCarthy, Joseph Bryan, 
A. C. Braxton, and R. Walton Moore. There was much disap- 
pointment that "Virginia's Grand Old Man," John Goode, could 
not be present. The University of Virginia Alumni gave a ban- 
quet at the Commonwealth Club March 23d in honor of President- 
elect Dr. E. A, Alderman. He was installed April 13th. Murry 
H. McGuire was toastmaster. Governor Montague responded to 
the toast, "The University Ideals in Public Life" ; Dr. Stuart Mc- 
Guire, "The Alumni;" W. R. Abbott, "The Old Regime," and Dr. 
Alderman, "The University of Virginia." At night Dr. Alderman 
spoke at the Academy of Music on the work of education. The 
General Society of Cincinnati held its triennial meeting in Rich- 
mond May 10th. Winslow Warren, of Boston, was president. Dr. 
George Ben Johnston, one of the oflBcers for Virginia, made an ad- 
dress of welcome. A banquet was given the visitors at the West- 
moreland the night of the 10th. Among the distinguished guests 
who were present and spoke was M. Jusserand, the French Ambas- 
sador. The following night Dr. and Mrs. Johnston entertained the 
Society at their home on Grace street. The Farmers' National 
Congress met in the Masonic Temple September 13th, Governor 
Montague, Mayor McCarthy, and John C. Freeman, vice president 
of the Chamber of Commerce, extended to these visitors the rights 
and privileges of the city. 

Another visitor came to the city in October and great prepara- 



1905] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 499 

tion was made for his reception. The city was decorated with flags 
and bunting and crowds filled the streets. When he arrived at the 
Chesapeake and Ohio depot there was a great bh)wing of whistles, 
ringing of bells, and booming of cannon. And when President 
Theodore Roosevelt and his wife appeared at the Main street 
entrance a great cheer went up. Governor Montague, Mayor Mc- 
Carthy, the Virginia Military Institute and the Blacksburg Cadets, 
the Seventieth Regiment, the Howitzers and the Blues, and a multi- 
tude of people met him. Mrs. Montague accompanied Mrs. Roose- 
velt to the Mansion, where a reception was tendered her. The 
President rode in a parade around the cit}' and came to Capitol 
Square, where he addressed an audience of thousands. He was 
then escorted to the Masonic Temple, where four hundred citizens 
sat down to dinner with him. In the afternoon he was driven to 
the historical places in the city, and left at 7 P. M. It was a great 
ovation which was given him and he appreciated it. Turning to 
Dr. Thomas N^elson Page he said : "Tom, I wouldn't have missed 
this day for anything in the world. It has been glorious." 

The cornerstone of the Church of the Covenant was laid October 
28th, in the presence of the Synod of Virginia, by Metropolitan 
Lodge, No. 11, J. W. Eggleston, Jr., officiating. Dr. Newton 
Donaldson, moderator of the Synod, offered prayer, and Dr. Rus- 
sell Cecil made the address. Dr. J. Calvin Stewart was pastor. 

This was a year of great political activity among the Democrats. 
Governor Montague opposed Senator Thomas S. Martin for the 
nomination for United States Senator, and each was speaking 
over tiie State. Claude Swanson, Judge Mann, and Joseph E. 
Willard were in the race for the nomination for Governor. The 
primary was held August 22d and Richmond gave Martin 2,345, 
Montague 2,273, Swanson 1,801, Mann 900, Willard 2,015; for 
Lieutenant Governor, J. Alston Cabell 2,640, J. Taylor Ellyson 
1,841; for Attorney General, W. A. Anderson 3,535, S. W. Wil- 
liams 1,185. Martin was nominated for Senator by a majority of 
9,713. Swanson was nominated for Governor, receiving 41,182 
votes, Mann 20,073, and Willard 19,545. J. Taylor Ellyson was 
nominated for Lieutenant Governor and W. A. Anderson Attorney 
General. In September Joseph Willard was appointed to the Cor- 



600 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1905 

poration Commission to succeed Henry Fairfax who resigned. The 
Eepublicans nominated Judge L. L. Lewis for Governor, William P. 
Kent Lieutenant Governor, and George A. Eevercomb Attorney 
General. At the election in November Richmond gave Swanson 
3,259 votes and Lewis 423. Swanson carried the State by a large 
majority. 

The Reaper's Scythe this year cut down many who had stood high 
in the field of life's activities. J. W. Boatwright died January 10th. 
While a crowd of skaters were enjoying the sport at Reservoir Park 
the 16th the ice broke and E. J. Brand, R. B. Thompson, and E. P. 
Meher were drowned. Judge A. M. Keiley, of the International 
Court of Appeals, Cairo, Egypt, a former well known citizen of 
Richmond, was run down and killed in Paris the 30th. Maj. J. W. 
Pegram died in Philadelphia the 31st, Col. George W. Miles died 
at Memorial Hospital February 25th, Rev. P. B. Price, an aged 
Presbyterian minister, March 8th. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee died in 
Washington April 28th on his way from Boston to Richmond. Pro- 
found and universal regret over the death of this gallant soldier 
and illustrious Virginian was everywhere expressed. At the time 
of his death he was president of the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany and was doing good work for the company. A special train 
brought his body here May 1st. Five thousand people were at Elba 
to meet it. Companies A, B, C, F, and H, of the Seventieth Regi- 
ment, under Col. George Wayne Anderson; the Blues, under Maj. 
L. L. Cheatwood; the Howitzers, under Capt. M. M. Myers, and 
Lee and Pickett camps accompanied the casket, which was placed 
on a caisson and drawn by six black horses to City Hall, where 
the remains lay in state under guard of a detachment of soldiers. 
Thousands passed by to take a last look at the face of the brave 
leader. The funeral took place from St. Pauls Church May 4th 
at 2 P. M. Bishop A. M. Randolph officiated, assisted by Revs. B. 
D. Tucker, L. R. Mason, and E. E. Barnwell. A vast throng of 
people filled the church and lined the streets from the church to 
Hollywood. The military companies of the State, the Confederate 
veterans, companies from Maryland, and many organizations were 
in line. Ex-Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall was chief marshal. All 
business was suspended, and Richmond stood with uncovered head 



1905] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 501 

to honor General Lee, the hero of three wars. After the remains 
were placed beneath the sod in beautiful Hollywood, which holds 
such precious dust, a salute was fired and the great multitude 
slowly and sadly returned to the city. The next day a mass 
meeting was held at Lee Camp Hall to arrange for a suitable 
monument to this distinguished soldier. Maj. E. T, D. Myers, 
president of the R., F. & P. railroad, an ex-officer of the Confederate 
States army, and a citizen prominent in the affairs of Richmond, 
died May 13th. His funeral was from Holy Trinity Church and 
he was buried in Hollywood. While the funeral was in progress 
every wheel on the R., F. & P. road was stopped five minutes. Maj. 
John W. Johnston, another brave Confederate soldier, died the 
22d. Judge Joseph Christian, formerly of the Court of Appeals 
of the State, died the 29th. Dr. B. B. Minor, a man of letters, 
once editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, who had seen John 
Randolph, John Marshall, and John C. Calhoun, died August 1st. 
Capt. J. H. O'Bannon the 15th, George L. Bidgood September 
11th. Ex-Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, lawyer, statesman, and 
author, died at his home, 903 Park avenue, September 22d. His 
funeral took place from the Second Presbyterian Church, con- 
ducted by Dr. Russell Cecil, assisted by Dr. S. C. Mitchell. Thou- 
sands of people attended. Governor Montague and his staff, the 
Seventieth Regiment, the veterans, and many others escorted the 
remains to Hollywood. Maj. Robert Stiles, a distinguished lawyer 
and a brave soldier, died October 5th. Maj. W. E. Simons the 
21st, Luther B. Vaughan November 3d, T. W. Wood the 12th, 
Stephen Putney, a large wholesale merchant, the 23d; Charles H. 
Phillips, treasurer of the city, December 6th, and on the 28th James 
B. Pace was elected to succeed him. F. J. Duke, a prominent rail- 
road official, died December 29th. 

When the city took inventory she found that she had had an- 
other prosperous year, and she entered into 1906 with great hope 
for better things. 

The Legislature assembled in the new portion of the Capitol. 
The old Hall of the House of Delegates was assigned to the Agri- 
cultural Department and the old Senate Chamber was cut up and a 
hall made through it and rooms for the Corporation Commission 



502 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1906 

and the State Board of Education fitted up. Governor Montague 
varied from the usual course, and in person read his message to the 
General Assembly. Senator Martin was elected to his third term 
as United States Senator January 23d. Governor Swanson was 
inaugurated February 1st. At noon the Legislature, the Supreme 
Court, the Corporation Commission, and a large crowd of visitors 
assembled in the llall of the House of Delegates. Speaker Card- 
well presided. The Governor and Governor-elect were escorted to 
the rostrum. Rev. J. Sidney Peters, of the Methodist Church, 
offered the prayer. Governor Swanson made his inaugural address, 
after which Judge Stafford G. Whittle administered to him the 
oath. Judge U. H. Cardwell administered the oath to Lieutenant 
Governor Ellyson. When the exercises were over many came for- 
ward to congratulate the new Governor. 

Eichmond heard with sorrow the news of the ruin wrought in 
San Francisco April 18th by earthquake and fire, and she at once 
began to do her part in relieving the sufferers. A mass meeting 
was called at the Y. M. C. A. the 20th to devise means for raising 
money for this worthy cause. Col. Jo Lane Stern was chairman 
and 0. A. Hawkins secretary. Governor Swanson, Mayor Mc- 
Carthy, and others spoke, and a committee was appointed to 
.solicit funds. 

The Chamber of Commerce held a banquet in Masonic Temple 
^May 22d to discuss Richmond's future. Egbert G. Leigh, the presi- 
dent, spoke on the relation of the Chamber to the city. Wyndham 
R. Meredith was toastmaster. More than three hundred of the 
business men of the city were present, and the spirit of enthusiasm 
marked the occasion. The general plan adopted was to advertise 
Richmond to the world. 

The statue of Ex-Governor William Smith, "Extra Billy," as he 
was called, was unveiled May 30th. W. L. Sheppard, of Richmond, 
was the artist. Judge Garnett called the assembly to order and 
Dr. J. William Jones offered prayer. Judge James Keith pre- 
sented the statue to the State and Governor Swanson received it. 
Miss Eleanor Blackwell Smith, a grand-niece, drew the veil. The 
Seventieth Regiment, the veterans, and a crowd of citizens were 



1906] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 503 

present. In the afternoon Col. Thomas Smith delivered the memo- 
rial address at Hollywood. 

Col. Joseph Button had been elected commissioner of insurance, 
but the Corporation Commission refused to allow him to qualify, 
on the ground that his election was unconstitutional. The matter 
was carried to the Court of Appeals and they issued a mandamus 
in favor of Button. 

The cornerstone of Hasker Memorial Methodist Church was laid 
by Henrico Lodge, No. 130, August 4th. Dr. W. J. Young deliv- 
ered the address. The church was dedicated March 3d. Dr. W. V. 
Tudor preached the sermon. 

Justice John Crutchfield, whose court is one of the institutions 
of the city, reached his sixty-second mile-post along the journey 
of life September 20th. For years he has been holding the scales of 
justice in the Police Court, and has been teaching the wrong-doers 
the majesty of law. On this natal day Minitree Folkes, on behalf 
of the bar and the press, presented "His Honor" with a beautiful 
bunch of roses in token of their esteem. "Justice John" was so 
touched that he wept, and could not at first speak the words of 
appreciation he desired to speak. 

A movement was started in November to erect a monument here 
to Edgar Allan Poe, and H. E. Pollard presented an ordinance 
in the Council that the city assist in the undertaking. The finance 
committee recommended that $5,000 he appropriated, but the 
matter was allowed to drop. It is to be hoped, however, that not 
many years will pass before Richmond will have a suitable monu- 
ment to Poe. 

St. James Methodist Church was dedicated November 11th. 
Bishop E. R. Hendrix preached the sermon. Rev. W. A. Cooper 
was pastor. The church was built in 1892, but was not dedicated 
until this time. 

The Cathedral of the Sacred Heart was consecrated November 
29th. Rev. J. B. O'Reilly was rector, J. J. Massey assistant, and 
Dr. Joseph Magri chancellor of the diocese. There were three 
services during the day and large crowds attended each. Apostolic 
Delegate Diomede Falconio consecrated the church. Archbishop 
Kean, of Dubuque, preached the sermon. Cardinal Gibbons was 



504 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1906 

present and took part in the services. Kev. Nolan was master of 
ceremonies. Among the representative Catholics who were present 
were Archbishops Ireland, Farley, and Eyan, Bishops Haid, Dona- 
hue, Gabriels, A. Van de Vyver, Northrup, Clem, Luddon, Meer- 
schaert, Maes, and Monsignor D. J. O'Connell. Thomas F. Ryan 
and wife, the donors, were also present. 

Prominent among those who died this year were : Simon Sycle, 
a well known merchant, January 5; Eev. Dr. J. Powell Garland, 
long presiding elder of the Methodist Church in this district, died 
in New Kent the 13th; Prof. John P. McGuire, April S9th; John 
M. Higgins, an old citizen, July 20th; Dr. James B. McCaw, one 
of the city's oldest physicians, August 13th; Capt. Thomas Ellett, 
September 18th; E. T. Pemberton the 30th. Mrs. Jefferson Davis 
died in New York October 16th. Her remains reached Eichmond 
the 19th and were buried from St. Pauls that afternoon. Eev. 
Eobert W. Forsyth, the rector, officiated, assisted by Drs. N. A. 
Seagle, L. E. Mason, J. William Jones, James P. Smith, W. V. 
Tudor, and E. N. Calisch. A vast assemblage of people gathered 
to honor this noted woman. The Confederate veterans, the 
Seventieth Eegiment, the Blues, and the Howitzers, with Gen. 
Stephen D. Lee as chief marshal, accompanied the body to Holly- 
wood, where it was laid by the side of her distinguished husband. 
Mathew F. Pleasants died November 2d ; Dr. A. E. Dickinson, one of 
the best known Baptist ministers in the South, died the 20th. He 
was for a long time editor of the Religious Herald. His funeral 
was held in the College chapel. Drs. E. H. Pitt, C. H. Eyland, 
and Eev. Eyland Knight officiated. His body was laid to rest in 
Hollywood. Dr. W. A. Lee died the 29th, J. S. Montgomery 
December 14th, and Dr. J. Hall Moore the 28th; Capt. Henry 
Hudnall the 30th. 

The year 1907 proved to be a notable year in the history of 
Eichmond, and from the beginning to the end there were events of 
importance. A conference was held January 14th, at which a move- 
ment was started which if it could have been carried to comple- 
tion would have meant much for Eichmond and the whole State. 
Joseph Bryan was chairman of the meeting and Dr. J. P. Smith 
was secretary. The proposition was to establish the University of 



1907] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 505 

Eichmond by bringing together a number of schools as separate col- 
leges under one general name, somewhat as at Oxford. The schools 
suggested were the two medical colleges here. Mechanics Institute, 
Eichmond College, the Woman's College, Randolph-Macon College, 
Union Seminary, and Hampden Sidney College. Dr. S. C. Mitchell 
was one of the leading spirits in the movement. A board of visitors 
was appointed and Joseph Bryan was elected rector, Dr. J. P. Smith 
secretary, and Thomas B. McAdams treasurer. The movement did 
not continue long, but it is to be hoped that the splendid concep- 
tion will yet bring forth fruit. 

The 19th of January was celebrated this year as it had not been 
before; it was the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Gen. 
Eobert E. Lee. Memorial services were held at St. Pauls Church, 
a portrait of General Lee was presented to the Historical Society, 
the military companies and the veterans paraded, wreaths were 
placed on the monument, and Dr. Thomas Nelson Page and E. V. 
Valentine made addresses on the life of General Lee at a memorial 
celebration at the Second Baptist Church. 

The Young Men's Christian Association in August, 1905, pur- 
chased a lot on the corner of Grace and Seventh streets, on which 
to erect a handsome building for its home. The time had now 
come to raise the money and the city was asked to give $200,000 
for the work. Joseph Bryan was made chairman of the general 
committee and N. D. Sills chairman of the young business men's 
committee. 0. A. Hawkins was president of the Association and 
S. K. McKee was secretary. The campaign began and headquarters 
were opened in the Shafer building. On January 31st $37,440 was 
lacking to make the amount necessary, but before the day closed this 
had been secured, and when the amounts were added $222,692 had 
been raised. There was loud cheering and hymns of praise were 
8ung. This liberal gift represented in some degree the value Eich- 
mond placed upon the better life of young men. 

Although Eichmond was not successful in bringing the James- 
town Exposition here, she was none the less interested in it, and 
■when it opened April 26th a large number of her citizens attended 
and the Times-Dispatch issued a special Exposition number. Hon. H. 
St. George Tucker was president and President Eoosevelt pressed 



506 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1907 

the button that started the machinery. Richmond erected a special 
building, and July 18th was Richmond day. Thousands went from 
the city that day, and Governor Swanson, John Skelton Williams, 
and others spoke. 

The Jefferson Hotel property had been acquired by the Jefferson 
Realty Corporation, Joseph Bryan president, and a new hotel, 
more elegant than the one before the fire, was planned bj^-JLJ^v^iE- 
..Peebles. The work had progressed well, and May 6th the new Jef- 
ferson was opened to the joy of all Richmond. 

Judge Beverly T. Crump resigned his position on the Corpora- 
tion Commission and on May 16th Judge R. R. Prentis was ap- 
pointed to succeed him. 

A notable gathering was that which was called to order at the 
Auditorium — the ordinance of Jacob Umlauf to convert the Third 
Market into an auditorium had been carried through and now 
Richmond had a building that could seat nearly five thousand — 
May 16th. The Southern Baptist Convention opened its session at 
this time. Hon. E. W. Stephens was president and Drs. 0. F. 
Gregory and Lansing Burrows secretaries. The Baptist hosts from 
the South began to arrive and soon the city was filled with visitors. 
The opening exercises consisted of an address by Mayor McCarthy 
and a response by Dr. J. B. Gambill, of Texas. Dr. A. J. Dickin- 
son, of Birmingham, Alabama, preached the opening sermon. Day 
after day they met and the Auditorium was crowded at each session. 
Dr. J. B. Hawthorne preached on the 18th. Wlien the missionary 
meeting was held, under the leadership of Dr. R. J. Willingham, 
of Richmond, $136,000 was pledged for the work. The convention 
adjourned the 20th, and Richmond was better because of the visit 
of these noble church leaders. 

Since the death of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart Richmond had been work- 
ing for a suitable monument to his memory, and now her labors 
were to be crowned with success. The Stuart Monument Associa- 
tion accepted Fred Moynihan's model of an equestrian statue and 
gave orders for the work. The Board of Aldermen agreed to 
appropriate $20,000 to the enterprise on condition that it be not 
erected on Capitol Square. The site chosen was at the intersection 



1907J RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 507 

of Monument avenue and Lombardy street. The statue arrived and 
was put in place April 24th, The inscription is as follows — 
On the east side : 

"General J. E. B. Stuart, Commander of Cavalry of the Army of 
Northern Virginia, Confederate States of America. Erected by his 
comrades and the City of Richmond, A. D. 1906." 

On the west side : 

"Born in Patrick County, Virginia, February 6, 1833. Died in Rich- 
mond May 12, 1864, aged 31 years. Mortally wounded in the Battle 
of Yellow Tavern May 11, 1864. He gave his life for his country and 
saved this city from destruction." 

On the north side : 

"His grateful country will mourn his loss and cherish his memory. 
To his comrades in arms he has left the proud recollection of his 
deeds and the inspiring influence of his example." — Gen. R. E. Lee to 
the Army of Northern Virginia May 20, '64. 

On the south side : 

"Tell General Stuart to act on his own judgment and to do what he 
thinks best. I have implicit confidence in him." — Stonewall Jackson 
at Chancellorsville. 

Another monument that Eichmond had been working for was 
that of Jefferson Davis. The design of W. C. Noland was accepted 
by the Davis Monument Association and E. V. Valentine was 
engaged to model the figure of Davis and the allegorical figures. 
The thirteen Doric columns were to represent the eleven States that 
seceded and the two that sent delegates to the Confederate Con- 
gress. The figure of Ex-President Davis reached Eichmond April 
18th, and was drawn by three thousand children, accompanied by 
Lee and Pickett Camps, under Commander W. B. Freeman, to the 
site on Monument avenue. Both of these statues, Stuart's and 
Davis', were to be unveiled at the Confederate Eeunion, which would 
take place in Eichmond May 30th. 

The city began to make preparations for the great event: the 
houses were decorated, places for the veterans to sleep were fitted 
up, including "Camp J. B. Gordon," and large quantities of food 



508 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1907 

were prepared. All things were ready by the 28th, when the visitors 
began to arrive. Gen. Stephen D, Lee, commander-in-chief, arrived 
on that day, and thousands greeted him when he stepped from the 
train. On the night of the 29th a reception was given at Lee Camp 
Hall. The Virginia division had a meeting at the Horse Show 
building. Gen. Stith Boiling commander. The United Confederate 
Veterans opened their session at the Auditorium. E. E. Thompson 
called the meeting to order. 

The unveiling exercises of the Stuart Monument took place May 
30th. The parade started at 2 P. M. and was headed by the Vet- 
eran Cavalry Association of Army of ISTorthern Virginia. The vet- 
erans, the sons of veterans, the soldiers, and many organizations 
followed. Gen. J. B. Gordon was chief marshal and Capt. J, 
Thompson Brown chief of staff. The streets were thronged with 
people, and when they reached the monument a vast crowd was 
there. The ceremonies were opened with prayer by Eev. W. Q. Hul- 
lihen, of General Stuart's staff. Gen. Thomas S. Garnett made 
the address. Maj. A, R. Venable introduced General Gordon, who 
presented the statue, and Mayor McCarthy received it. Virginia 
Stuart Waller, granddaughter of General Stuart, drew the veil. 
The Howitzers fired a major general's salute and the crowd dis- 
persed to their homes. 

The reunion exercises continued the 31st and June 1st. Major 
Daniel made an address of welcome and E. E. Lee, Jr., grandson of 
General Lee, also spoke. Gen. Stephen D. Lee was reelected com- 
mander-in-chief and Judge George L. Christian was made chairman 
of the committee on history. The 1st was a cold, rainy day, so 
"Camp J. B. Gordon" had to be broken up and lodging places for 
the veterans provided in more comfortable quarters. Sunday, 
June 2d, William J. Bryan addressed an audience of nearly five 
thousand at the Auditorium on "The Prince of Peace." 

Monday, the 3d, was to be another great day of the reunion, for 
on that day the monument to Jefferson Davis was to be unveiled. 
It was a bright and beautiful day and all were in fine spirits for the 
occasion. The parade started at 11 :40 A. M., and it was one of 
the grandest and most imposing ever witnessed in Richmond. Wlien 
the monument was reached there were thousands of people to wit- 



1907] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 509 

ness the unveiling of a monument to the first and only President of 
the Confederacy. Gen. Stephen D. Lee presided. He presented 
Governor Swanson, who spoke, after which Mrs. Hayes, Jefferson 
Davis' daughter, and her two sons, unveiled the statue. When it 
appeared the Howitzers fired a salute, fireworks were set off, and 
there was a great shout, after which a special choir of hundreds of 
voices sang. Gen. Clement Evans was introduced and made the 
oration. Prominent at both unveilings were Mesdames Stonewall 
Jackson, A. P. Hill, J. E. B. Stuart, William Mahone, W. H. P. 
Lee, J. E. Cooke, Magill, W. K. Cox, Lomax Logan, Miss Mary 
Custis Lee, Governor and Mrs. Warfield, Senators Daniel and Cor- 
mack, Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Bryan, Thomas Nelson Page, Justice 
Brewer, and many noted Confederate generals. 

It was a great reunion and it meant a great deal to Richmond, 
Gen. Stephen D. Lee said of it: "From the beginning to the end 
of the reunion, notwithstanding the very inclement weather dur- 
ing at least half of the time, it was beyond doubt the most successful 
reunion of the United Confederate Veterans we have had." 

Another celebration took place June 10th. It commemorated 
the three hundredth anniversary of the first landing of the white 
man where Richmond now stands. It was under the auspices of 
the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. They 
had a large boulder taken from the river and placed in Gambles 
Hill Park, on which was a bronze cross. Dr. W. V. Tudor opened 
the exercises with prayer. D. C. Richardson, J. T. Ellyson, and 
Mayor McCarthy took part. 

The first service in the new Christian Science Church took place 
June 29th. It was conducted by Mrs. Alice Bernard, the first 
reader. 

There had been some trouble in regard to the State Library and 
the board had held several meetings to adjust the matter. The 
librarian, J, P. Kennedy, finally offered his resignation and it was 
accepted. Dr. H. R. Mcllwaine, professor of English and history 
in Hampden Sidney College, was on July 6th elected to his place, 
and E. G. Swem was made his assistant. 

Holy Trinity Episcopal Church was consecrated October 1st. 
Bishop George Peterkin, of West Virginia, preached the sermon 



510 RICHMOND: HER, PAST AND PRESENT [1907 

and Bishop Gibson consecrated the church. Rev. J. J. Gravatt, the 
rector, assisted in the service. The next day in this church the open- 
ing service of the forty-fifth triennial convention of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church in America was held. The Rt. Rev. A. F. Win- 
nington-Ingram, the Bishop of London, preached the sermon, and 
all the bishops of the Church were present. Bishop D. S. Tuttle 
presided. On the evening of the 4th the Bishop of London de- 
livered an address at the Auditorium, which was filled to its fullest 
capacity. The House of Bishops was presided over by Bishop 
Lawrence and met in the Senate Chamber. The House of Deputies 
was presided over by Dr. R. H. McKim and met in St. Pauls 
Church. Bishop Ingram won the hearts of the Richmond people, 
and on the 7th he addressed a large crowd on Capitol Square. The 
convention lasted until October 19th, when the closing service, 
which was a notable one, was held in Holy Trinity Church. There 
was present at this convention only one man who was present at 
the convention which met here in 1859, the Rev. Dr. Dalton, of 
Portland, Me. Richmond took pleasure in entertaining these dis- 
tinguished visitors, and when they left all had words of apprecia- 
tion for her hospitality. 

The day after the convention the cornerstone of a Sunday school 
room on the St. Johns Church lot Avas laid. This had caused a 
fight in the Council and also in the courts. H. R. Pollard, the city 
attorney, asked for an injunction to restrain the vestry from putting 
this building in the graveyard, but it was finally allowed and the 
work begun. 

There had been a strong fight over the ordinance of W. T. Dabney 
to limit the saloons in the city to one hundred and fifty and raise 
the license fee to $500. It was finally passed December 4th and 
became a law. 

Among the deaths this year were : Capt. J. F. Chalmers January 
7th, Charles Y. Bargamin the 12th; Capt. W. G. Puller, chief of the 
Fire Department, February 3d, Capt. Louis F. Bossieux the 11th, 
Capt. W. T. West the 25th, Bishop John C. Granbery died at his 
home in Ashland April 1st and his funeral was from Centenary the 
3d, conducted by the pastor. Dr. W. J. Young, assisted by Bishop 
Hoss, Dr. W. V. Tudor, and Rev. Earnest Stevens. Bishop Gran- 



1907] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 511 

bery, before he was made bishop, was pastor of Broad Street and 
Centenary churches here. Dr. Paul Whitehead, long a presiding 
elder of the Methodist Church, who had lived many years in Eich- 
mond, died at St. Lukes Hospital April 3d, and his remains were 
carried to Charlottesville. Dr. Paul Menzel, the beloved pastor of 
St. Johns Lutheran Church, died the 8th; B. H. West the 15th, 
E. W. Powers, of the Powers-Taylor Drug Company, the 26th, J. 
J. Hickok May 10th, J. B. Winston, for many years treasurer of 
the E., F. & P. railroad, the 20th, M. F. Seay June 5th, Dr. Isaiah 
H. ^ATiite, a well known physician, the 15th, T. Seddon Bruce 
August 20th, Col. Eichard L. Maury, a brave soldier and a valuable 
citizen, October 14th, Col. E. Leslie Spence the 24th, Maj. J. H. 
Capers, a prominent Mason and a valiant Confederate soldier, the 
28th, Capt. W. M. Bridges November 12th, W. C. Eeed December 
7th, Col. W. E. Cutshaw, who had served the city as city engineer 
for thirty-four years and who had done much in building up and 
beautifying the city, died the 19th. When he first applied for the 
position he held so long he presented a letter of recommendation 
from General Lee. On the march to the funeral W. H. Cowardin, 
a member of the Howitzers, dropped dead. 

At the opening of 1908 the General Assembly met, and that is 
always an occasion of special interest to Eichmond. A matter that 
claimed the attention of the city for several weeks was the spirited 
contest over the confirmation of Judge W. F. Ehea for a position 
on the Corporation Commission. After much discussion he was 
confirmed by a large vote February 27th. The Legislature provided 
a new civil court for Eichmond and elected W. M. Turpin as judge. 
This court was opened July 1st. 

There was another earnest contest for the nomination for mayor 
between Mayor McCarthy and D. C. Eichardson. At the primary 
April 14th Eichardson was nominated and subsequently elected. 

Again this was the year for conventions in Eichmond. The Anti- 
Saloon League Convention met at the First Baptist Church Feb- 
ruary 5th, Dr. W. C. Taylor president. Among the prominent 
speakers was Governor Glenn, of North Carolina. The National 
Conference St. Vincent de Paul held its opening exercises at the 
Bijou May 3d, Thomas M. Mulry president, and the next day the 



512 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1908 

fifth biennial session of the National Conference of Jewish Chari- 
ties opened at Beth Ahaba Synagogue. The same day the American 
Surgical Association opened at tlie Jefferson Auditorium, Dr. W. 
H. Carmalt, of New Haven, president. Dr. Lewis Bosher enter- 
tained the visiting surgeons at the Westmoreland that evening, and 
the next evening Dr. and Mrs. George Ben Johnston entertained 
them at their home. The National Conference of Charities and Cor- 
rections met at the Academy of Music May 6th, Thomas M. Mulry 
president. Large crowds attended their sessions and were inter- 
ested in the discussions for the betterment of the unfortunates in 
society. This was followed by the annual meeting of the National 
Supply Dealers and Manufacturers at the Jefferson the 13th. 
George Puchta was president. The 20th the Southern Spinners 
Convention began at the Jefferson, S. B. Tanner president. Rev. 
M. S. Colonna, of Park Place Church, opened with prayer and 
Governor Swanson and Mayor McCarthy made addresses of wel- 
come. The Farmers Institute of Virginia was held at the Jefferson 
Auditorium August 5th, T. 0. Sandy president. Among the 
speakers were Ex-Governor Hoge Tyler, Henry Stuart, and Judge 
\V. H. Mann. The Lutheran Synod met at the Seventh Street 
Lutheran Church the 25th, Dr. C. C. Smith president. J. J. 
Scherer was pastor of the church. At the close of the year, Decem- 
ber 29th, the American Political Science Association, Hon. James 
Bryce, British Ambassador, president, and the American Historiacl 
Association, Dr. George B. Adams president, met at the Jefferson, 

Bishop A. Van de Vyver, of the Catholic Church, sent in his 
resignation as Bishop of Richmond, and on May 17th a mass meet- 
ing was held at the Bijou to request him to withdraw it. A. J. 
Cavanaugh was chairman. Many members of other denominations 
were present besides the Catholics. Ex-Governor Montague and 
Dr. George Ben Johnston were among the speakers. When the 
resolutions adopted at this meeting were sent Bishop Van de Vyver 
he withdraw his resignation and decided to remain with his people. 

The Jefferson Davis Monument had been dedicated, but it had 
not been formally delivered to the city. June 3d was the one hun- 
dredth anniversary of his birth, and besides memorial services at 
St. Pauls the day was to be celebrated by delivering the monument 



1908] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 513 

to the city. The veterans, the military companies, and many Con- 
federate organizations marched to the monument. J. Thompson 
Brown was chief marshal and L. T. Christian chief of staff. Judge 
George L. Christian gave a history of the work of the Davis Monu- 
ment Association and turned over the completed monu- 
ment to Mrs. Carnelia Branch Stern, of Texas, president of the 
United Daughters of the Confederacy, who delivered it to the per- 
petual keeping of the city of Eichmond. Mayor McCarthy accepted 
it on behalf of the city. The completed monument cost $70,000. 

A pleasant occasion was that of July 1st, when a loving cup 
was presented to John H. Frischkorn as a token of esteem on his 
retirement as president of the Board of Fire Commissioners for 
twenty years. During that time he had done much to improve the 
Fire Department of the city. The cornerstone of Keneseth Israel 
Synagogue was laid by Masonic Lodge No. 53, September 3d. Rev. 
A. Schefferman was rabbi. 

Richmond College received the promise of $150,000 from John 
D. Rockefeller on condition that they raise $100,000. The trustees 
started the campaign, assisted by Joseph Bryan, T. B. McAdams, 
and other citizens, and by the end of the day, November 22d, Dr. 
Boatwright announced that $108,000 had been pledged. The suc- 
cess of this undertaking gladdened the hearts of the friends of 
the college. 

This was the year for the presidential election. The Republi- 
cans, at Chicago, nominated W. H, Taft for President and John 
S. Sherman for Vice President. The Democrats, at Denver, Colo- 
rado, nominated W. J. Bryan for President and J. W. Kern for 
Vice President. The campaign was an earnest one, during which 
many prominent speakers addressed the Richmond people. Judge 
W. H. Taft spoke in the Horse Show Building October 13th, and 
on the 17th Governor Swanson spoke to a large crowd at the 
Academy of Music. Charles Francis Adams and Luke Wright, 
Secretary of War, spoke at the Academy the 24th and 28th for 
Taft. At the election Richmond gave Bryan 4,123 votes, Taft 
1,145, and Capt. John Lamb for Congress 4,510, and his opponent, 
Luce, 981. Bryan carried the State by 30,000 votes. 

It is a sad task to note year by year the passing away of so many 



514 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1908 

valuable citizens. Maj. Thomas L. Courtney died January 9th, 
Frank W. Christian, one of the most eminent lawyers in the State, 
died at his home, 818 Park avenue, the 13th. His funeral was 
conducted from Grace Episcopal Church by Eev. Landon K. Mason 
and a large crowd attended to show the affectionate regard and 
esteem in which he was held. Everett Waddey, a prominent business 
man, died the 14th; George D. Wise, a soldier, statesman, and 
lawyer, died February 3d, and Capt. Francis H. Deane the same 
day; George A. Smith, of Smith, Courtney & Co., the 11th; Charles 
D. Larus, a prominent tobacco manufacturer and president of a 
bank, March 21st; Capt. E. J. Levy April 3d, Maj. B. F. Howard 
the 29th. Richmond received with sorrow the notice of Gen. 
Stephen D. Lee's death in Mississippi May 28th. Isaac J. Mercer 
died June 4th, Gen. Eppa Hunton died at the home of his son, 8 
east Franklin street, October 11th. His long and dis- 
tinguished career as a soldier, lawyer, and statesman made 
for him a worthy reputation. His funeral was conducted 
from St. Pauls Church by the rector, Robert Forsyth, and 
the military companies, under Gen. Charles J. Anderson, 
and the veterans, escorted his remains to Hollywood. Few 
deaths have brought more sorrow to Richmond than that of Joseph 
Bryan at his home, Laburnum, November 20th. A distinguished 
and public-spirited citizen, he had done much to advance the city's 
welfare. His funeral was conducted from Emmanuel Episcopal 
Church by Bishop Gibson, Revs. E. E. Osgood, and Landon R. 
Mason, and his body was interred in the church yard. The Con- 
federate organizations, the bar, the Chamber of Commerce, and 
many business corporations were represented, and a great concourse 
of citizens were present. A citizens meeting was held at the Cham- 
ber of Commerce November 25th for the purpose of devising plans 
for a monument to the memory of Joseph Bryan. Judge George L. 
Christian was chairman. The Bryan Monument Association was 
organized with Egbert G. Leigh president, H. L. Cabell, J. H. 
Dooley, Gustavus Millhiser, John P. Branch, and J. N. Boyd vice 
presidents, W. T. Dabney secretary, and Mrs. Kate Minor treasurer. 
George C. Shaw, chief of the Fire Department, died November 
21st. Judge William Josiah Leake, a brave soldier and a prominent 



1909] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 515 

lawyer, died at his home, 915 Park avenue, the 23d, and Capt. M. 
J. Dimmock, one of the city's leading architects, December 23d. 

When 1909 was ushered in Richmond was busy preparing for a 
great religious meeting. In almost every church in the city services 
were being held and the people had before them the thought of 
"The King's Business." The Chapman-Alexander meeting began 
at the Auditorium January 6th. Dr. J, Wilbur Chapman preached 
and C. M. Alexander led the singing. The crowds were so large 
that many were turned away from the Auditorium; even the rain 
and sleet did not affect the attendance. Dr. Chapman had a corps of 
helpers who conducted meetings at other places in the city; Rev. 
Ora Samuel Gray was at the First Baptist Church, Dr. D. S. Toy 
at Union Station Methodist, Rev. C. T. Schaeffer at Broadus 
Memorial, Rev. Thomas Needham at Fulton Baptist Church, and 
Dr. Frank Granstaff at Central Methodist. Evangelist Asher held 
meetings in Murphy's Hotel Bar and other bar-rooms. These meet- 
ings continued with great success until January 24th, and all the 
churches felt the religious uplift from them. 

The Branch Public Baths, corner Broad and Eighteenth streets, 
were opened January 30th. They were presented by James Caskie 
and were accepted on behalf of the city by Mayor Richardson. The 
institution, which cost $25,000, was a gift to Richmond from John 
P. Branch. 

The fleet of United States war vessels, which started from Hamp- 
ton Roads on a tour around the world, returned February 22d, and 
seven or eight thousand people went from Richmond to witness the 
return. The next day Admiral Charles S. Sperry, who was in com- 
mand, and Rear Admiral Wainwright, and other officers of the 
ships, were brought to Richmond on a special train, and after being 
shown around the city they were entertained at lunch at the Jef- 
ferson, Capt. W. Gordon McCabe was toastmaster. Admiral Sperry 
spoke, also Judge J. H. Ingram, Judge R. Carter Scott, Captain 
Lamb, and Mayor Richardson. 

Richmond was well represented among the soldiers at the 
inauguration of President Taft by the Blues, Maj. E. W. Bowles; 
Company F, Capt. C. G. Bossieux ; the First Battalion of the First 
Regiment, Col. Hunsdon Cary. 



§16 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1909 

After the successful campaign to raise $200,000 for the new 
Young Men's Christian Association building, the directors at once 
began work. The plans of W. C. West, in connection with Davis 
& Davis, of Philadelphia, were accepted, and the ground was broken 
March 23, 1908, and the cornerstone was laid March 10, 1909, by 
Dove Lodge, No. 51, J. W. Eggleston grand master and C. H. Eudd 
officiated. 0. A. Hawkins, president of the Association, and J. 
Stuart Bryan spoke. The ministers who took part were Drs. W. 
E. L. Smith, Eobert W. Forsyth, F. T. McFaden, and M. S. 
Colonna. The builder, G. J. Hunt, pushed the work to completion, 
and the building stands as an ornament and a credit to Eichmond. 
Dr. Charles Eliot, for many years the president of Harvard Uni- 
versity and one of the leading educators of America, visited Eich- 
mond March 27th, and that night he was entertained at dinner at 
the Jefferson by the Harvard Club. The 29th he was the guest of the 
business men at the Commonwealth Club, and at night he addressed 
a large audience at Eichmond College. While Dr. Eliot was in 
the city, the man who has acquired the reputation of being the 
wealthiest man in the world, John D. Eockefeller, also visited Eich- 
mond. 

Eichmond never wearies in well doing. The Eailroad Young 
Men's Christian Association had been doing a good work in 
limited quarters under Secretary Thomas, and they felt the need of 
a new building. A campaign was started April 4th for $45,000. 
S. P. Jones was chairman of the citizens committee. George Stevens, 
president of the C. & 0., and W. H. White, president of the E., F. 
& P., assisted. The railroad men, under E. E. Woodworth, B. T. 
Jellison, Norman Call, John Eeed, and A. H. McKay did good 
work. In five days the amount was raised, $16,000 being given 
by the railroad companies, and later the splendid building which 
now stands on Main street near the market was erected. 

Eichmond has become quite a musical centre, and much of the 
credit is due to the Wednesday Club, which year after year has 
arranged May musical festivals that have delighted the people. To 
further the interest in music, the People's Music Association was 
organized, with John C. Freeman, A. J. Montague, M. F. Lindner, 
John Stewart Bryan, and Coleman Wortham at the head of it. The 



1909] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 517 

purpose of this organization was to put a large pipe organ in the 
Auditorium, and it is to be hoped that they will yet carry out their 
plans, for such an instrument in a public hall would not only give 
the people much pleasure, it would also serve to educate them. 

Among the charitable institutions of Richmond, which operates 
through the whole State, is the Children's Home Society. Bishop 
E. A. Gibson is president of the board of directors and Eev. W. J. 
Maybee is secretary. Since its organization this Society has gotten 
homes for more than twelve hundred destitute children. Thus 
many a little life is turned from sin and wickedness to righteous- 
ness. 

A day of much importance to the people of Richmond who travel 
on the street cars was August loth, when the system of general 
street car transfers was inaugurated. To rightly appreciate the ad- 
vantage of this, one has only to remember the inconvenience and 
expense of the old system to the people. 

To remember the dead is one of human virtues. Many of the 
old citizens of Richmond are buried in the Old Hebrew Cemetery 
on Franklin street between Twentieth and Tewnty-first streets. 
The date of the deed is 1791. Lest the sleepers there should be 
forgotten. Dr. E. N". Calisch, of Beth Ahaba Synagogue, rededi- 
cated this cemetery September 21st. L. Z. Morris made an his- 
torical address. 

Richmond had no special stock in the North Pole enterprises, 
but when she was startled with the announcement September 2d 
that Dr. Fred A. Cook had discovered it, she rejoiced that it had 
at last been located. She had not recovered from her surprise when 
Robert E. Peary announced September 7th that Cook was a fraud 
and had not reached the Pole, but that he had. Being some distance 
from the place of dispute and not ready to go to see for them- 
selves, the people left others to settle the controversy. Wlien Cook 
lectured in Richmond some time after that many went to hear his 
side of the question. 

The State Fair opened October 4th, and it was the usual fair, 
with the exception that the Curtis aeroplane, operated by Foster 
Willard, thrilled the crowd. They had never seen a man fly before, 



518 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1909 

and it was a novel sight to see him ascend and go withersoever he 
desired. 

The new home of the McGill Union and Knights of Columbus 
was dedicated October 12th by Bishop Van de Vyver. Their first 
home was started on Ninth and Marshall streets in 1886. Shortly 
after this, October 31st, St. Peters Church celebrated its Diamond 
Jubilee. Eev. O'Hara, a former altar boy, preached the sermon. 

Three interesting meetings were held in Eichmond in October. 
The American Health Association met here the 19th. President 
Swarts called the meeting to order; Mayor Eichardson and Dr. 
George Eoss gave the words of welcome. Surgeon General Wyman 
was one of the speakers. On the 20th one thousand veterans in 
blue, from Pennsylvania, with Governor Stuart, came to Eichmond 
to unveil a monument at Cold Harbor to the Pennsylvania soldiers 
who fell in that battle. The next was a great laymen's missionary 
conference, which met the 23d to stir the minds of the men on the 
work of Foreign Missions. W. B. Mcllwaine was president and 
J. Campbell White, Col. E. W. Hallford, and J. E. Pepper were 
among the speakers. The conference had a stirring effect upon the 
men of Eichmond, and a better work was done in the churches for 
this great cause. 

Four years had quickly gone and it was time to elect a Gover- 
nor of Virginia, an honor that any man might covet. There was 
a strenuous contest for the nomination between Harry St. George 
Tucker and William Hodges Mann. The Democratic primary was 
held August 5th and Judge Mann was nominated by 4,800 ma- 
jority. J. Taylor Ellyson was nominated for Lieutenant Gover- 
nor and Samuel Williams for Attorney General. At the election 
in November Eichmond gave Mann 3,698 and W. P. Kent, the 
Eepublican nominee, 823. J. S. Harwood, E. P. Cox, John A. Cur- 
tis, J. B. Casey, and Charles E. Wingo were elected to represent 
the city in the House of Delegates. Mann's majority in the State 
was 30,423. 

Eichmond never loses an opportunity of showing her respect to 
the Chief Magistrate of this great country. Elaborate preparations 
had been made, the schools closed, and business was suspended 
November 11th to receive President Taft. He was met at Byrd 



1909] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 519 

street station by the committee, Robert Whittet, Jr., chairman, 
and the military companies, A. S. Buford, Jr., chief marshal, and 
was escorted to the Mansion, where he was entertained at break- 
fast by Governor Swanson. He then addressed the Virginia Press 
Association in the Hall of the House of Delegates, and later he 
spoke to the colored citizens in the Corporation Commission room. 
A magnificent parade started from the Capitol, headed by the Presi- 
dent, the Governor, and the mayor in an automobile, and marched 
to Lee Monument. Here the President reviewed the troops. After 
lunch at the Jefferson President Taft addressed a big audience at 
the Auditorium. He was greatly pleased with his visit and said: 
"I am greatly impressed with the progress and prosperity ex- 
hibited by the city and I marvel at its wonderful growth and 
development since the Civil War, considering the poverty of the 
South. I am charmed with Richmond's historical traditions and 
associations, and touched with the fidelity with which these tra- 
ditions are preserved and commemorated, and with the inspiration 
which must emanate from them." 

Other visitors that Richmond cordially received were members 
of the Educational Conference of the State. The session opened 
in the auditorium of John Marshall High School iS3"ovember 23d. 
Governor Swanson presided. Some of those who spoke were 
Richard E. Byrd, J. D. Eggleston, A. E. Strode, Dr. Charles W. 
Kent, Dr. Charles W. Dabney, Dr. E. A. Alderman, John Stewart 
Bryan, and United States Senator Thomas P. Gore. The teachers 
of the State were in attendance, and the knowledge of new methods 
and the inspiration of the conference would certainly mean a great 
deal to the young life of the Commonwealth. 

It will be remembered that a petition was presented to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1829-30 asking that a section allowing 
women to vote be inserted. From that day on the movement for 
woman's suffrage had not been allowed to die. It took a definite 
form in Richmond November 27th, at a meeting held at Mrs. Dab- 
ney Crenshaw's residence on west Franklin street. The Equal Suf- 
frage Ijeague was organized with the following officers : Mrs. B. 
B. Valentine president, Mrs. C. V. Meredith first vice president, 
Mrs. Todd Dabney second, Miss Ellen Glasgow third, Miss Adele 



520 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1909 

Clark recording secretary, Mrs. Clarence Cadot treasurer. Miss 
Mary Johnston was an active member and made a good many ad- 
dresses on the subject of "Woman's Eight to Vote." 

A valuable gift was presented to the city December 3d. Mrs. 
Joseph Bryan, on behalf of herself and her sons, John Stewart, 
Eobert Coalter, Johnathan, J. St. George, and Thomas P. Bryan, 
gave as a memorial to her husband Rosewood, a plot of 262 acres, 
without reserve, to be held in perpetuity by the city for a park. The 
Council, with a deep sense of gratitude, by resolution of H. R. 
Pollard, received the gift and named it the Joseph Bryan Park. 
March 14, 1912, they voted $5,000 for a memorial gate to Mrs. 
Bryan. For generations to come Richmond will enjoy the results 
of this munificence. 

When it was decided to build a large high school for the city the 
site that seemed most favorable was the square on Marshall street 
between Eighth and Ninth, containing the old John Marshall house. 
This property was acquired by the city March 22, 1907. The plans 
of Charles K. Bryant for a $350,000 building were accepted and 
work was begun. The cornerstone of the new building was laid 
September 30, 1908, by Temple Lodge, No. 9. J. W. Eggleston was 
master. Charles Hutzler, chairman of the School Board, presided. 
Dr. John Moncure opened with prayer and John Stewart Bryan 
made the address. A feature of the exercises was the High School 
chorus, under Walter C. Mercer. The building, which was named 
the John Marshall High School, was occupied in September, 1909, 
but was not dedicated until December 9th. The exercises were 
under the direction of the Richmond Educational Association. Dr. 
W. R. L. Smith opened the ceremonies with prayer. Mayor Richard- 
son presided, and Governor Swanson made the dedicatory address. 
In the afternoon a flag and Bible were presented by the Junior 
Order of American Mechanics. T. Gray Haddon presented the 
flag and J. C. Harwood, principal of the school, accepted it. J. H. 
Earle presented the Bible and Dr. J. A. C. Chandler, superintendent 
of schools, accepted it. At night other exercises were held, in which 
Dr. J. H. Moss, pastor of Laurel Street Methodist Church, Dr. 
Chandler, and Mrs. B. B. Munford took part. This splendid build- 
inar is a credit to Richmond's efficient educational work. 



1909] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 521 

The sensation produced by the writings of Callender and his sub- 
sequent trial for libel, and imprisonment, had not been repeated in 
Richmond until this year. Adon A. Yoder came to the city and 
began the publication of a weekly pamphlet called The Idea. He 
wielded a caustic pen, and began a criticism of many of the city 
officials, charging them with the responsibility of abuses that existed 
in the city. Several brought suit against Yoder and his publisher 
and obtained a judgment. He was also charged with libel, and not 
being able to prove his statements, he was convicted and punished. 
With the exception of the reconstruction period this is the second 
time a writer has been sent to jail in Richmond, Callendar being 
the first. 

Richmond is world-famous in one respect at least: she has the 
oldest coroner in the world — that is, in time of service. When Judge 
Witt reappointed Dr. W. H. Taylor city coroner in December this 
fact was brought out. It cannot be stated how long he had been 
coroner, but "the memory of man runneth not to the contrary." 

By actual experience Richmond proved the truth of the saying 
that "all things come to them who wait." Since 1832, when the day 
of the city wells and the cool springs of Capitol Square and Chim- 
borazo Hill passed away, the city had been waiting and longing for 
clear water, and many fruitless efforts had been made to get it. 
It seemed that the nineteenth century should not realize this bless- 
ing; it was to be a boon of the twentieth. For more than three- 
fourths of a century the people gritted their teeth and drank the 
muddy water of the James, and often felt that they violated John 
Wesley's famous saying that "cleanliness was next to godliness," 
for the effects of a bath in the clay-colored water was altogether 
questionable. At last hope dawned; after a large expenditure of 
money the city was promised clear water in ten days after Septem- 
ber 10, 1908, only to be disappointed. The flume was not accord- 
ing to contract and would not stand the pressure, so a new flume 
had to be built. The contract was given to the Piedmont Construc- 
tion Company at $56,000. They did the work with dispatch, and 
December 23d at 5:30 the long-looked-for occasion arrived: Clear 
Water was turned on in the presence of Morgan R. Mills, chairman 
of the Water Committee ; E. E. Davis, superintendent of the Water 



532 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1909 

Works; C. E. Boiling, city engineer, and others. ISTow Richmond 
has an abundant supply of clear water. 

"Ashes to ashes, dust to dust," is the solemn sound that tells us 
of the passing of the people. Many were this year numbered with 
the dead. Charles C. Baugliman, vice president of the Baughman 
Stationery Company, died March 3d. The city was grieved to hear 
of the death of that distinguished Confederate, Dr. J. William 
Jones, at the home of his son in Columbus, Georgia, March 17th. 
E. L. Christian died April 13th, Dr. James C. Watson, an old phy- 
sician, April 30th, Thomas M. CuUingworth June 15th, E. Harvie 
Spence July 7th. "The Grand Old Man," John Goode, died in 
Norfolk the 14th; Dr. J. J. Lafferty, long a resident of the city 
and editor of the Christian Advocate, died at Crozet the 23d; W. F. 
Fox, for twenty years a superintendent of the Richmond Public 
Schools, died October 15th; D. Q. Eggleston, Secretary of the 
Commonwealth, the 17th; Rev. Dr. Jere Witherspoon, pastor of 
Grace Street Presbyterian Church, died at Clifton Springs, New 
York, the 27th, and his body was brought here and in the presence 
of a throng of sorrowing people his funeral was conducted from his 
late church. Mrs. Margaret H. Hayes, the daughter of Jefferson 
Davis, died at Colorado Springs July 18th, and her body was cre- 
mated. The ashes were brought to Richmond and the funeral con- 
ducted from St. Pauls October 29th. Rev. Robert W. Forsyth offi- 
ciated, assisted by Revs. John Moncure, L. R. Mason, G. C. Kelly, 
J. Calvin Stewart, and George W. McDaniel. All the Confederate 
organizations of the city accompanied the urn to Hollywood, where 
it was interred in the Davis plot. General A. L. Phillips died the 
29th. His funeral was conducted from Grove Avenue Baptist 
Church by the pastor. Dr. W. C. James, and the Blues, Howitzers, 
Confederate veterans, and many citizens marched in the proces- 
sion to Hollywood where the burial took place. One of the 
saddest deaths that Richmond has been called upon to mourn 
was that of Archer Christian, a noble young man, who was a 
student at the University of Virginia. He was injured in a 
football game in Washington November 13th and died the next 
day. His remains were brought to the home of his father, 
A. H. Christian, and the funeral took place from St. Pauls 



1910] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 523 

the 16th, Rev. Robert W. Forsyth officiating. A delegation of 
students from Georgetown College and the University, and many 
of the alumni^ attended in a body. The interment was in Holly- 
wood. Daniel Trigg, a noted lawyer, died the 18th; Maj. E. F. 
Morgan, superintendent of the penitentiary, December 4th; A. P. 
Cone, division superintendent of the Southern railroad, was killed 
in an accident near Greensboro the 15th. 

Richmond's phenonenal development is shown by the figures 
given at the beginning of 1910. In building activity she spent 
$3,574,812, an increase of $406,381 over the preceding year. There 
were now 1,753 manufacturing plants employing 31,333 operatives, 
and the sales for the year amounted to $85,384,532. In the jobbing 
business the sales were $68,040,425, and the bank clearings reached 
the splendid figures of $361,207,117. The census taken this year 
gave a population of 127,628. The dream of years was now realized, 
and Richmond was a city of great proportions. 

The city sustained a serious loss January 6th when the Univer- 
sity College of Medicine burned, and the Virginia Hospital was 
damaged but the building was saved. The property loss was 
great, but aside from this many feared that the school would close. 
This fear was soon dispelled, however, for a mass meeting was held 
in the Chamber of Commerce the afternoon after the fire and Dr. 
Stuart McGuire, the president, said that the college should rise 
again and that it would continue to do its work. The student body 
met and pledged their loyal support and the citizens were ready to 
lend their aid. The Mechanics Institute was secured and the 
classes continued their work. A proposition was made to unite the 
University College of Medicine and the Medical College of Virginia, 
and after much consideration this was abandoned. In April a 
movement was started for rebuilding the University College. Dr. 
Stuart McGuire subscribed $10,000, and many business men sub- 
scribed. Judge George L. Christian was made president of the 
board of trustees, and it was not long before work was begun on 
the new building. 

The State Anti-Saloon I^eague held its annual session at Broad 
Street Methodist Church January 18th, Rev. H. P. Atkins presi- 
dent, J. D. McAlister secretary, and Dr. James Cannon superin- 



524 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1910 

tendent. Mayor Eichardson made the address of welcome. Among 
the other speakers were Governor-elect W. H. Mann, John G. 
Woolley, Judge W. A. Carrington, and Dr. P. A. Baker. This year 
there was before the Legislature the Byrd Liquor Bill, which was 
passed, and the Strode Enabling Act to allow a vote on State- 
wide prohibition when one-fourth of the qualified voters petitioned 
for it. After a hard fight this was defeated in the Senate March 
4th by a vote of 26 to 13. The Legislature on January 25th again 
elected Maj. John W. Daniel United States Senator. 

A large crowd gathered at the Jefferson auditorium the night 
of January 25th to hear Dr. Anna Shaw lecture on Equal Suffrage. 
Lyon G. Tyler, president of William and Mary College, introduced 
the speaker. A pleasant evening was that spent at the opening of 
the Howitzers' Armory January 27th. Governor Swanson, Mayor 
Eichardson, Lieutenant Governor Ellyson, and Col. Barton H. 
Grundy made addresses, after which the social exercises took place. 
Many members of the Howitzer Association and other distinguished 
guests were present. 

Eichmond had two afternoon papers, the News Leader and the 
Journal, and it was reported that another would soon make its 
appearance. The report proved true, and January 28th the Rich- 
mond Virginian, a paper that was a credit to the city, appeared. 
The policy of the new paper was decidedly in favor of temperance 
and against the liquor traffic. After being issued as an afternoon 
paper, it was changed to a morning daily and now vies with the 
Times-Dispatch. 

Judge William Hodges Mann was inaugurated Governor Feb- 
ruary 1st. A large crowd gathered in the Hall of the House of 
Delegates to witness the ceremony. Dr. James Cannon offered 
prayer. Judge Keith administered the oath to Governor Mann, Lieu- 
tenant Governor Ellyson, and Attorney General Williams. Gover- 
nor Mann delivered an address, in which he reviewed the present 
conditions in Virginia and the outlook for the future. He stated 
his position on the liquor question in these words: "I simply 
reiterate my steadfast opposition to the saloon and my confidence in 
the people of Virginia, who have the right to settle this question 



1910] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 525 

as to them shall seem best." Many of the citizens present con- 
gratulated the new State officials. 

Every day witnessed a new improvement. The Catholics began 
the erection of the Benedictine Military College near the Soldiers 
Home, Bishop Haid president. The Methodists dedicated a new 
church at Highland Springs March 13th. Dr. W. Asbury Chris- 
tian, presiding elder of the Richmond District, preached the ser- 
mon. Dr. G. T. Collins was chairman of the building committee, and 
Eev. H. P. Balderson pastor. 

One of the biggest robberies that ever took place in Richmond 
occurred March 28th. The postoffice, under Edgar Allan, Jr., 
postmaster, had moved to temporary quarters, corner Franklin and 
Seventh streets, while the new building was being erected. Between 
3 and 4 in the morning two men entered the building and blew 
open the old safe and stole $85,000 in stamps. The thieves had 
a room in a near-by hotel and here they carried their booty. Sev- 
eral passed them as they were carrying the stamps and they politely 
bade them good-morning. They shipped most of the stamps north 
in two trunks over the R., F. & P. road. The detectives were at once 
put to work on the case and the robbers were caught in Grand Cen- 
tral depot the next day, and all but $17,000 was captured. They 
proved to be two notorious thieves, Eddie Fay and Richard Harris. 
They were brought to Richmond and lodged in Henrico jail. They 
were brought before Judge Edmund Waddill, of the United States 
District Court, April 21st, and each confessed the crime and was 
sentenced to ten years in the Atlanta prison. This was a bold rob- 
bery, but the pei-petrators were quickly caught and punished. 

For more than fifty years Richmond and Manchester had been 
making overtures to each other, but the union had not been con- 
summated. Committee after committee had been appointed and with 
few exceptions they had reported in favor of annexation. The mat- 
ter was taken up in earnest, and under the leadership of the Cham- 
ber of Commerce and H. R. Pollard, Jr., in the Council, an ordi- 
nance was passed favoring the union. The Board of Aldermen 
concurred. The Manchester Assembly and Aldermen passed a simi- 
lar ordinance, and the Legislature passed an act arranging for the 
union of the two cities. Governor Mann designated Judge Frank 



536 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1910 

P. Christian, of Lynchburg, to sit in the case in Manchester in 
place of Judge Wells. There was strong opposition to the move, 
but none appeared in court to oppose it. On March 18th Judge 
Christian ordered that an election be held in Manchester April 4th 
to determine whether the city should be annexed to Eichmond. 
Mass meetings were held to advocate the measure and there were 
some meetings in opposition to it. Among the leading citizens 
who worked for it were J. P. Jones, B. A. Gill, C. S. Wells, and 
L. K. Brown. When the vote was taken 513 voted for annexation 
and 323 against it. Judge Christian again held court April 15th, 
at which time Clerk Du Val reported the result of the election. 
He announced from the bench that the election had been held 
according to the statute, aiid that by the vote of the people Man- 
chester was annexed to Eichmond. Five automobiles went over 
from Eichmond to bring over to City Hall Mayor Maurice, the 
Assembly, and Aldermen to the ceremonies attending the union. 
The first machine carried Judges Christian and Wells, Mayor H. 

A. Mavirice, J. D. Eeams, president of the Assembly, and J. E. 
Perdue, president of the Board of Aldermen. Mayor Eichardson 
received the delegation at City Hall. Mayor Maurice was the first 
speaker. He presented to Mayor Eichardson a large floral key as 
the key to the former city of Manchester. Judge B. H. Wells, 
Judge Christian, H. W. Wood, W. T. Dabney, W. H. Owens, and 

B. P. Owens also spoke. The marriage ceremony was over and 
Manchester was now Washington ward of Eichmond. 

The city bought the site of the old Mayo bridge for $112,000 and 
let the contract for a handsome bridge to connect the new ward 
of the city. It is to be a free bridge and is now nearing completion. 

The New Young Men's Christian Association building was 
opened at 11 A. M. May 17th. 0. A. Hawkins, the president, pre- 
sided, Drs. J. Y. Fair and J. N. Latham conducted the religious 
service. Secretary McKee made a statement of the work, after which 
Lieutenant Governor J. Taylor Ellyson made an address. John 
Stewart Bryan and Eev. H. D. C. Maclachlan also spoke. At night 
Dr. W. W. Moore, of Union Seminary, spoke and a portrait of 
Joseph Bryan was unveiled. 

Eichmond was especially grieved at the death of King Edward 



1910] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 527 

VII of England May 6th, because as the Prince of Wales she had 
entertained him. Memorial services in his honor were held at Holy 
Trinity Church the 20th. Dr. Arthur S. Lloyd, bishop coadjutor 
of the Episcopal Church of Virginia, made the address. The 
Episcopal Council of Virginia was in session at the time. 

Another death that cast a shadow of sorrow over the city and 
State was that of Virginia's distinguished son, John Warwick 
Daniel, which took place in Lynchburg June 29th. Many citizens 
of Eichmond attended the funeral of Senator Daniel July 1st. 
Governor Mann on August 1st appointed Ex-Governor Claude 
Swanson to serve in his place as Senator until the meeting of the 
Legislature. 

There were many signs of improvement in the city. The work 
on the Marshall street viaduct of the Eichmond and Henrico street 
railway was progressing and it was completed July 24, 1911. The 
first car Avent over on this day with W. S. Forbes, the president. 
Judges Scott, Witt, and others. The Council voted $20,000 June 
16th to put special lights along Broad street to make it the great 
white way of the city. The Country Club opened their elegant 
building June 18th, and the day was given to golf and other sports. 
Few cities can boast of as handsome grounds and building for 
recreation as this club. The English Lutheran Synod opened Sep- 
tember 6th, Dr. H. G. Voight president, and at this time the 
splendid church on Monument avenue, of which Eev. J. J. Sherer 
is pastor, was consecrated. 

The military surgeons of the United States held their nineteenth 
annual meeting at the Jefferson October 3d. Col. J. K. Weaver was 
president. Many of the most distinguished surgeons in the United 
States and Canada were present. A reception was given them at the 
Jefferson in the evening, and among those who received were Gov- 
ernor and Mrs. Mann, Adjutant General and Mrs. W. W. Sale, Dr. 
and Mrs. Allison Hodges. 

The Virginia Annual Conference met at Centenary Church 
November 9th. Bishop A. W. Wilson presided and Dr. S. S. Lam- 
beth was secretary. One of the questions of great interest that was 
discussed was the relation of Eandolph -Macon College to the 
Methodist Church. 



528 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1910 

The splendid feature of the fair this year was Ealph Johnstone 
with his aeroplane. His daring feats thrilled the great crowds. 
Mayor Eichardson went up with him on one trip and got back to 
earth safe. This was not the case with Johnstone when he made 
his aerial trip at Denver, Colorado, November 17th. The ma- 
chinery got out of order and he was killed. 

Capt. John Lamb defeated Judge Ashby Wickham for nomination 
for Congress in the primary August 9th, and at the ISTovember 
election he was reelected. 

An inspiring sight was that of November 20th, when all the 
Men's Bible Classes of the city, about six thousand members, 
marched through the streets to the Auditorium. They marched the 
preceding year, but not so many, and Governor Swanson addressed 
them. T. A. Miller was chief marshal, assisted by Judge E. H. 
Wells, F. T. Bates, N. C. Scott, 0. F. Morton, C. R. Guy, and 
Maj. C. 0. Saville. Mayor Richardson and Governor Mann spoke, 
and the address of the occasion was made by Henry B. F. McFar- 
land, of Washington. 

President Taft honored Richmond with another visit November 
22d. Many met him at the depot and escorted him to the Jefferson, 
where he was entertained at lunch with a large number of citizens. 
At 3 P. M. he addressed the Educational Association at the Audi- 
torium. An audience of five thousand or more greeted him. In 
the evening he returned to Washington. 

For some time Richmond had been working for a new United 
States building here, and when the question was first agitated in 
1903 a strong effort was made to have it erected on Broad street. 
Capt. John Lamb was favorable to that plan and Col. John Murphy 
was chairman of the committee which was urging it. Senator 
Martin opposed the Broad street plan and favored Main street. At 
a meeting in the Chamber of Commerce February 23, 1903, Col. 
John B. Purcell chairman, a vote of thanks was tendered Senator 
Martin for the position he took. The matter was finally decided 
in favor of Main street, and $125,000 was paid for the Shafer prop- 
erty adjoining the old building. The plan was to improve the pres- 
ent Custom House and Postoffice and add to it, the whole work to 
cost $800,000. The work was begun in January of this year, and 



1910] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 529 

December 17th the cornerstone of the new building was laid by 
Meridian Lodge of Masons, Dr. W. P. Mathews master. Ex-Gover- 
nor A. J. Montague made the address, after which a luncheon was 
served by J. Henry Miller, the contractor. The magnificent build- 
ing is now nearing completion and will soon be occupied. 

Christmas morning this year was ushered in by the alarm of fire. 
The people hastened to the place to find that the north wing of 
the Richmond College was wrapped in flames. At one time it looked 
as if the whole building would be destroyed, but the remaining por- 
tion was saved. The damage was $65,000, covered by insurance. 
The fire did not mean so much at this time, as a new site had been 
selected in Westhampton and preparations were being made to 
erect a large building there to accommodate Richmond College and 
the Woman's College, which are to form the Greater Richmond 
College. 

The deaths to be noted this 3^ear were Maj. H. D. A^Tiitcomb, at 
the home of his son-in-law. Dr. Hugh M. Taylor, January 26th; 
Maj. William Gordon Anderson February 17th, Dr. J. B. Haw- 
thorne, one of the leading ministers among the Baptists, former 
pastor of First Baptist and Grove Avenue churches, died the 25th 
at Lexington Hotel. His body lay in state in the First Baptist 
Church. His funeral was conducted from that church by Dr. 
George McDaniel the 26th, and the interment was in Hollywood. 
Alexander Dulaney, who was one of the gunmakers for the Con- 
federacy, March 23d; Thomas G. Leath, April 11th; Jackson 
Guy, a prominent lawyer, the 23d ; Beverly B. Munford, a brilliant 
lawyer and writer, who had recently published a book on "The Atti- 
tude of Virginia Toward Slavery and Secession," died May 31st; 
Charles E. Doyle, vice president of the C. & 0. railroad, June 5th ; 
T. C. Wooddy the 6th, George W. Thomas July 1st, William G. 
Taylor, of Fonticello, August 11th ; Rev. Charles E. Stuart, of the 
Anti-Saloon- League and at one time pastor of Venable Street Bap- 
tist Church, November 16th. Bishop Channing Moore Williams, 
Episcopal missionary bishop to China and Japan, died at Memorial 
Hospital December 2d. Col. Morton Marye, auditor of the State 
and a brave Confederate soldier, died the 22d and his funeral was 



530 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1911 

from Holy Trinity the following day. A. D. Landerkin died 
the 24th at his home on west Franklin street. 

When 1911 came it found not the old Richmond, the companion 
of former years, but new Eichmond, with all the advancement of the 
past ready to march into the future with the new year. With the 
gathered power of the past she hoped for large conquests in the 
future. 

The first occurences to be noticed were of a religious and social 
nature. The Episcopal Council met at St. James Church February 
1st and elected Dr. Berryman Green bishop coadjutor in place of 
Bishop Lloyd, who had resigned. He accepted, but later on account 
of impaired health he was forced to decline. The jubilee of the 
Woman's Foreign Missionary Societies of all the churches was held 
February 5th. A large crowd assembled at the Auditorium to hear 
Mrs. Montgomery's address on missions. 

A tablet erected to the memory of Patrick Henry was^unveiled 
in St. Johns Church March 22d. Governor Mann presided. Eev. 
R. A. Goodwin, the rector, conducted religious services, Alden 
Bell, of Culpeper, presented the tablet and Rev. R. A. Goodwin 
received it on behalf of the vestry and congregation of St. Johns. 
Miss Susie Hill Dulaney, a descendent of Henry, unveiled it. 
Lieutenant Governor Ellyson, Senator Claude Swanson, Capt. John 
Lamb, and Mayor Richardson spoke. The inscription on the 
tablet is : 

"Give me liberty or give me death." To the glory of God and a 
grateful tribute to the memory of her illustrious son and first Gover- 
nor, Patrick Henry, patriot, orator, statesman, the Commonwealth of 
Virginia has caused this tablet to be erected. 

In the Virginia Convention assembled in this church March 20, 1775, 
by his immortal eloquence he inspired in his countrymen the clear 
vision of truth and duty and aroused them to consecrate themselves 
to the defense of Liberty. 

May 29, 1736— June 6, 1799." 

At this time the Council and Aldermen passed two important 
measures. The School Board proposed to pull down the old John 
Marshall house, and the proposition stirred a storm of protests, 
and rightly so, for this old house, associated with the illustrious 



1911] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 531 

Marshall, links the present with the past and points the mind of the 
youth to the great achievements of the days gone by, inciting them 
to noble actions. The Chamber of Commerce, the Bar Association, 
the Confederate organizations, the Association for the Preserva- 
tion of Virginia Antiquities, and many other organizations, assisted 
by the newspapers, urged the Council to spare the city's priceless 
landmark. The building was transferred to the Association for 
the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities April 3d to be kept by 
them perpetually, and they at once started the work of making it 
fireproof. The other act of the two bodies was to pass the Segrega- 
tion Ordinance the same month. The provisions of the law were 
that no white person could occupy a residence or establish a place 
of business or assembly on a square the majority of those living 
on it being negroes, and the same law applied to the negroes. This 
was expected to do much to keep the races apart. The following 
month the Council voted to buy the old Ford's Hotel property for a 
site for the new city court-house. 

A historic stone was brought to the city May 7th. It was the 
Powhatan rock, which was taken from an old graveyard below 
Eichmond, where it marked the grave of William Mayo, who laid 
oS the city for Col. William Byrd and who died in 1740. The 
stone has many Indian designs on it and is said to have marked 
the grave of Powhatan. Search was made for Mayo's remains, but 
every trace of them had vanished into dust. The stone is in pos- 
session of P. H. Mayo, who intends to present it to the city. 

The Methodists of Richmond were pleased when they heard that 
Bishop Collins Denny had decided to make Richmond his home 
and would soon move here with his family. 

The Bryan Monument Association selected the Virginia sculptor 
Couper to make the statue of Joseph Bryan, and the Council gave 
a site in Monroe Park near Franklin and Pine streets. June 10th 
was appointed for the unveiling. Egbert G. Leigh, the president 
of the Association, presided. Drs. W. W. Moore, J. P. Smith, and 
John Moncure took part in the religious exercises. Bishop A. M. 
Randolph made the address. A large choir of school children, under 
Walter C. Mercer, sang. The military companies and veterans were 
present. Col. Barton H. Grundy was chief marshal. Col. John S. 



532 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1911 

Mosby, the old commander of Joseph Bryan, for he was a member 
of Mosby's Rangers, and Col. W. H. Chapman were among the 
veterans present. T. Bryan, a grandson, unveiled the statue and 
Mayor Richardson accepted it on behalf of the city. One sentence 
from the inscription is worthy of remembrance by all "The charac- 
ter of the citizen is the strength of the State." 

The trustees of Memorial Hospital offered it to the city July 3d 
on condition that they assume a debt of $40,000. It seems almost 
the universal wish that it be accepted, for Richmond is badly in need 
of a public hospital such as this fine institution would make. 

When Richmond arose on the morning of July 19th and read the 
news of the previous day a thrill of horror went through almost 
every heart. An atrocious murder had been committed, and the 
victim was a defenseless woman, the mother of a five-weeks-old 
child. The dastardly deed was committed on the Midlothian turn- 
pike about five miles from the city the night before, shortly before 
11 o'clock. Henry Clay Beattie, 1529 Porter street, South Rich- 
mond, came hastily in his automobile to the residence of Thomas 
E. Owen with the dead body of his wife in his arms. To the horri- 
fied members of the family he told that a tall highwayman with 
beard met him in the road and said : "You had better run over me," 
and that he replied, "You have got all the road," and undertook to 
go by him, whereupon the highwayman raised his gun and fired. 
The entire load entered Mrs. Beattie's face, blowing off the top of 
her head. Beattie further said that he grappled with the stranger 
and wrested the gun, which was an old-fashioned single barreled 
gun, from him, and then he ran, and he (Beattie) threw the gun 
in the back of the automobile and hurried back to the Owen resi- 
dence. The gun, he said, was subsequently lost. The police depart- 
ment and detectives of the city and county at once began on the 
case. Blood hounds were sent down from the penitentiary farm, 
but they would not take the trail and stayed in the vicinity of the 
murder. 

Mrs. Beattie, who was Miss Louise Owen and was married to 
Henry Clay Beattie at Central Church fifteen months previous to 
this time, was buried from that church July 20th in Maury Ceme- 
tery. Rev. H. C. Pfeiffer, who married her, officiated, assisted by 



1911] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 533 

Rev. J. J. Fix. A large concourse of people was present and Beattie 
rieemed somewhat grieved. The coroner, Dr. Loving, held an in- 
quest, but the jury returned no verdict until after the funeral. In 
the meantime the old gun was found on the railroad track with a 
number 6 shell in it. Detective L. L. Scherer, of the C. & 0., 
secured valuable information: he found that Paul Beattie had 
bought the gun and cartridges for Henry Clay Beattie, and also 
that there was a woman, Beulah Binford, a companion of H. C. 
Beattie, who had valuable information. Chief of Police Louis 
Werner and Capt. T. J. McMahon and Alex. Wright also did good 
service in working up the case. Henry Clay Beattie was arrested 
July 21st, charged with the murder of his wife, and was lodged in 
Henrico jail. Paul Beattie and the Binford woman were held as 
witnesses. After two days of consideration the coroner's jury 
brought in a verdict July 22d declaring that Mrs. Beattie came to 
her death by the hands of her husband, Henry Clay Beattie, Jr. 
Beattie protested that he was innocent, but few believed him. 

The grand jury of Chesterfield county indicted Beattie August 
14th and Judge W. A. Watson set August 21st as the day to try the 
case. By this time the whole country was stirred by the awful 
crime, and when the court opened on the day of trial reporters from 
various parts of the United States were present and a vast crowd of 
people. Harry M. Smith and Hill Carter appeared as attorneys 
for the prisoner, and L. 0. Wendenburg and Judge J. M. Gregory, 
the Commonwealth's attorney, for the prosecution. The following 
jury was empaneled: N. W. Farley, M. E. Blankenship, W. P. 
Rooks, E. L. Wilson, W. J. Burgess, J. M. Bass, Jr., A. L. Tetterolf, 
H. C. Robertson, Thomas A. Hancock, V. W. Fuqua, Lewis 
Robertson, and Melville Purdie. The trial began August 
24th. Beattie pleaded not guilty. Day after day the State piled up 
evidence against the prisoner, then the defense brought forward 
their witnesses. They put Beattie himself on the stand September 
14th, and he told the same story of the highwayman he had told 
from the beginning. He was cool and self-possessed, with his usual 
smile, and the questions of the lawyers seemed not to move him. 
Throughout the trial his aged father and his brother sat by him. 
The arguments began September 7th and able speeches were made 



534 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1911 

by both sides. The case was given to the jury the next afternoon 
and they retired to their room at 5 :30. While there they engaged 
in prayer for Divine guidance. At 6 :36 they returned to the court- 
room. The great crowd rushed in to get place and all the telegraph 
instruments on the ground were ready to flash the verdict over the 
country in a moment. "Gentlemen of the jury, have you agreed 
upon a verdict/' asked the clerk, P. V. Cogbill. "Henry Clay 
Beattie, Jr., stand up," said the clerk, and Beattie stood without <\ 
tremor with his usual smile. "Gentlemen of the jury, what say 
you ?" "Guilty !" was the response. There was the deepest silence. 
The degree of guilt was not stated, so the jury was sent back. They 
returned in a few minutes and stated : "We, the jury, find the 
prisoner guilty of murder in the first degree." "As charged in the 
indictment," the court added with the jury's consent. A motion 
for a new trial was made and was overruled. "Henry Clay Beattie, 
have you anything to say why sentence should not be passed upon 
you by the judge of this court ?" asked the clerk. "I have nothing to 
say," answered Beattie in firm voice. Judge Watson then passed 
sentence upon Beattie and closed with these ominous words : "Fri- 
day, November 24th, between sunrise and sunset, your life is to be 
taken in the manner prescribed by law. May God have mercy upon 
your soul." Here the most sensational criminal trial in Virginia 
ended. The prisoner was brought to the Richmond jail for safe 
keeping. 

x\n appeal was taken to the Supreme Court, but they refused a 
writ of error and dismissed the petition for a rehearing November 
13th, Judge Keith delivering the opinion. Governor Mann was 
appealed to for a pardon and for a reprieve, but he also refused to 
interfere. The day of Beattie's doom rapidly drew nigh, and there 
was no human power to save him. Revs. J. J. Fix and Benjamin 
Dennis were with the prisoner as his spiritual advisers and ad- 
ministered to him the Holy Sacrament. 

In the early morning of the 24th the young man, for he was only 
twenty-seven years of age, went to the electric chair, and in a short 
while was in the presence of the "Judge of all the earth." Hia 
body was taken to his father's house in South Richmond, and early 
Sunday morning, when the sun had scarcely appeared in the east, 



1911] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 535 

after short services at the house, his remains were borne to Maury 
Cemetery and laid beside those of his young wife whom he had 
so foully murdered. 

After the execution the following confession of the prisoner was 
given to the public : 

"I, Henry Clay Beattie, Jr., desirous of standing right before God 
and man, do on this, the 23d day of November, 1911, confess my guilt 
of the crime charged against me. Much that was published concerning 
the details was not true, but the awful fact, without the harrowing 
circumstances, remains. For this action I am truly sorry, and be- 
lieving that I am at peace with God and am soon to pass into His 
presence, this statement is made. Heney Clay Beattie, Jb. 

"Rev. J. J. Fix. 

"Rev. Benj. Dennis." 

This statement, signed in the presence of the two ministers, was 
the only one that was made public. Here let the curtain fall on this 
horrid tragedy. 

One of the warmest political contests in the history of the State 
was that for United States Senators. W. A. Jones contested for 
the nomination against Thomas S. Martin and Carter Glass opposed 
Claude Swanson for Maj. Daniel's unexpired term. Each of the 
candidates spoke in Richmond to large and enthusiastic audiences, 
and the city papers gave ample reports of the meetings in others 
places. The primary was held September 7th and Martin and 
Swanson were nominated by about thirty thousand majority. At 
the election in November J. S. Harwood, E. P. Cox, Hill Montague, 
J. J. Creamer, and John A. Curtis were elected to represent Rich- 
mond in the House of Delegates. 

The cornerstones of two new churches were laid in September. 
The Asbury Place congregation laid the cornerstone of their new 
church on Allen and Park avenues the 20th. Governor Mann made 
the address, Rev. L. T. Williams was pastor, and D. V. Morton 
chairman of the building committee. The Sunday school room of 
the church was ready for occupancy the following .June, and Bishop 
Collins Denny preached the sermon. The Westminster Presbyterian 
Church, on Park and Davis avenues, laid their cornerstone the 21st. 



536 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1911 

Governor Mann also spoke here. Dr. J. Y. Fair was pastor and 
W. L. Walters was chairman of the building committee. 

Many friends of Richmond's oldest active business man, John P. 
Branch, called on his 81st birthday, October 9th, to congratulate 
him. He was proud of the fact that he was still able to attend to 
business and had been for sixty-seven years a member of the Metho- 
dist Church. 

The Atlantic Deep Waterway Association met at the Jefferson 
October 18th, J. Hampton Moore president. Among the principal 
speakers was Mayor W. J. Gaynor, of New York. 

With spires that aspired too high, "even to the stars," many 
churches in Eichmond suffered at this time. Building Inspector 
Beck ordered nearly all the steeples down because he judged them 
dangerous. Broad Street, Seventh Street, and First Presbyterian 
were among those which had to be taken down. Another interesting 
church matter was the celebration November 5th of Dr. J. B. Hut- 
son's fortieth year as pastor of Pine Street Baptist Church. 

The Daughters of the Confederacy met here November 6th, Mrs. 
M. Faulkner McShery president general, and while they were in 
the city the Confederate Memorial Literary Society unveiled a por- 
trait of Mrs. Jefferson Davis and a tablet to Mrs. Joseph Bryan, 
who had been president of the Society from its beginning until 
her death. Another interesting convention met at the Jefferson 
November 20th. It was the first National Roads Congress, Logan 
Waller Page president. A thousand delegates were present and 
President Taft was expected to talk to them on good roads, but he 
could not come. 

The organization and the good work done by the Young Woman's 
Christian Association has already been spoken of. Now they felt 
the need of a larger building and began a campaign to raise $150,000 
for that purpose. Mrs. J. Scott Parrish was chairman of the 
woman's committee, Miss Catherine Hawes of the young woman's, 
W. S. Rhoads of the citizens', and John Stewart Bryan of the busi- 
ness men's committee. They began work in earnest and by Decem- 
ber 6th the full amount had been pledged, $10,000 of which Miss 
Helen Gould subscribed. The building committee was H. W. Wood, 
W. S. Rhoads, Thomas P. Bryan, 0. J. Sands, Mrs. C. P. Walford, 









i 1 1^1^ 

ill ii"'i 

"» • ■ 1 III 55^ 

• ■ I B g III! I 




1911] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 537 

Mrs. S. H. Hawes, and Mrs. J. Scott Parrish. It is expected that 
this magnificent building will soon be added to Richmond's other 
institutions. 

An ordinance to redistrict the city and have only four wards was 
signed by Mayor Eichardson December 13th. The wards were to be 
Jefferson, Madison, Lee, and Clay. Jefferson ward was that section 
north of the river, east of the centre line of Eighteenth, Venable, 
Mosby streets, and Mechanicsville turnpike; Madison ward was 
that section lying between Eighteenth, Venable, Mosby streets, and 
Mechanicsville turnpike, and Third street west, South Richmond, 
all the section lying along the river; Lee ward was the section 
west of Third street and north of a line formed by Main street 
westwardly from Third to Monroe Park, thence by the line of Park 
avenue to Stuart avenue, and Stuart avenue to the corporate 
limits. Clay ward was all of that section south of a line formed by 
Main street. Park avenue, Stuart avenue, and west of Third street 
and north of the canal. By reducing the number of wards the repre- 
sep^atives in the Council and Aldermen was reduced. 

interesting occasion was the celebration at Monumental 

December 26th of the centenial of the burning of Richmond 

t'e. Bishop R. A. Gibson conducted the religious services, 

;rnor Mann and Mayor Richardson spoke, and Dr. J. W. Morris, 

uic rector, made an address stating the plan to raise $50,000 by 

1*^14 with which to endow the church in order that its continued 

life might be assured. A large congregation was present and were 

interested in the proposed plan. 

Insatiate Death year by year demands his quota of Richmond's 
citizens. Dr. John S. Wellford, one of the oldest citizens, died 
January 2d; Dr. W. H. Whitsitt, professor of philosophy at Rich- 
mond College and one of the most distinguished ministers of the 
Southern Baptist Church, died the 20th, and his funeral at his 
request was conducted from his home. P. M. Fry the 22d, Capt. 
G. Watt Taylor the 28th, Dr. Robert W. Forsyth, the devoted and 
beloved rector of St. Pauls Church, February 20th. A large crowd 
of sorrowing friends attended the funeral from his late church. 
J. E. Epps, sheriff of the city, March 11th; Maj. Clay Drewry, of 
Drewry, Hughes & Co., a brave Confederate soldier and a leading 



538 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1911 

merchant, the 14th; Dr. George H. Ray, at one time pastor of 
Union Station Methodist Church, was buried in Hollywood the 
18th; Charles E. Wingo, a brave soldier and a leading citizen, the 
20th ; Dr. A. G. Hoen, director of the Richmond Pasteur Institute, 
died in Baltimore the 29th ; Carter W. Branch a prominent citizen, 
April 3d ; Henry M. Allport, the 10th ; Col. William 0. Skelton, a 
lawyer, the 27th; Capt. Frank W. Cunningham, long the "sweet 
singer" of Richmond and city collector, the 29th. Herbert L. 
Hulce was appointed collector in his place. Charles P. Davis also 
died the 29th. Col. A. S. Buford, a gallant soldier and one of the 
most prominent citizens of the State, for twenty years president of 
the Richmond and Danville railroad, died May 8th. His funeral 
was conducted from Broad Street Church by the pastor. Dr. S. C. 
Hatcher. W. S. Brown, secretary of Randolph-Macon College, was 
buried in Hollywood June 11th. Rev. Dr. John Pollard, a pastor 
and long a professor in Richmond College, died July 14th; J. N". 
Cullingworth the 14th, P. R. Carrington the 23d, J. H. Montague 
September 6th. Judge B. R. Wellford, long the judge of the city 
circuit court, died in Newport News at the home of his son, Dr. 
E. T. Wellford, September 19th, and was buried the 21st from the 
First Presbyterian Church, of which he had been an officer for fifty- 
three years, in Hollywood. Bishop A. Van de Vyver, of the Catho- 
lic Church, died October 16th. His funeral was conducted from the 
Cathedral the 21st. Cardinal Gibbons, assisted by Bishops Corri- 
gan, Keiley, Monoghan, Haid, Meerschaert, Donohoe, Gabriels, 
Northrop, and Maes, and a number of priests of the diocese, con- 
ducted the service. The body was interred in Calvary Cemetery. 
Brother Charles, the head of St. Peters Boys' School died the 26th; 
Dr. J. A. Hillsman, an old and well known physician, November 
6th; J. M. Fourqurean, a leading merchant, the 9th; Judge J. H. 
Ingram, the able and popular judge of the Law and Equity Court, 
the 17th. The bar and a large number of citizens attended his 
funeral at All Saints Episcopal Church. Dr. John P. Davidson, a 
noted specialist, died the 28th; George E. Gary the 29th, Maj. M. J. 
Enright December 25th. 

The New Year 1912 was greeted by the devout with prayers and 
songs of praises, by the lighter hearted with steam whistles, bells, 



1912] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 539 

and horns. The business associations of the city planned a greeting 
that was of great interest. It was called the "Get-together Move- 
ment." January 2d a thousand men marched from City Hall to 
the Auditorium. The mayor, the Council, the Aldermen, the Cham- 
ber of Commerce, Richmond Advertisers' Club, Business Men's 
Club, Travelers' Protective Association, United Commercial Trav- 
elers, Retail Merchants' Association, South Side and Chesterfield 
Business Men's Association, ministers, lawyers, doctors, and citi- 
zens of all occupations were in line. The bands and fireworks 
added to the march. Wlien they reached the Auditorium a great 
crowd was there. T. M. Carrington, vice president of the Chamber 
of Commerce, was chairman of the general committee. Mayor D. 
C. Richardson presided. Henry L. Cabell spoke on "Richmond's 
Growth, Past and Present, and Causes Therefor"; W. T. Dabney, 
business manager of the Chamber of Commerce, on "Richmond's 
Future and How Assured" ; Dr. E. N. Calisch on "The Civic Duty 
of the Citizen," Ex-Governor A. J. Montague on "The Homes of 
Richmond the Source of her Commercial and Social Integrity." 
The music by the High School chorus, under the leadership of 
Walter C. Mercer, added much to the occasion. All pledged to work 
for Richmond, and before the crowd was dismissed Mayor Rich- 
ardson announced that T. J. Todd had offered to give $15,000 for a 
public library. The inspiration of these gatherings are obliged to 
result in the advancement of the city. 

The Legislature was in session and many matters of interest were 
before them. The Equal Suffrage League was before the committee 
to advocate a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution to 
allow women to vote. The House defeated the measure by a vote of 
85 to 12. The Jordan Bill, or the Enabling Act, to allow the people 
of the State to vote on the question as to whether liquor should 
be sold in the State, was before the House Committee. The State 
Anti-Saloon League was in session at Seventh Street Church, and 
they attended the committee meeting in a body. Rev. George R. 
Stuart and others spoke. Dr. James Cannon, Rev. J. D. McAlister, 
and Thomas Whitehead conducted the side of the drys, and S. L. 
Kelley and R. H. Cardwell the side of the wets. The House passed 
the Jordan Bill February 22d by a vote of 62 to 30. The fight was 



540 RICHMOND; HER PAST AND PRESENT [1912 

then in the Senate, and after contests before the Senate Committee 
and a strong debate on the floor the bill was defeated March 2d by 
a vote of 23 to 15. The Legislature passed an act giving to Eich- 
mond a Board of Control of five members, to be elected by the people 
in November, and many announced themselves candidates for the 
Board. 

The Legislature invited Governor Woodrow Wilson to address 
them, and he arrived in Richmond February 1st. He spoke at Eich- 
mond College at 11 o'clock, then addressed the General Assembly. 
He was entertained at the Jefferson, and at 8 P. M. he spoke to a 
great audience at the Auditorium. J. Taylor Ellyson presided. 
Mayor Eichardson and Speaker Eichard E. Byrd spoke and Gov- 
ernor Mann introduced Governor Wilson. He made a splendid 
address, and many people left the Auditorium feeling that they had 
heard the next President of the United States, a native of Virginia. 

A notable social occasion was the appearance of Madame Tetraz- 
zini at the Auditorium. Although an inclement night, the building 
was packed. With her superb voice she thrilled the great audience, 
and all esteemed it a rare opportunity to have heard this world- 
famous singer. 

Eichmond in many ways showed her progress. Last year the 
amount spent in buildings was $6,018,699, nearly two millions in- 
crease over the previous year. The budget for the expenses of the 
city government this year was the largest in her history, $3,350,381. 
Two new hospitals were opened — Grace, under Drs. Bryan and 
MacLean, and St. Elizabeth, under Drs. Horsley and Coleman. 

Bishop Dennis J. O'Connell, auxiliary bishop of the Catholic 
Church of San Francisco, and for a long time a citizen of Eich- 
mond, was appointed January 18th Bishop of Eichmond. He was 
installed at the Cathedral March 19th. A large congregation of 
citizens of all denominations were present. Cardinal Gibbons con- 
ducted the ceremony. Then the administration was transferred to 
the new bishop, followed by the act of loyalty of the priests of the 
diocese. Bishop O'Connell made an address on the work of the 
church. Many bishops and prelates were present. Eev. Ed. M. 
Tierney was master of ceremonies. At night a banquet was tendered 



1912] RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 541 

the new bishop at Murphy's Hotel. Bishop Donohoe was toast- 
master. 

Richmond was shocked by the greatest crime that had ever stained 
the pages of Virginia's history. March 14th, when the jury at 
Hillsville, Carroll county, brought in a verdict of guilty against 
Floyd Allen, and gave him one year in the penitentiary, Judge 
Thornton L, Massie told the sheriff to take charge of the prisoner. 
x\t that moment Allen leaped to his feet and shouted, "ISTo man 
shall ever take me to the penitentiary," and with that he and his 
gang began to fire upon the court. Judge Massie fell mortally 
wounded, and said as he breathed his last : "I die in the discharge 
of my duty." Besides Judge Massie, W. M. Foster, Common- 
wealth's attorney; L. F. Webb, the sheriff, and a young woman 
were killed. Dexter Goad, the clerk, and several jurymen were 
wounded. Floyd Allen, Sidna Allen, Sidna Edwards, Claude Allen, 
Friel xA.llen, and Wesley Edwards were in the gang. Floyd Allen, 
who was badly wounded, and Sidna Edwards and Claude were cap- 
tured. The others escaped, but all were captured but two, Sidna 
Allen and Wesley Edwards. 

Richmond was greatly stirred by this terrible crime and the mili- 
tary companies were ready to go to the scene, but Governor Mann 
thought best to send detectives to search the mountains for the 
running outlaws rather than expose the organized companies. 

Scarcely had the excitement of this tragedy died away when the 
city was startled by the awful news that the great ocean liner 
Titanic, an unsinkable ship, on her maiden trip had struck an ice- 
berg and had gone down, carrying 1,601 souls to a watery grave. 
R. W. Daniel, a Richmond man, was on board but he escaped. This 
sad catastrophy bowed the head of the world with sorrow. 

The cornerstone of the new St. James Episcopal Church, Franklin 
and Birch streets, was laid May 7th. Bishop Gibson presided. 
Bishop George W. Peterkin, of West A^irginia, a son of the former 
rector, made the address. Rev, William Meade Clarke, the rector, 
assisted by the Episcopal clergy of the city, conducted the religious 
services. 



542 RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT [1912 

The Board of Trustees of the Confederate Battle Abbey refused 
the triangular lot on Monument avenue offered by the Council and 
accepted the site tendered by the State at the Soldiers Home, facing 
the Boulevard. They accepted the design of Bissell & Sinkler, of 
Philadelphia, in January, and soon the work was begun, and the 
cornerstone of the Memorial Hall or Battle Abbey was laid May 
20th by Masonic Lodge, No. 10. Drs. J. Y. Fair and L. R. Mason 
conducted the religious services. Lieutenant Governor J. Taylor 
Ellyson, president of the Confederate Memorial Association, pre- 
sided. Col. Robert W. White, of Wheeling, West Virginia, made 
the address. The veterans, the military companies, and a large 
crowd of people were present to witness the ceremony. 

This is the year of the presidential election and Richmond was 
greatly interested in the nominations. The Republicans at Chicago 
nominated William H. Taft for President and John S. Sherman 
for Vice President. Theodore Roosevelt and his followers with- 
drew from the convention and he ran on the Independent Progres- 
sive ticket. The Democrats met in Baltimore June 25th. The two 
leading candidates were Champ Clark and Woodrow Wilson. Rich- 
mond favored Wilson, and she was rejoiced when the news came 
that on the 49th ballot Wilson was nominated by 996 votes to 
Clark's 84. Thomas R. Marshall was nominated for Vice President. 
And the campaign is on. 

This year those who were numbered with the dead were G. M. 
Smithdeal, a good man and useful citizen, January 12th; Ed. N. 
Dennis, the 16th; Alfred S. Lee, one of the oldest citizens, the 19th; 
Julius Straus February 19th, Peter Tinsley the 21st, Dr. D. J. 
Coleman March 17th, Joseph N". Willis the 20th, J. J. Lynch the 
24th, Dr. R. A. Patterson, a leading tobacconist, April 8th, Thomas 
Boiling, Jr., April 16th, H. Cole Jordan May 10th, Joseph B. 
Stewart the 29th, Rev. J. E. Poindexter, rector of Ascension Episco- 
pal Church June 1st; William Northrop, president of the Virginia 
Railway and Power Company and a public-spirited citizen, died 
June 11th, and his funeral was conducted from Grace Street Presby- 
terian Church by the pastor. Dr. D. Clay Lilly. 

We have follov.-ed the history of Richmond from its beginning 



1912] 



RICHMOND: HER PAST AND PRESENT 543 



to this day, July 4, 1912, and we have seen how from a few people 
it has grown to be a great city. The product of these years of suf- 
fering and toil which has been bequeathed to us must be to us a 
magnificent opportunity for doing yet greater things, so that to the 
next generation we shall leave a bequest increased proportionately to 
the privileges we have enjoyed. 



APPENDIX 



The Mayors of Richmond from the time the 

city was organized under the charter, 

July 3, 1782, to the present 

1782 — William Foushee, Sr., M. D. 

1783 — James Buchanan, declined; John Beckley. 

1784— Robert Mitchell. 

1785 — John Harvie. 

1786— William Pennock. 

1787 — Richard Adams, Sr. 

1788 — John Beckley, resigned March 9, 1789; succeeded by 

1789— Alexander McRobert, resigned March 8, 1790. 

1790 — Robert Boyd. 

1790 — George Nicolson, resigned December 13; Robert Mitchell. 

1791— John Barrett. 

1792— Robert Mitchell. 

1793— John Barrett. 

1794 — John Marshall, declined; Robert Mitchell. 

1795 — Major Andrew Dunscomb. 

1796— Robert Mitchell. 

1797 — James McClurg, M. D. 

1798— John Barrett. 

1799 — George Nicolson. 

1800— James McClurg, M. D. 

1801 — 'Captain William Richardson. 

1802— John Foster. 

1803— James McClurg, M. D. 

1804— Robert Mitchell. 

1805— Major William Duval. 

1806 — Colonel Edward Carrington. 

1807 — Captain William Richardson. 

1808— David Bullock. 

1809 — Col. Edward Carrington. 

1810— David Bullock. 



Adams, 


M. 


D. 


Adams, 


M. 


D. 


Adams, 


M. 


D. 


Adams, 


M. 


D. 


Adams, 


M. 


D. 


Adams, 


M. 


D. 


Adams, 


M. 


D. 


;9 — Joseph ' 


Tate; 



54(3 APPENDIX 

1811 — Benjamin Tate. 

1812— Thomas Wilson. 

1813 — Robert Greenhow. 

1814 — Thomas Wilson. 

1815— Robert Gamble. 

1816— Thomas Wilson. 

1817 — William H. Fitzwhylson. 

1818 — Thomas Wilson, died September 21, 1818; senior alderman, 
Francis Wirker. 

1819— John 

1820— John 

1821— John 

1822— John 

1823— John 

1824— John 

1825— John 

1826 to 1839— Joseph Tate; died May 8, 1839; Francis Wirker, 
recorder, acting mayor. 

1840 to 1852— General William Lambert; died March 24, 1853; 
recorder, Samuel C. Pulliam. 

1853-1865 — Joseph Mayo; held until April 3, 1865, after which city 
was under federal authority. 

1865 — David J. Saunders was appointed mayor July 3, 1865; N. A. 
Sturdevant elected, but not allowed to qualify. 

1866 — April 7— Joseph Mayo. 

1868 — May 4 — George Chahoon, appointed vice Joseph Mayo, dis- 
placed. 

1870 — February 14 — Henry K. Ellyson elected. Contected by Cha- 
hoon. Court of Appeals decided April 29 in favor of Ellyson. 

1871— June 5— A. M. Keiley. 

1876 — July 1 — William Cornelius Carrington. 

1888-1894— James Taylor Ellyson. 

1894-1904— Richard M. Taylor. 
• 1904— September 1-^arlton McCarthy. 

1908 — September 1 — David Crockett Richardson. 

1912 — September 4 — George AInslie. 



APPENDIX 



547 



Official Rosters of the Richmond Companies Mustered 
in the service of the Confederacy 1861-1865. 



FIRST REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY. 



P, T. Moore, Colonel. 

L. B. Williams, Colonel. 

F. G. Skinner, Lieutenant Colonel. 

W. H. Fry, Lieutenant Colonel. 

F. H. Langby, Lieutenant Colonel. 

William Munford, Major. 

John Dooley, Major. 

W. H. Palmer, Major. 

George F. Norton, Major. 

George Gaston Otey, Adjutant. 

S. P. Mitchell, Adjutant. 

W. T. Fry. Adjutant. 

J. M. C. Stockton, Adjutant. 

Cadet Thomas N Mercer, Drill 
Master. 

W. O. Harvie, Sergeant Major. 

R. McC. Jones, Sergeant Major. 

Jacob R. Polak, Sergeant Major. 

A. J. Simpson, Sergeant Major. 

Lt. W. G. Allen. Quartermaster. 

Capt. D. B. Bridgeforth, Commis- 
sary. 

Lt. Henry Horney, Commissary. 

Corp. G. F. Haake, Quartermaster 
Sergeant. 

W. H. Deane, Quartermaster Ser- 
geant. 



J. A. Pleasants, Paymaster. 

Dr. J. S. D. Cullen, Surgeon. 

Dr. A. S. Grigsby, Surgeon. 

Dr. F. C. Cunningham, Assistant 
Surgeon. 

Dr. Thomas F. Maury, Assistant 
Surgeon. 

Dr. Butler, Assistant Surgeon. 

Dr. Hinton, Assistant Surgeon. 

Dr. T. P. Mathews, Assistant Sur- 
geon. 

Dr. Sargent, Assistant Surgeon. 

E. P. Reeve. Engineer. 

Claudis Bowman, Engineer. 

O. Germany, Engineer. 

C. C. Fowlks, Engineer. 

L. R. Smith, Engineer, 

J. R. Polak, Engineer. 

William Street, Engineer. 

Frank Sweeney, Engineer. 

W. M. Lawson, Ensign. 

Pat Woods, Ensign. 

John Q. Figg. Ensign. 

Father Tilling, Chaplain. 

Rev. W. A. Aldrich, Chaplain. 

Rev. Gardiner, Chaplain. 

Rev. Martin, Chaplain. 



J. B. Smith, Leader. 
J. M. Melton. 
William Trimmer. 
J. A. Rosenberger. 
L. Rosenberger. 

C. R. M. Polle, D. Maj. 

William Bolton. 

Frank Brannon. 

George Burch. 

Bladen. 

G. W. Eubank. 



BAND. 

P. Rosenberger. 
Richard Fox. 
R. Emerson. 
John Boucher. 

DRUM CORP. 

Benjamin Doyle. 
Henry Hardester. 
Fred Harris. 
James Johnson. 
George King. 
Lewis Levy. 



John Ellig. 
Joseph Hirschberg.. 
Charles Schuman. 
James Buckley. 



Thomas McDonough. 
Joseph Shumaker. 
George Smithers. 
H. J. Solomon. 
George W. Strange. 



548 



APPENDIX 



COMPANY A, RICHMOND GRAYS. 

Wyatt M. Elliott, Captain. J. B. Vaughan, Second Sergeant. 

L. J. Bossieux, Sr. First Lieu- W. I. Smith, Third Sergeant. 

tenant. Cyrus Bossieux, Fourth Sergeant. 

J. V. Crawford, First Lieutenant. Joseph Mlchard, Corporal. 

Randolph Harrison, Sr., Second W. H. Johnson, Corporal. 

Lieutenant. J. H. Mundy, Corporal. 

E. W. Branch, First Sergeant. J. W. Pegram, Corporal. 



Allen, L. D. 
Allegre, W. R. 
Askew, J. H. 
Blackwell, J. G. 
Batten, D. G. 
Baughan, S. D. 
Burke, E. 
Booth, R. S. 
Burton, M. H. 
Booth, C. E. 
Bossieux. V. 
Baker, D. G. 
Bowers, M. M. 
Brett, W. P. 
Clarke, C. D. 
Clarke, S. S. 
Caskie, R. A. 
Clements, J. M. 
Custer, M. R. 
Collier, John E. 
Cox, W. L. 
Crawford, Z. L. 
Crouch, Fred M. 
Crump, A. R. 
Curtis, H. Y. 
Daniel, J. H. 
Daniel, R. T., Jr., 
Davis, F. J. 
Dickerson, L. J. 
Dickinson, J. C. 
Dowden, W. 
Ellyson, R. 
Everett, W. C. 
Ezekiel, E. M. 
Figg, J. P. 
Fiske, W. H. 
Forsyth, S. 
Ford, W. H. 
Fisher, W. H. 
Gainps, H. B. 
Garthwright. W. A. 
Gibson, John, Jr. 
Gibson, William. 
Gibson, George K. 
Goddard, I. 



Gibson, J., Jr. 
Graeme, Thomas. 
Graeme, James. 
Granger, C. W. 
Grattan, G. G. 
Gratton, J. F. 
Gunn, E. K. 
Gunn, R. B. 
Hankins, J. F. 
Higglnbotham, E. G. 
Hunter, J. G. 
Harrison, Richard. 
Hankins, B. 
Hardester, H. 
Kardesty, Henry. 
Hardgrove, J. S. 
Heth, Robert. 
Hollingworth, J. 
Hill, G. W. 
Hawkins, J. F. 
Hill, John A, 
Hazelwood, R. 
Hirsh, H. 
Hite, W. C. 
James, G. H. 
James, Thomas, 
Jennings, R. F. 
Jennings, J. S. 
Kayton, John. 
Keesee, J. T. 
Kelly, John. 
Kelley, John. 
Kelley, P. H. 
Kelley, O. R. 
Keesee, J. M. 
Laughton, J. E. 
Laugh ton, L. J. 
Learmont, John. 
Lee, W. H. 
Libby, George W. 
Lovenstein, I. 
f.laben, .1. C. 
Mayo, Robort, Jr. 
Mayo, W. C. 
KcDowell. T. H. 



McPhail, P. C. 
Mills, W. O. 
Mills, J. H. 
Meadows, S. J. 
Miles, M. 
Mills, J. H. 
MifHeton, George. 
McKenna, J. I. 
Munford, R. B. 
McConnochie, D. 
McKenna, J. T. 
Miller, C. E. 
Mills. M. 

Morgenstein, Otto. 
Mull, 0. O. 
Nesbitt, W. O. 
Nicholas, G. 
Nimmo, E. E. 
Old, J. B. 
Old, P. W. 
Phillips, J. E. 
Pairo, T. H. 
Phillips. James E. 
Phillips, M. T. 
Phillips, R. L. 
Pickett, Robert B. 
Perdue, Joseph. 
Pitt, John. 
Radford, C. E. 
Richards, George H. 
Richardson, D. A. 
Robins, A. H. 
Rogers, A. F. 
Rogers, W. F. 
Rosen^'els, S. 
Royster, L. 
Saunders, C. W. 
Sieberling, H. 
Sacray, J. B. 
Shanks, John. 
Simington, John B. 
Smith, S. J. 
Siddons, J. M. 
Sample, C. L. 
Shipp, Jospph. 



APPENDIX 



549 



Spence, E. Leslie. 
Stevenson, J. G. 
Tiller, W. R. 
Thomas, R. H. A. 
Turner, J. A. 
Tyler, J. E. 
Tyler, S. M. 
Teel, N. 



Teel, J. 
Walsh, T. E. 
West, J. T. 
Whitlock, Phil. 
Wight, J. H. 
Williams, J. W. 
Williams, T. B. 
Wilson, David. 



Wilson, J. H. 
Witson, J. H. 
Woodson, A. R. 
Woodson, William S. 
Weller, Joseph. 
Warwick, S. 
Williams, Charles P. 



COMPANY B, FIRST REGIMENT, RIFLEMEN. 

Joseph K. Lee, Captain. W. H. Parker, Second Sergeant. 

Randolph Harrison, Captain. W. Eugene Ferslew, Third Ser- 
Samuel P. Mitchell, First Lieu- geant. 

tenant. Robert N. Mills. Fourth Sergeant. 

J. W. Archer, Second Lieutenant. W. J. Lumpkin, Jr., First Corporal. 

W^illiara Wirt Harrison, Third J. H. Guy, Second Corporal. 

Lieutenant. Charles Euker, Third Corporal. 

Isaac S. Tower, First Sergeant. J. H. Cobb, Fourth Corporal. 



Allen, J. E. 
Brown, Theoph. 
Bohannon, W. A. 
Buchanan, Mungo P. 
Boltz, Aug. 
Boltz, Henry. 
Brooks, LaFayette. 
Byron, John. 
Bodeker, George H. 
Beall, John H. 
Boyden, James J. 
Beall, Charles D. 
Burnett, John W. 
Childrey, J. H. 
Crow, B. M. 
Carter, W. J. 
Crigler, W. II. 
Carter, C. C. 
Cauthorn, J. W. 
Clarke, J. T. 
Carper, C. W. 
Charles, J. H. 
Davis, Bengal T. 
Dean, W. H. 
Delmonti, Lewis. 
Daniel, J. R. 
Duffner, Joseph. 
Dall, John. 
Davis, Richard T. 
Davis, Thomas H. 
Duncan, W. M. 
Earnest, Nathaniel J. 
Earnest, G. W. 
Emory, D. M. 



Figg, John Q. 
Frankenthall, Simon. 
Ford, Fleming. 
Franklin, Fendall. 
Gravitt. J. W. 
Gray, H. 
Green, J. A. 
Goddin, Aug. 
Gotze, E. A. 
Heath, George R. 
Hitchcock, R. P. 
Hancock, G. C. 

Hock, . 

Hartman, F. W. 
Hazelwood, Joseph. 
Hay, Hampden P. 
Harris, Porter W. 
Kayton, H. H. 
Knapp, J. 
Kessler, Nicholas. 
Jacob, John, Jr. 
James, D. 

Jordan, . 

Johnson, J. N. 
Jones, William. 
Littlepage, John L. 
Lyneman, A. H. 
Lutz, Frederick. 
Lytle, W. A. 
Lumpkin, W. J. 
Lindsay, F. W. 
Long, D. A. 
Maver, Max. 
Mills, R. N. 



Mitchell, Charles. 
Mann, F. M. 
Mesco, John. 
Mullen, W. H. 
Mountcastle, Oliver. 
Moss, P. 

Mountjoy, John. 
Mallory, W. J. 
O'Brien, Pat. 
Ogden, L. W. 
Otey, Ed. T. 
Payne, Jesse A. 
Pledge, Joseph W. 
Pollard, Ro. J. 
Rooney, A. J. 

Pinchback, . 

Pleasants, . 

Pruett, R. J. 
Palmer, W. T. 
Robins, Logan S. 
Ratcliffe, J. W. 
Reed, Robert. 
Reilly, P. S. 
Richards, C. E. 
Strom, Lewis H. 
Straus, Robert. 
Stagg. James. 
Schadd, Adam. 
Schernborn, C. E. 
Stoeler, W. A. 
Smyth, Thomas. 
Sullins, G. 
Saunders, J. W. 
Shiftlett, J. T. 



550 



APPENDIX 



Sullivan, W. M. 
Smith, A. 

Stratton, Thomas E. 
Street, R. H. 
Snyder, J. F. 
Spickard, H. L. 
Sutliffe, J. S. 
Tate, James. 



Toomey, Jerry. 
Totty, Robert T. 
Tilghman, J. 
Tyler, William. 
Terry, John. 
Vermilera, Phil J. 
Whiting, Levin A, 



West, FVancis A. 
West, G. L. 
Wilson, J. W. 
Weinburg, M. J. 
Wright, John T. 
Wolfe, H. 
Wren, J. T. 



COMPANY C, FIRST REGIMENT, MONTGOMERY GUARD. 

John Dooley, Captain. T. C. Burns, Third Sergeant. 

David King, First Lieutenant. Patrick Rankin, Fourth Sergeant. 
William English, Second Lieu- John Joyce, First Corporal. 

tenant. William Ryan, Second Corporal. 

Michael Seagers, Third Lieutenant. John Sullivan, Third Corporal. 
R. M. C. Jones, First Sergeant. Samuel McRichards, Fourth Cor- 
Lee M. Blanton, First Sergeant. poral. 

John McDonald, First Sergeant. Owen Gorman, Fourth Corporal. 
M. B. Domini, Second Sergeant. 



Ahern, Cornelius. 
Brannon, F. P. 
Burns, T, 
Boland, John. 
Bondurant, William. 
Brock, W. H. 
Bell, Jere. 
Brockwell, W. H. 
Buckley, William. 
Burke, W. J. 
Bresnaham, M. 
Brannon, Frank. 
Byrne, Ed. 
Creamer, Pat. 
Collins, Thomas. 
Casey, Pat. 
Carroll, L. 
Costello, T. 
Collins, H. W. 
Collins, W. G. 
Clarke, W. 
Collins, W. T. 
Collins, S. D. 
Crenshaw, W. H. 
Cary, M. H. 
Clarke, J. D, 
Connor, James. 
Cummings, Pat. 
Carr, T. V. 
Clifford, T. C. 
Considine, Michael. 
Casey, Martin. 
Corcoran, J. 
Driscoll, J. W. 
Duffy, Pat. 



Daniel, J. H. 
Dooley, J. E. 
Dooley, J. H. 
Daley, M. 
Doran, P. 
Dennis, James. 
Davis, E. M. 
Donohoe, J. H. 
Dunn, James. 
Bnright, Michael. 
Edwards, Joseph. 
Fagan, J. 
Forsight, A. W. 
Fitzgerald, Edward. 
Fleming, M. 
Fletcher, J. T. 
Finnerty, John. 
Framby, John. 
Gillispie, S. 
Graveley, J. M. 
Goulden, J. H. 
Griffin, John. 
Ginty, Thomas. 
Gaffney, L. 
Gannon, Alf. 
Giblin, James. 
Hutcheson, W. 
Healey, Pat. 
Higgins, Daniel. 
Hughes, M. 
Harrington, Pat. 
Healey, John. 
Hamilton, John. 
Hallinan, James. 
Hassett, Pat. 



Hoare, James. 
Hollingsworth, R. P. 
Hargrove, Benjamin. 
Ingram, W. P. 
Jones, A. 
Johnston, J. W. 
Kelly, Joseph. 
Kean, Charles. 
Kehoe, M. 
Kieley, John D. 
Kearney, M. 
Keating, Pat. 
Kenney, Joseph. 
Kavanaugh, John. 
Kavanaugh, T. 
Larkins, M. 
Landers, R. 
Lee, Rich. 
Lasafiki, 0. 
Moore, William. 
Mahoney, M. 
McCabe, L. 
Mitchel, James. 
Miller, Charles E. 
Moriarty, John. 
Murphy, Thomas. 
Murphy, M. 
McNamara, F. 
McGee, Patrick. 
McMahon, John. 
McGowan, J. 
McArdle, G. 
McMullen, Joseph. 
McCauley, Peter. 
McMahon, S. 



APPENDIX 



551 



McCarthy, D. 
Miles, W. D. 
Murphy, John. 
McCary, B. J. 
McCann, M. 
McCarthy, M. 
McGrady. W. E. 
Maiden, E. R. 
McGrasson, J. 
Maroney, P. 
Nagle, Thomas. 
Norman, Pat. 
Nolan, M. 
Nobles, B. R. 
Noel, F. R. 
O'Connor, J. 
O'Keefe, A. 
O'Keefe, John. 
O'Brien, Pat. 
Potts, Francis. 



Plunkett, Hugh. 
Purcell, Timothy. 
Price, R. C. 
Pollard, G. W. 
Powell, A. E. 
Rankin, John. 
Ryan, J. A. 
Rankin, James. 
Rainey, C. 
Ryan, T. 
Rankin, T. 
Redmond, M. 
Ryan, Thomas. 
Sullivan, Pat. 
Sullivan, D. 
Stack, G. 
Sloan, L. H. 
Scammell, J. E. 
Self, G. R. 



Sheltzel, J. H. 
Shorten, M. 
Sullivan, H. 
Tompkins, John. 
Thorpe, J. A. 
Truman, A. 
Thomas, James. 
Tillman, J. W. 
Terrell, P. 
Whitaker, J. L. 
Wood, Joseph. 
Woods, Pat. 
Worrell, W. J. G. 
Worrolow, Joseph. 
Williams, A. 
Wright, A. H. 
White, E. L. 
Williams, H. L. 
Yowell, R. 



COMPANY D, FIRST REGIMENT, OLD DOMINION GUARD. 



George F. Norton, Captain. 
Joseph G. Griswold. Captain. 
E. P. Reeve, Captain. 
W. H. Palmer, First Lieutenant. 
Henry Harvey, First Lieutenant. 
W. H. Kenningham, First Lieu- 
tenant, 
Adol Blair, First Lieutenant. 
Lee M. Blanton, Sergeant. 
Richard Meager, Sergeant. 
E. H. Chamberlayne, Sergeant. 
George E. Craig, Sergeant. 
J. C. Jennings, Sergeant. 
R. McM. Jones, Sergeant. 



James M. Fair, Sergeant. 
Charles T. Loehr, Sergeant. 
W. A. Morris, Sergeant. 
J. P. Perrin, Sergeant. 

A. I. Simpson, Sergeant. 
H. W. Barton, Corporal, 
v. A. Dunburg, Corporal. 
H. W. Furcorn, Corporal. 
J. H. Kepler, Corporal. 
George N. Meenley, Corporal. 
M. Bolton, Corporal. 

B. Doyle, Corporal. 

E. M. Furneyhough, Corporal. 



Andrews, J. N. 
Angle, M. 
Angle, J. B. 
Armstrong, W. J. 
Beasley, R. 
Belesario, F. 
Blankenship, R. 
Boone, H. C. 
Boone, N. W. 
Braton, J. G. 
Butler, J. F. 
Butler, R. L. 
Brown, V, 
Boucher, H. 
Blair, Adol. 
Bass, W, U. 



Burton, R. C. 
Bottoms, S. D. 
Bruden, W. F. 
Blanton, L. M. 
Bates, J. W. 
Craig, G. E. 
Costican, J. M. 
Cumby, Major. 
Chockley, W. E. 
Collier, E. J. 
Cook, J. C. 
Crenshaw, T, E. 
Crowe. George W. 
Dabney, V. 
Davis, P. S, 
Dooley, J. E. 
Draper, John. 



Denigre, J. B. 
Edwards, D. S. 
Farmer, J. P. 
Foushee, D. R. 
Fox, A. 

Freeman, J. W. 
Fuqua, P. P. 
Frith, J. A. 
Furcron, H. W. 
Ferneyhough, E. S. 
Gallagher, J. B. 
Garrett, B. K. 
Giannini, F. W. 
Gills, J. 
Govan, A. 
Howard, J. W. 
Howard, T. A. 



552 



APPENDIX 



Harris, Hez. 
Howry, J. W. 
Hickman, B. F. 
Haley, P. H. 
Hall, R. L. 
Harris, John. 
Jennings, J. C. 
Jones, E, B. 
Johnson, G. W. 
Javis, D. A. 
Johnson, J. W. 
Justice, J. P. 
Kendrick, J. P. 
Kinningham, J. C. 
King, E. H. 
Lee, G. W. 
Lee, J. W. 
Logan, G. 
Lucas, P. H. 
Lipscomb, J. T. 
Loehr, T. 

McMullan, Thomas. 
Mahone, W. P. 
Mitchell, J. H. 
Mitchell, William. 
Mahone, J. R. 
Macatee, George. 
Merricock, G. W. 
McGhee, S. S. 
Moss, Alex. 
Martin, R. W. S. 
Miller, E. R. 



Morton, T. S. 
Meyer, L. V. 
Morriss, W. A. 
McMinn, Del. 
Mitchell, G. W. 
Mayo, D. C. 
Miles, Marion. 
Nelson, C. L. 

O'Hare, : 

Quarles, J. T. 
Pizzini, Andrew, Jr. 
Porter, I. T. 
Peake, William. 
Pearman, R. A. 
Perrin, John P. 
Pettit, C. L. 
Porter, W. L. 
Pendergrast, E. M. 
Priddy, E. 
Redman, B. P. 
Redman, R. H. 
Robertson, Theod'k, Jr. 
Reeves, Ed. P. 
Strausberger, H. 
Simpson, A. J. 
Samani, Joseph W. 
Smither, Joseph W. 
Stewart, W. H. 
Samani, F. R. 
Saunders, Joseph. 
Smith, L. R. 
Steger, A. J., Jr. 



Steger, E. J. 
Steger, J. R. 
Stewart, C. B. 
Stillerson, J. K. 
Sublett, C. M. 
Smith, G. L. 
Traylor, T. W. 
Turner, W. W. 
Thomas, J. 
VanRiper, John. 
Waddy, G. T. 
Walthall, H. M. 
Wheeley, J. F. 
Waggoner, D. B. 

Walker, . 

Womack, J. T. 
Watson, H. W. 
Wrenn, Peter. 
Worde, B. H. 
Wingo, C. E. 
Wingfield, S. L. 
Wingfield, M. J. 
Wingfield, C. R. 
Williams, C. L. 
Wilkes, W. C. 
Westmoreland, W. 
Wheat, N. I. 
Wheeley, Charles. 
White, John. 
Wilkins, W. R. 
Young, M. M. 



COMPANY E, FIRST REGIMENT, RICHMOND LIGHT INFANTRY 

BLUES. LATER TRANSFERRED TO WISE LEGION AS 

COMPANY A, FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT. 



O. Jennings Wise, Captain. 
J. H. Scott, First Lieutenant. 
Fred Carter, Second Lieutenant. 
Charles P. Bigger, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 
R. S. Sanxay, Second Lieutenant. 
W. L. Maule, Third Lieutenant. 
C. J. Levy, First Sergeant. 



George W. Jarvis, First Sergeant. 

J. F. Stagg, Sergeant. 

T. B. Hewitt, Sergeant. 

R. J. McDowell, Corporal. 

R. H. Sarvay, Corporal. 

George ,W. Bray, Corporal. 

J. W. Chandler, Corporal. 



Allen, H. 
Adler, Henry. 
Anderson, J. B., Jr. 
Bennett, W. H. 
Blackburn, W. W. 
Blankenship. T. H. 
Butler, J. H. 
Burr, H. P. 
Bray, George W. 



Banks, J. T. W. 
Barnes, W. C. 
Blackburn, E. J. 
Bodeker, H. 
Beveridge, W. H. 
Boatwright, J. K. 
Brock, C. W. P. 
Berry, R. B. 
Bodeker, William. 



Bossieux, T. 
Bernard, B. W. 
Bell, W. T. K. 
Bailey, W. C. 
Blake, J. N. 
Briquet, F. R. 
Berry, A. J. 
Briscoe, R. 
Bagwell, E. R. 



APPENDIX 



553 



Cannon. O. J. 
Connell, J. H. 
Carter, R. C. 
Clopton, W. I. 
Chesterman, W. D. 
Cox, A. J. 
Copeland, R. C. 
Cochran, J. H. 
Chamberlayne, R. C. M. 
Chamberlayne, S. D. 
Corcoran, John. 
Cox, J. F. 
Chapman, C. W. 
Crawford, W. T. 
Crafton. J. A. 
Carter, P. W. 
Duesberry, R. H. 
Dickincon, William. 
Dame, P. H. 
Dugan, James. 
Dodson, J. H. 
Dabney, A. 
Duke, W. B. 
Duesberry, A. B. 
Epps, T. C. Jr. 
Epps, W. J. 
Epps, C H. 
Epps, G. W. 
Ezekiel, E. M. 
Ezekiel, J. K. 
Ewell, W. H. 
Eggleston, W. B. 
Fulton, T. W. 
Foster, J. A. 
Fick, J. M. 
Fosque, G. B. 
Frazier, S. H. 
Fitzhugh, St. G. R. 
Gunst, M. 
Goode, J. E. 
Gardiner, B. P. 
Griffin, F. W. 
Goldstein, V. 
Gary, J. 
Gates, T. M. 
Gary, G. W. 
Glenn, P. D., Jr. 
Gregory, E. J. 
Gamble, F. 
Guggenheim, S. 
Gregg. J. H. 
Goldsby, J. C. 
Gregory. W. F. C. 
Gregory, H. C. 
Gregory, J. M., Jr. 



Gilliam, R. B. 
Gill, George. 
Gibson, C. A. 
Guigon, J. M. 
Graves, C. H. 
Griffin, W. A. 
Harwood, F. 
Hopkins, G. H. 
Holliday, E. W. 
Harcum, L. S. 
Hamlett. J. H. 
Hardy, M. E. 
Hill, R. J. 
Hall, J. T. 
Hix, R. J. 
Howlett, J. B. 
Hobson, C. C. 
Herman, E. 
Hill, R. J. 
Hexter, S. 
Hewlett, E. J. 
Isaacs, A. 
Jaege, Finton. 
Jones, A. H. 
Johnson, F. 
Johnston, J. T. 
Johnston, R. M. 
Johnston, W. P. 
Kuper, George A. 
K rouse, A. 
Kellam, J. S. 
Keyton, L. 
Killy. H. T. 
Leonard, A. 
Levy, I. J. 
Lipscomb, W. T. 
Lawrence, J. R. 
Lumpkin, G. T. 
Lovenstein, William. 
Locknane, J. M. 
Jevy, Joseph. 
Lyon, Thomas W. 
Landrum, W. R. 
Levy, Alex. H. 
Langley, O. T. 
Leggitt, J. R. 
Levy, E. J. 
Lee, W. C. 
Mountcastle, J. M. 
Medlicott, J. R. 
McGill, Thomas, 
Myers, Calvin. 
McFarland, J. 
Moses, J. C. 
Mayo, J. E. 



Myers, L. A. 
Mountjoy, J. M. 
McKeil, J. W. 
Minor, G. R. 
Maddox, Thomas. 
Miller, H. M. 
Martin. W. H, 

Mugler, . 

Macowitz, M. 
McDowell, J. T. 
Nute, W. W. 
Nott, R. A. 
Napier, E. S. 
New, F. A. 
Onenhouser, J. J. 
Pardigon, C. F. 
Pemberton, R. 
Powell, J. s. 
Place, H. 
Powell, J. G 
Plant, H. H. 
Perry, W. H. 
Paulson, T. S. G. 
Paulson, Joseph. 
Porter, W. D. 
Perkins, F. J. 
Payne, T. S. 
Rosenheim, Henry. 
Rudolph, H. W. 
Ratcliffe, W. H. 
Ruskell. W. H. 
Rush, W. W. 
Reid, R. 
Rade, William. 
Robinson, J. S. 
Robertson, James. 
Ralson, R. 
Roy, C. B. 
Sublett, B. F. 
Snead, W. D. 
Son. Jacob. 
Smith, W. J. 
Schurich, H. 
Semon, J. S. 
Schoenthall, J. 
Smither, R. S. 
Swank, W. L. 
Smith, W. W. 
Slater, A. J. 
Syme, S. A. M. 
Southall, H. C. 
Spradling, A. V. 
Southall, W. A. 
Steel, William. 
Schmidt, H. 



654 



APPENDIX 



Southall, G. V. 
Saunders, J. H. 
Tutwiler, N. A. 
Twiford, P. O. 
Truehart, L. T. 
Tower, C, H. 
Tompkins, H. B. 
Thomas, F. 
Tyler, T. 
Taylor, S. H. 
Tyler, A. 
Tyler, G. C. 
Taylor, J, H. 
Todd, G. W. 
Tyler, D. S. 
Towns, C. H. 



Timberlake, W. H. 
Thompson, C. H. 
Tyree, W. H. 
Valentine, R. S. 
Warwick, C. 
Willis, E. W. 
Wilkinson, Charles. 
Weisiger, R. W. 
Williams, T. A. J. 
West, C. A. 
Weisseman, L. 
Wilkinson, J. J. 
Wellington, J. H. 
Wolcott, A. 
Williams, J. L. 
Walker, W. M. 



Workman, R. 
White, S. A. 
Wilkins, R. H. 
Wise, W. B. 
Wilkins, P. H. 
White, A. A. 
Watkins, J. P. 
Watkins, P. H. 
Warder, W. R. 
Wilson, L. 
Wilson, C. H. 
Weller, J. H. 
Williams, T. F. 
Yeatman, W. W. 
Yiancey, F. M. 



COMPANY F, FIRST REGIMENT. 

Richard H. Cunningham, Jr., Cap- E. G. Rawlings, Second Sergeant 

tain. John Tyler, Third Sergeant. 

Edward Mayo, First Lieutenant. Thomas Ellett, Fourth Sergeant. 

Philip A. Wellford, Second Lieu- Jesse Child, Corporal, 

tenant. H. Tucker Randolph, Corporal. 

Henry T. Miller, Third Lieutenant. Shirley King, CorpDral. 

John A. Pizzini, First Sergeant. George R. Pace, Corporal. 



Ayres, E. W. 
Anderson, H. V. 
Anderson, J. H. 
Anderson, Archer. 
Archer, W. S., Jr. 
Baughman, G. H. 
Baughman, C. C. 
Boyd, J. N. 
Bowman, G. C. 
Barber, Nath. 
Barker, William C. 
Bridges, R. M. 
Bridges, D. B., Jr. 
Bullington, H. M. 
Beers, H. H. 
Brock, R. A. 
Binford, James M. 
Binford, R. B. 
Blunt, J. W. 
Barber, A, A. 
Bates, E. 
Bates, W. 
Brown, A. D. 
Brown, A. H. 
Brown, J. R. 
Brown, G. W. 
Brander, T. A. 



Cocke, L. S. 
Couch, J. M, 
Clarke, Maxwell T. 
Craig, John A. 
Chapman, J. W. 
Cole, Addison C. 
Chamberlyn, J. H. 
Callis, G. 
Coleman, N. 
Couch, L. M. 
Crumbia, W. S. 
Doggett, F. W. 
Danforth, H. D. 
Dill, J. A. 
Dowdy, N. A. 
Dillard, R. H. 
Dives, W. H. 
Drewry, D. M. 
Dill, A., Jr. 
Ellerson, J. 
Etting, S. 
English, J. C. 
Ellett, Robert. 
Exall, Charles H. 
Edmonds, W. B. 
Exall, William. 
Fontaine, Richard M. 



Fox, H. C. 
Field, W. G. 
Frazzel, F. C. 
Floyd, G. J. 
Gray, W. G. 
Gray, S. 
Green, John W. 
Gooden, G. Harvey. 
Gibson, W. T. 
Gentry, John W. 
Gilliam, R. H. 
Green, Thomas R. 
Griffin, J. 
Gouldman, E. 
Gentry, M. J. 
Haynes, G. A. 
Hall, J. 

Henry, Patrick. 
Harney, W. O. 
Hobson, Deane. 
Hudgins, M. M. 
Jones, Phil B., Jr. 
Jones, D. B. 
Jordan, R. J. 
Johnston, J. W. 
Key ton, P. W. 
Kidd, S. 



APPENDIX 



555 



Kellogg, T. H. 
Lindsay, R. S. 
Legg, A. C. 
Mebane, J. A. 
Mebane, A. H. 
Mittledorfer, Charles. 
Morris, W. H. P. 
Meredith, J. F. 
McEvoy, C. A. 
Maddox, R. J. 
Meade, E. B. 
Mountcastle, J. R. 
Mitchell, S. D. 
Marriman, J. F. 
Munt, H. F. 
Morgan, W. H. 
Maury, Richard L. 
Mayo, J. E. 
Macmurdo, R. C. 
Norwood, William, Jr. 
Nunnally, J. L. 
NaBce, J. L. 
Powell, John G. 
Payne, J. B. 
Pardijons, — — . 
Plcot, Henry V. 
Piet, W. A. 



Page, Mann. 
Pegram, W. A. 
Peterkin, George W. 
Peaster, H. 
Pollard, W. G. 
Pegram, W. R. J. 
Pace, T. A. 
Reeve, D. J. B. 
Reeve, J. J. 
Robinson, C A. 
Robinson, R. F. 
Robertson, W. S. 
Rennie, George H. 
Redd, Clarence M. 
Randolph, M. L. 
Richardson, P. D. 
Rutledge, W. 
Richardson, W. R. 
Smith, E. H. 
Sublett, P. A. 
Skinker, C. R. 
Singleton, A. J. 
Sizer, M. D. 
Smith, J. T. 
Smith, L. J. 
Tompkins, E. G. 



Taylor, R. T. 
Taylor, E. B. 
Taylor, C. E. 
Taylor, Clarence E. 
Tyler, J. E. 
Tyler, R. E. 
Tatum, A. R. 
Tatum, V. H. 
Talley, D. D. 
Tyree, H. C. 
Tyree, W. C 
Tiney, N. C. 
Tabb, R. M. 
VanBuren, B. B. 
Willis, Joseph N. 
Watkins, H. H. 
Watkins, A. S. 
Wren, J. P. 
White, R. C. 
Worsham, J. H. 
Worsham, T. K. 
Waldrop, Richard W. 
Walker, T. 
Wright, P. B. 
Witt. W. D. 
Wfeitkins, A. J. 



COMPANY G, FIRST REGIMENT. 

William H. Gordon, Captain. F. H. Langley, Second Sergeant. 

James E. Riddick. First Lieu- E. Morris, Third Sergeant. 

tenant. T. W. Hay, Fourth Sergeant. 

A. J. Tucker, Jr., Second Lieu- Robert A. Crump, First Corporal. 

tenant. J. A. Dansey, Second Corporal. 

H. H. Miles, Jr., Third Lieutenant. T. H. Gunn, Third Corporal. 
S. J. Tucker, First Sergeant. A. J. Snead, Fourth Corporal. 



Ashby, B. F. 
Armstrong, J. H. 
Allen, George W., Jr. 
Atkins, Edward. 
Atkinson, John. 
Albertson, H. E. 
Ashby, R. W. 
Allen, John. 
Alport, J. F. 
Ashby, H. C. 
Atkinson, J. R. 
Allen, R. B. 
Armstrong, W. R. 
Butler, R. L. 
Bigbie, J. A. 
Bailey, S. K. 
Brunner, H. 



Ball, G. W. 
Blunt, P. 
Black, R. 

Bell, . 

Bryant, J. E. 
Cullingworth, W. H. 
Childress, T. 
Cunningham, F. W. 
Craddock, R. B. 
Chapman, G. B. 
Cook, W. F. 

Chaney, . 

Griddle, . 

Deane, W. H. 
Durham, Thomas H. 
England, George. 
Epps, J. Ryland. 



Fergusson, H. C. 

Faley, . 

Furbrush, . 

Folkes, C. C. 
Fergusson, W. J. 
Farrar. James. 
Fergusson, R. A. 
Gentry, Charles W. 
Gary, E. J. 
Gary, H. B. 
Hudgens, C. P. 
Hauret, M. O. 
Hamilton, T. 
Hart, John. 
Harvey, Charles. 
Haskin, G. 
Hudgins, E. P. 



556 



APPENDIX 



Kaskin, A. 
Hodges, V. E. 
Hord, B. H. 
Hord, W. F. 
Hoffman, Charles. 
Hudnut, E. A. 
Jones, T. R. 
Jackson, J. D. 
Jordan, R. D. 
Knauff, George F. 
Kendrick, W. F. 
Lindsey, John J. 
Lord, John R. 
Leidy, Samuel. 
Ligon, J. L., Jr. 
Layard, W. S. 
Lambert, George W. 
Lumpkin, G. A. 
Leidy, M. S. 
Meanley, J. A. 
Mallory, S. R. 
Mills, Thomas. 
Mountcastle, George. 
Marshall, G. 
McDonald, John. 
Mitchell, J. C. 
Mahone, J. R. 



Mahone, M. R. 
Mallory, J. S. 
Miller, W. F. 

Newby, . 

Nolan, Thomas. 
Noble, N. 
Pritchard, J. T. 
Puryear, J. W. 
Patterson, William. 
Phaup, T. M. 
Pollard, F. 

Prince, . 

Paine, P. 

Patrick, . 

Pryor, J. B. 
Royster, J. A. 
Redford, C. A. 
Rodgers, T. S. 
Reynolds. S. W. 
Royster, N. L. 
Stuart, R. G. 
Shell, L. R. 
Spraggins, W. S. 
Sharp, J. P. 
Sharp, Thomas. 
Smith, Savage. 



Scherer. P. V. 
Schliescher, George. 
Spraggins, J. 
Slome, S. H. 
Tucker, R. L. 
Tyree, R. H. 
Taliaferro, C. C. 

Underbill, . 

Via, J. T. 
Vaughan, J. M. 
Vaughan, R. P. 
Vaughan, A. J. 
Voegler, H. J. 
Woody, W. T. 
Wills, Henry. 
Wright, Elijah. 
Ware, W. S. 
Wilkerson, S. S. 
Wilkerson, J. R. 
Walthall, R. R. 
Winfree, John M. 
Wilkins, Thomas. 
White, Thomas. 
Wilkinson, George A. 
Wood, W. A. 
Wood, W. W. 



COMPANY H, FIRST REGIMENT, GRAYS, NO. 2. 



Francis J. Boggs, Captain. 0. R. Hough, Third Sergeant. 

J. H. Greaner, First Lieutenant. Russell Betts, Corporal. 

J. T. Vaughan, Third Lieutenant. T. S. Riddick, Corporal. 

W. E. Tysinger, First Sergeant. R. E. Armstrong, Corporal. 

J. L. Bray, Second Sergeant. R. N. Norvell, Corporal. 
W. G. Allen, Third S'ergeant. 



Asher, L. 
Anderson, W. N. 
Bonn, G. E. 
Bonn, H. R. 
Bonn, Joseph. 
Brotherton, D. H. 
Barnes, M. A. 
Ball, William. 
Banks, Sol. 
Belcher, J. 
Belcher, William. 
Booker. 
Bresnahan, M. 
Brown, J. S. 
Burstein, M. 
Burton, M. 
Ballentine, J. W. 
Corvin, Alex. 
Cabell, P. C. 



Cabell, William. 
Camp, J. W. 
Claggett, M. 
Clash, C. V. 
Copenhaver, G. A. 
Cox, Chim C. E. 
Clayton, A. 0. 
Chaddick, J. J. 
Clayton, R. J. 
Chaddick, Richard. 
Clark, H. C. 
Crow. D. N. 
Davis, W. A. 
Delaway, W. H. 
Davis, J. R. 
Dunn, R. N. 
Daniel, J. H. 
Davidson, E. F. 
Dawson, James. 



Dennis, S. C. 
Dignman, R. E. 
Deverson, W. H. 
Deleway, W. H. 
Estres, W. C. 
Eggleston, W. B. 

Eubank, . 

Farson, S. 
Fizer, E. 
Ford, F. H. 

Flowers, . 

Foster. Daniel. 
Gilman, J. D. 
Gentry, J. A. 
Gilman, Ed. 
Hammill, R. S. 
Hartman, J. H. 
Hite, W. C. 
Horner, J. E. 



APPENDIX 



557 



Heinnicke, F. A. 
Hammill, H. J. 
Hansford, C. P. 
Joseph, W. B. 
James, E. 
Jackson, W. M. 
Jacobs, Joseph. 
Jackson, T. E. 
Jordan, Ed. 
Kilby. W. R. 
King, W. H. 
Kuhn, L. P. 
Lafong, E. O. 
Lawrence, James. 
Lawson, John. 
Lawson, M. C. 
Lichtenstein, I. 
Lloyd, M. 
Lloyd, Robert. 
Lawson, M. M. 
Martin, T. R. 
Miller, J. P. 
McCabe. H. D. 
Miller, T. E. 
Maphis, A. 
McGee, James. 
Martin, E. W. 
Martin, R. W. S. 



Michols, A. 
Mill, R. 
Montague, A. 
Morgan, J. H. 

Morgan, . 

Mosby, W. B. 
Mourning, Thomas. 
Meanley, J. A. 
Mahoney, J. E. 
New, C. R. 
Nolting, G. A. 

Nuckols, . 

Nuckols, E. J. 
Pumphrey, W. F. 
Pairo, C. H. 
Paul, G. W. 
Potee, Thomas. 
Paine, J. W. 
Patton, J. H. 
Peddle, Ben. 
Pollard, J. T. 
Richards, George H. 
Rose, J. H. 
Rea, G. A. 
Redford, G. E. 
Sinnott, J. J. 
Stacy, Charles B. 



Stratton, J. L. 
Smith, W. H. C. 
Swords, R. D. 

St. Claire, . 

Sheppard, , 

Sinis, O. 

Sinis, . 

South, F. 
Toler, H. 
Towers, J. E. 
Thomas, R. L. 
Thorp, J. N. 
Vaughan, W. J. 
Via, J. A. 
W'eller, Joseph. 

Wood, . 

Wade, J. 
Wright, W. M. 
Watkins, A. J. 
Wilson, R. B. 
Wilzinski, L. 
Winn, J. W. 
Waddill, W. S. 

Watson, . 

Weston, G. E. 
Williams, T. J. 
AVomack, W. H. 



COMPANY J, FIRST REGIMENT. 



Robert F. Morriss, Captain. 
W. O. Taylor, First Lieutenant. 
V. L. Fore, Second Lieutenant. 



H. C. Ballow, Fourth Sergeant. 
W. H. Lipscomb, Fifth Sergeant. 
C. C. Tinsley. Corporal. 



John T. Rogers, Third Lieutenant. R. M. Jones, Corporal. 



J. W. Tabb, First Sergeant. 
J. A. Tyree, Second Sergeant. 
B. F. Howard, Third Sergeant. 



R. W. James, Corporal. 

J. T. Crew, Corporal. 

A. A. Chappell, Corporal. 



Annisko. R. 
Annisko, James. 
Ashworth, J. L. 
Anderson, H. T. 
Allen, James. 
Ayres, J. T. 
Ashby, R. A. 
Brookes, H. 
Ballow, W. T. 
Ballow, T. W. 
Boler, G. W. 
Barbor, J. W. 
Burgess, A. A. 
Day, J. M. 
Carter, R. L. 
Chappell. C. H. 
Carter, H. S. 



Clark, S. 
Collins, C. 
Collins, M. 
Cordle, R. E. 
Charles, E. T. 
Corwick. G. C. 
Chappell, W. T. 
Clement, E. C. 
Chappell, J. F. 
Calyo, W. A. 
Dabney, J. E. 
Devaux, J. E. 
Duke, H. T. 
Drewry, Robert. 
Eubank, S. W. 
Ellett, L. O. 
Evans, D. 



Figner, A. 
Ford, John. 
Frayser, D. 
Glinn, G. R. 
Gill, George, Jr, 
Gerhardt, C. C. 
Green, J. F. 
Goodson, E. C. 
Goode, W. J. C. 
Goodwin, W. 
Goodall, J. M. 
Grammer, J. G. 
Green, W. C. 
Green, W. A. 
Griffin, E. J. 
Holsman, S. 
Hahn, P. 



558 



APPENDIX 



Head, J. C. 
Hugel, L. M. 
Hodges, H. 
Hubbard, J. W. 
Hodges, M. 
Hogseet, J. McK. 
Hooker, J. G. 
Huffman, I. R. 
Hundley, J. C. 
Ish, M. A. 
Jenkins, C. H. 
James, J. H. 
Joy, George. 
Jordan, Joseph A. 
Jackson, William. 
Kelly, T. R. 
Kahn, M. 
Kelley, J. C. 
Kennedy, J. A. B. 
Loring, E. B. 
Lloyd, J. G. 
Lamb, George. 
Lester, T. P. 
Lacy, T. A. 
Moss, R. J. 
Martin, William. 
Murrell, G. W. 



Moore, W. H. 
Matthews, M. G. 
McGuigon, E. 
McKaigg, W. W. 
McLaughlin, H. 
McLear, J. M. 
Meredith, R. O. 
Minor, A. T. 
Morrisett, R. C. 
Mackie. John, Jr. 
McFrale, P. 
Neale, S. S. 
Parker, C. L. 
Polak, Jacob. 
Oters, M. 
Pendleton, E. 
Pike, H. C. 
Pugh, F. K. 
Pulling, J. 
Quinn, Pat. 
Rogers, A. G. 
Regan, John. 
Raby, H. R. 
Rudd, A. 
Rudd, B. 
Rudd, W. 
Robinson, H. R. 



Robinson, J. E. 
Smith, J. H. 
Smith, W. P. 
Stern, George. 
Shoemaker, G. A. 
Senior, Thomas. 
Smith, R. J. 
Snow, J. R. 
Smith, H. T. 
Tallard, G. F. 
Terry, W. F. 
Taliaferro, W. C. 
Taliaferro, Edwin. 
Traylor, T. E. 
Tyree, J. T. 
Tabb, R. M. 
Vandeventer, E. E. 
White, W. T. 
Walker, John. 
Wallace, J. B. 
Welch, M. 
Wesley, J. R. 
Wills, C. A. 
Wills, S. 
Wingo, A. W. 
Wood, R. 
Yancey, John K. 



COMPANY K, FIRST REGIMENT, VIRGINIA RIFLES. 



Florenz Miller, Captain. 

F. W. E. Lohman, First Lieu- 
tenant. 

F. W. Hagemeyer, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

Henry Linkhour, Third Lieu- 
tenant. 

H. Paul, First Sergeant. 

William Pfaff, Second Sergeant. 



Henry F. Elsafer, Third Sergeant. 

John Emmenhauser, Fourth Ser- 
geant. 

G. J. Haake, First Corporal. 

F. Hebering, Second Corporal. 

H. Burkhart, Third Corporal. 

George T. Deekmann, Fourth Cor- 
poral. 



AluisI, J. 
Arzberger, C. 
Bitzel, A, 
Bannerhardt, F. 
Brunner, R. 
Baumann, C. 
Buchenan, C. 
Buchenan, H. 
Blenkner, F. 
Blenkner, G. 
Braw, J. 
Bergmeir, B. 
Botzen, L. 
Bornickle, J. H. 



Breisacker, Charles. 
Cree, W. E. 
Cree, William. 
Clark, R. L. 
Creedins, Charles. 
Crenshaw, W. T. 
Diacont, P. 
Diacont, A. 
Diacont, W. 
Degenhardt, C. P. 
Davis, William. 
DeBar, D. 
Dick, J. T. 
Dilger, Joseph. 



Deibel, Henry. 
Emmenhauser, J. 
Frink, John. 
Fahrlenbruch, A. 
Flekenstein, H. 
Glass, G. 

Grohenwold, E. C. 
Gehauser, L. 
Guthier, F. 
Gehring, J. 
Gersdorfer, G. 
Gerhardt, F. J. 
Grossmann, Ernest. 
Gentry, J. W. 



APPENDIX 



559 



Heinemann, H, 
Hlne, A. 
Herzog, E. 
Hadermann, H. 
Helbig, G. L. 
Higgins, D. 
Hattker, A. 
Habernahl, A. 
Hoak, John. 
Hoak, F. 
Hoffman, J. T. 
Hook, Andreas. 
Koch, G. 

Lindner, Charles. 
Lucke, B. 
Lauterback, F. 
Lemhkeel, F. 



Meyer, F. 
Merkel, T. 
Naglesmann, J. 
Newland, P. M. 
Notte, Herman. 
Notte, Henry. 
Notte, David. 
Ocker, Joseph. 
Oeters, M, 
Peters, A. 
Paul, G. W. 
Peters, Louis. 
Paul, William. 
Rick, James. 
Rodins, J. 
Rommel, J. A. 



Reidt, Peter. 
Raymann, L. 
Ritcher, R. 
Stadelhofer, Alex. 
Stephen, Charles. 
Shapdock, S. 
Staab, P. 

Smith, . 

Sharitz, J. P. 
Tolger, G. 
Vierbok, J. 
Wagner, J. 
Waechter, J. 
Wiedenhahn, A. 
Winter, J. 
Werner, A. 



COMPANY B, FIFTEENTH VIRGINIA REGIMENT, VIRGINIA LIFE 

GUARD. 

John S. Walker, Captain. Arthur L. Lumsden, Third Ser- 

C. P. Rady, First Lieutenant. geant. 

A. M. Lyon, Second Lieutenant. J. H. Crew, Fourth Sergeant. 
W. W. Parker, Junior Second C. H. Bowen, Corporal. 

Lieutenant. J. H. Richardson, Corporal. 

Joseph M. Willis, First Sergeant. W. H. Crew, Corporal. 
Benjamin Bates, Second Sergeant. T. T. Lyon, Corporal. 



Allen, C. P. 
Allen, J. H. 
Allen, J. T. 
Alsop, R. B. 
Alsop, J. T. 
Adams, H. 
Alfriend, T. L. 
Baldwin, W. W. 
Baldwin. L. 
Bidgood. R. W. 
Butler, Ed. P. 
Butler, W. F., Jr. 
Briggs, W. H. 
Briggs, R. T. 
Brondeeker, H. 
Burns, Thomas. 
Bourn, D. N. 
Carter, W. N. 
Carter, J. W. 
Catlin. W. N. 
Corbitt, B. 
Cronin, T. 
Crump, G. 
Carlton, W. N. 
Davis, H. 
Denson, R. H. 



Devlin, Pat. 
Denny, D. P. 
Daly, W. H. 
Fenwick, C. C. 
Fleming. Thomas. 
Foster, E. M. 
Fischer. F. M. 
Gates, S. R. 
Gates, W. J. 
Gleason, J. J. 
Gary, W. W. 
Gibbs, E. S. 
Gay, W. H. 
Gates, E. W. 
Gary, G. M. 
Goode, S. S. 
Goode, J. C. 
Huff. C. H. 
Harlow, J. J. 
Hayes, W. C. 
Hall, E. F. 
Hall, D. S. 
Hopkins, J. V. 
Harvey, S. H. 
Holland, G. W. L. 
Hill, J. G. 



Hardie, Robert. 
Jarvis, W. H., Jr. 
Joyner. M. S. 
King, J. C. 
Keesee, George F. 
Long, L. M. 
Leigh, R. H. 
McKinney, William. 
Mathews, S. D. 
Morris, J. R. 
Mason, R. A. 
Marshall, W. M, 
Mathews, M. T. 
Meredith, J. D. 
Moore, J. S. 
McKein, W. A. 
McWilliams, John. 
Nimmo, T. E. 
New, J. S. 
Parr, J. F. 
Pugh, J. H. 
Parr, J. L. 
Parr, James. 
Pearce, J. T. 
Pollard, C. T. 
Powell, G. D, 



560 



APPENDIX 



Purdy, T. B. 
Perkins, W. R. 
Rate, J. B. 
Reed. W. M. 
Rudd, F. J. 
Robertson, D. H. 
Richardson, C. A. 
Roy, J. C. 
Swank, L. L. 
Sinton, C. H. 
Seelan, J. H. 
Stiea, Thomas. 



Samuels, Arch. 
Thompson, C. C. S. 
Taylor, J. C. 
Taylor, J. W. S. 
Taylor, R. W. 
Turner, W. T. 
Tyler, S. N. 
Whitlock, W. B. 
Whitlock, R. H. 
Walker, J. W. 
Walker, C. B. 



West, T. J., Jr. 
Wilks. J. W. 
Willianjs, R. A. 
Wells, H. L. 
Willis, Samuel P. 
Whitlock, J. W. 
Whitlock, John E. 
Winston, P. P. 
Walker, N. S. 
Webster, Arch. 
Yeates, S. K. 



COMPANY F, FIFTEENTH VIRGINIA REGIMENT, EMMETT 

GUARD. 



William Lloyd, Captain. 

Jeffrey Mason, First Lieutenant. 

James Collins, Second Lieutenant. 

John H. Adams, Third Lieutenant. 

John Disney, First Sergeant. 

D. O. Mahoney, Second Sergeant. 



Henry Collins, Third Sergeant. 
Michael Dugan, Fourth Sergeant. 
James Russell, Corporal. 
Michael Conners, Corporal. 
Charles Burrows, Corporal. 
Joseph O'Callaghan, Corporal. 



Booth, M. M. 
Burke, A. 
Bourk, William. 
Boland, William. 
Burns, James. 
Baine, Thomas. 
Byrnes, P. 
Cohen, Finn. 
Clary, Dennis. 
Crowin, John. 
Cummins, Pat. 
Costello, Pat. 
Driscoll, J. 
Driscoll, Daniel, 1. 
Driscoll, Daniel, 2. 
Donohoe, Daniel. 
Farley, Pat. 
Fenton, Joe. 
Feeney, M. 
Flaherty, Peter. 
Flaherty, John. 
Ford, John. 
Gillespie, H. 



Griffin, P. 
Glency, John. 
Graham, C. 
Haden, John. 
Hurley, W., 1. 
Hurley, W., 2. 
Harrington, John. 
James, George. 
Keenan, Joseph. 
Kirk, Nicholas. 
Kelley, Daniel. 
Kelly, John. 
Kelly, William. 
Katon, Pat. 
Horrickson, M. 
Lynch, John. 
Lillis, John. 
McCarthy, Dennis. 
McCabe, John. 
McDonald, James. 
Mart-^i. Pn/f. 
Murphy, John, 1. 



Murphy, John, 2. 
Murphy, Daniel. 
Manghan, Pat. 
Massie, Thomas. 
McGuire, John. 
McGuire, Brian. 
Manning, Dennis. 
Mahoney. James. 
McDonough, M. 
O'Neill, John. 
Page, J. W. 
Phillips, John. 
Sculley, B. 
Sullivan, O. 
Sullivan, J. 
Sullivan, M. 
Tracy, M. 
Tierney, E. P. 
Walker, Charles. 
Williams, Joseph. 
Williams, Pat. 
Williams, R. A. 



APPENDIX 



561 



COMPANY H, FIFTEENTH VIRGINIA REGIMENT, THE YOUNG 

GUARD. 



William A. Charters, First Cap- 
tain. 

Campbell G. Lawson, Second Cap- 
tain. 

L. L. Smith, First Lieutenant. 

A. L. Lindsay, Second Lieutenant. 

J. T. Vannerson, Third Lieutenant. 

A. V. England, First Sergeant. 



W. H. Wade, Second Sergeant. 
H. W. Dabney, Third Sergeant. 
E. L. Johnson, Fourth Sergeant. 
J. B. Lacy, Corporal. 
W. B. Allen, Corporal. 
E. R. Hopkins, Corporal. 
A. J. Hopkins, Corporal. 
W. T. Robertson, Corporal. 



Acree, J. S. 
Allen, J. R. 
Allen, L. 
Anthony, P. J. 
Anthony, A. G. 
Bell, J. J. 
Burnett, J. H. 
Berry, G. W. 
Batkins, M. 
Burns, George W. 
Burns, J. B. 
Bailey, Charles. 
Blankenship, M. J. 
Bethell, E, 
Barnes, E. F. 
Breeden, J. O. 
Brower, J. J. 
Broaddus, M. W. 
Bendall, J. J. 
Butler, A. G. 
Betts, L. 
Burk, P. R. 
Curtain, E. B. 
Charters, George A. 
Countz, E. 
Clash, J. H. 
Chapman, W. C. 
Connill, J. G, 
Deane, W. H. 
Dabney, A. C. 
Ellerson, John. 



England, R. W. 
Edwards. George H. 
Fox, R. H. 
Faunan, J. F. 
Gill, J. A. 
Hodge, H. 
Holmes, W. H. 
Hastings, W. T. 
Holmes, W. M. 
Howell, John. 
Hermanns, C. A. 
Hazelgrove, H. C. 
Hollis, E. 
Hayden, W. R. 
Harper, H. P. 
Jones, Benj. 
Jones, Ed. 
Kerr, George W. 
Lacy, T. T. 
Lyle, J. D. 
Lawson, P. R. 
Lambert, P. 
Lynham, E. N. 
Lane, John. 
Lee, W. E. 
Meredith. L. F. 
Murray, D. F. 
Minor, T. J. 
Napier, J. P. 
Owens, T. T. 
Odekirk, J. F. 



Peatross, R. J. 
Puckett, C. I. 
Pollard, R. C. 
Puller, J. E. 
Pittman, F. W. 
Robinson, Thomas. 
Robinson, W. G. 
Rogers, H. C. 
Rocke, W. N. 
Rink, L. S. 
Shaner, Jacob. 
Stevenson, J. J. 
Swabacher, S. 
Schwalmeyer, W. C. 
Steiner, J. L. 
Smith, W. C. 
Smith, G. T. 
Smith, Richard T. 
Taylor, P. S. 
Tucker, Judson. 
Turner, H. L. 
Tucker, N. J. 
Trueheart, A. H. 
Tennant, W. W. 
Timberlake, J. L. 
Wills, J. D. 
Wilson, J. T. 
Walker, P. H. 
Watkins, W. C. 
Young, Charles P. 



562 



APPENDIX 



COMPAJ^T^ K, FIFTEENTH VIRGINIA REGIMENT, MARION 
RIFLEMEN. 



Albert Lybrook, Captain. 
Aug. Schad, First Lieutenant. 
Henry Schabele, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 
Ed. Euker, Third Lieutenant. 
John Levin, First Sergeant. 
Fred Schmidt, Second Sergeant. 



G. F. Paul, Third Sergenat. 
Henry Beckman, Fourth Sergeant. 
John Marxhausen, Corporal. 
George Hasenohr, Corporal. 
Ed. Liess, Corporal. 
Charles Pflugfelder, Corporal. 



Alschutz, M. 
Bierschenk, F. 
Blenner, Aug. 
Brill, Phil. 
Bokelmann, H. 
Blantz, George. 
Brown, Charles B. 
Brown, George. 
Brann, A. 
Brann, C. B. 
Blenner, A. 
Doell, William. 
Droscher, A. 
Dill, F. 
Dill, John E. 
Eggelin, W. 
Eckerinbusch, C. 
Eackert, Charles. 
Fischer, J. C. 
Fillman, Emel. 
Frank, Adolph. 
Fischer, J. C. 
Fieldlin, A. F. 
Faulhaber, A. 
Faulhaber, H. 
Fleldlir, A. F. 
Grinimell, H. 
Goetz, Aug. 
Geese, Fred. 
Henninghausen, Chas. 

COMPANY A, TWENTIETH VIRGINIA INFANTRY, VIRGINIA 

GUARD. 

Samuel T. Bagby. Captain. Robert H. Talley, Second Sergeant. 

W. P. Burwell, First Lieutenant. H. Gray, Third Sergeant. 
Thomas A. Brander, Second Lieu- W. A. J. Smith, Fourth Sergeant. 

tenant. Robert Allen, Corporal. 

Alex. Q. Holladay, Junior Second William Arney, Corporal. 

Lieutenant. A. P. Adkins, Corporal. 

John T. Brown, First Sergeant. Charles DeBlessiene, Corporal. 



Hiersch, Fred. 
Hanck, John. 
Halem, A. V. 
Halem, H. V. 
Halem, E. V. 
Hendricks, J. T. 
Hassemaler, G. 
Haas, Charles. 
Heitmiller, William. 
Heicht, Coluxan. 
Haness, A. 
Johnson, John. 
Krohne, T. 
Krodel, H. 
Klein, G. 
Kempf, W. 
Krebs, Charles. 
Kraedel, H. 
Keppler, Jacob. 
Kolbe, John. 
Lintz, W. F. 
Lehman, H. 
Liebermann, E. 
Mueller, J. 
Miller, John. 
Meer, Reuben. 
Markell, F. 
Meister, O. 
Merkel, F. 



Marxhauser, J. 
Mengel, William. 
Noswitz, L. 
Otto, Fred. 
Ries, T. 
Roeth, C. 
Reidt, Henry. 
Runge, G. 
Reinhardt, L. H. 
Runknitz, 0. 
Raetz, Conrad. 
Ress, Fred. 
Schneider, H. 
Schneider, F. H. 
Stecker, P. 
Salger, Fred A. 
Simon, Benedict. 
Siemans, Charles. 
Schwartz, V. 
Schnermann, H. 
Schwartz, Jacob. 
Teske, John. 
Thille, Robert O. 
Tanbaedt, Charles. 
Volk, Charles. 
Wacker, E. 
Walter, J. L. 
Walter, John. 
Wagner, William. 



Bender, William. 
Burch, W. R. 
Bailey, John. 



Butler, John. 
Bass, T. M. 
Bass, W. R. 



Burrows, John. 
Brown, Alf. 
Connor, Jere., Jr. 



APPENDIX 



563 



Cronin, S. 
Connor, Alex. 
Campbell, W. A. 
Cannon, Pat. 
Childress, W. W. 
Connelly, Pat. 
Costello, T. 
Coghlin. Pat. 
Crawford, J. 
Constantine, C. 
Donaghue, James. 
Dillman, J. 
Diacont, John. 
DriscoU, James. 
Dennis, John. 
Davidson, R. R. 
Eaves, R. S. 
Edwards, G. H. 
Ferguson, R. 
Fox, R. H. 
Fonan, J. F. 
Ford, J. W. 
Gordon, D. M. 
Gill, J. A. 
Gaines. Thomas. 
Hinfmer, F. W. 
Hogan, James. 
Huffner, W. T. 
Hodges, H. 
Homes, W. H. 
Howell, John. 
Hermans, C. A. 
Hazelgrove, H. C. 
HolUs, Ed. 
Hogden, W. R. 
Harper, H. T. 



Jon"s. Ed. 
Jeeks, G. M. 
Jones, J. R. 
Johnson, G. W. 
Kir by, R. F. 
Kerr, G. W. 
Lyle, J. D. 
Lawson, P. R. 
Lambert, Phil. 
Lynham, E. N. 
Lyne, John. 
Lee, W. E. 
Langley. E. N. 
Lord, G. H. 
Lyle. M. 

Martin, Thomas. 
Mitchel, J. 

McCullough, William. 
McLellan, D. 
McMahon, T. 
Mack, T. 
Miller, Jacob. 
Meredith, L. F. 
Murray. D. 
Minor, T. J. 
Moss, T. T. 
Moon, J. L. 
Nailor, J. 
Napier, J. T. 
O'Toole, M. 
Owens, T. T. 
Odekirk, J. F. 
Parei, O. 
Puckett, C. J. 
Pollard, R. C. 



Puller. J. E. 
Pitman, F. W. 
Robinson, Thomas. 
Rogers, H. C. 
Rogers, C. M. 
Rocke, W. N. 
Ruik, L. S. 
Russell, Charles. 
Rowell, S. W. 
Shaner, Jacob. 
Smelser, H. K. 
Stevenson, J. J. 
Swabacher, S. 
Smith, B. E. 
Swalmeyer, W. C. 
Steinel, J. L. 
Smith, W. W. 
Smith, George T. 
Smith, R. T. 
Smith, "W. H. 
Smith, Jacob. 
Taylor, P. S. 
Tucker, A. J. 
Thiebes, W. 
Truehart, A. H. 
Tennant, W. W. 
Timberlake, J. L. 
Thompson, F. 
Wells, J. D. 
Wilson, J. T. 
Walker, P. H. 
Watkins, W. C. 
Welsh, D. 
Wynne, J. 
Young, Charles P. 



COMPANY H, TWENTY-THIRD VIRGINIA INFANTRY, RICHMOND 
SHARPSHOOTERS. 



Robert A. Tompkins, Captain. George W. Lindsay, Third Ser- 
Christian Ludman, First Lieu- geant. 

tenant. J. W. L. Jones, Fourth Sergeant. 

Ed. S. Baber, Second Lieutenant. Robert A. Jarvis, Corporal. 

E. E. Depriest, Third Lieutenant. W. H. Eggleston, Corporal. 

Ed. C. Crump, First Sergeant. John T. Chappell, Corporal. 

A. P. L'Eauyer, Second Sergeant. W. J. Wingfield, Corporal. 



AUumes, James. 
Alley, John B. 
Allen, W. L. 
Brandt, William. 
Biggs, R. 
Briquet, Samuel. 
Bland, J. R. 



Barratt, J. C. 
Barberry, P. J. 
Brooke, C. B. 
Burch, James. 
Beazley, Joseph W. 
Beazley, C. C. 
Blake, John. 



Childress, C. B. 
Crowlev, James. 
Dittel, F. 
Davis, W. J. 
Fraudree, J. J. 
Freitig, A. T. 
Pulton, R. 



564 



APPENDIX 



Folkes, T. H. 
Fuqua, R. H. 
Fordham, Ed. 
Gentry, W. L. 
Goff, C. H. 
Griffin, John H. 
Hardaman, Richard. 
Higgason, Morgan. 
Howell, C. N. 
Hammonds, A. 
Hill, E. L. 
Huffnagle, E. H. 
Huffnagle, John. 
Hickey, W. E. 
Harris, William A. 
Haupt, Samuel. 
Kell, Jacob. 
Johnson, A. 
Langford, C. H. 
Lyon, J. V. 
Lynch, John. 
Miller, Charles. 



Mattern, G. T. 
Mitchell, J. H. 
Mahoney, W. A. 
Minter, J. H. 
Mull, W. D. 
Murphy, Pat. 
Munden, J. M. 
McRae, A. N. 
McGann, Thomas M. 
McKenney, I. 
McDowell, A. 
Nichols, J. J. 
Norment, Samuel W. 
Page, T. 

Perrin, Henry A. 
Phillips, Samson. 
Puryear, Henry H. 
Parsley, P. 
Parsley, Sol. 
Pearman, R. A. 
Reinhardt, G. N. 



Ryan, R. E. J. 
Stanley, James. 
Smith, J. A. 
Smith, Jackson. 
Seymour, John. 
Slaughter. W. S. 
Sheppard, J. 
Schwartz, George. 
Thompson, W. H. 
Tills, J. S. 
Taylor, James. 
Tyler, J. H. 
Turner, J. W. 
Vinyard, W. I. 
Williamson, C. L. 
Wilson, J. J. 
Watkins, W. A. 
Wright, John A. 
Waul, W. C. 
Wynant, William. 
Wall, Frank. 



COMPANY E, FORTY-FOURTH VIRGINIA INFANTRY, RICHMOND 

ZOUAVES. 

Edward McConnell, Jr., Captain. John Regan, First Sergeant. 
Ed. M. Alfriend, First Lieutenant. D. E. Sharp, Second Sergeant. 
N. Dixon Walker, Second Lieu- W. P. Byrd, Third Sergeant. 

tenant. George W. Wiley, Fourth Sergeant. 

R. H. McConnell, Third Lieu- R. A. Thomas, Corporal. 

tenant. 



Anderson, Joseph. 
Brown, Alvin. 
Bradshaw, B. F. 
Byrnes, Thomas. 
Behan, James. 
Burton, George. 
Burrage, J. K, 
Courtney, Ed. 
Cox, A. L. 
Crevillear, Thomas. 
Crevillear, M. J. 
Carter, H. M. 
Clark, J. J. 
Corcoran, J. H. 
Cottrell, Ed. D. 
Cullen, P. 
Cutley, M. 



Cadigan, J. 
Diguey, H. 
Edwards, W. L. 
English, C. L. 
Ferguson, James. 
Feeney, B. 
Forbes, E. J. 
Finley, E. F. 
Finley, E. S. 
Getsinger, George A. 
Goodwyn, J. H. 
Girard, A. P. 
Griffith, John. 
Grant, Clinton. 
Graves, J. S. 
Hynes, J. D. 
Hodgson, T. 



Healey, A. A. 
Haywood, J. L. 
Hall, S. H. 
Kelley, John. 
King, J. N. 
Lanzorone, M. 
Loomis, J. 
Lando, Charles. 
Pyle, A. J. 
Poole, W. H. 
Phillips, H. J. 
Shepherd, Alick. 
Thompson, J. L. 
Waldman, G. R. 
Wren, W. H. F. 
Williams, William. 
White, T. M. 



APPENDIX 



565 



RICHMOND HOWITZER BATTALION. 



George W. Randolph, Major. 
T. P. Mayo, Adjutant. 
W. E. Randolph, Surgeon. 



J. B. Tinsley, Jr., Sergeant Major. 
W. B. Smith, Quartermaster. 
Rev. T. Ward White, Chaplain. 



FIBST COMPANY. 

J. C. Shields, Captain. C. C. Trabue, Fourth Sergeant. 

W. P. Palmer, First Lieutenant. H. Sublett, First Corporal. 

E. S. McCarthy, Second Lieu- Henry S. Williams, Second Cor- 

tenant. poral. 

R. M. Anderson, First Sergeant. George N. Poindexter, Third Cor- 
John Esten Cooke, Second Ser- poral. 

geant. Robert Armistead, Fourth Cor- 

W. H. Blackador, Third Sergeant. poral. 

SECOND COMPANY. 



J. Thompson Brown, Captain. 
James Ellett, First Lieutenant. 



William A. Archer, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 
N. B. Binford, First Sergeant. 



THIED COMPANY, 

Robert C. Stanard, Captain. W. B. Gretter, Fourth Sergeant. 

E. F. Moseley, First Lieutenant. H. C. Carter, First Corporal. 
John M. West, Second Lieutenant. A. C. Porter, Second Corporal. 

A. J. C. Dickinson, First Sergeant. C. Tinsley, Third Corporal. 

B. H. Smith, Second Sergeant. R. M. Venable, Fourth Corporal. 
H. L. Powell, Third Sergeant. 



FiHST Company, Richmond Howitzees. 



Adkisson, C. Eugene. 
Anderson, Joseph E. 
Anderson, Junius H. 
Anderson, Lucius W. 
Anderson, Lewis C. 
Anderson, Thomas B. 
Anderson, R. M. 
Arents, Frank S. 
Armstead, Thomas S. 
Armistead, Robert. 
August, James A. 
Ayers, John G. 
Ayers, Samuel B. 
Ayers, Thomas. 
Baird, John D. 
Ballard, F. Stribling. 
Ballard, William. 



J. C. Shields, Captain. 

Barksdale, Thomas. 
Barnes, Ed. F. 
Barnes, Frank. 
Barnes, Henry C. 
Barnes, John. 
Barnes, Walker. 
Barr, John W. 
Barr, David. 
Baxter. George. 
B°an, W. 
Bell, John. 
Bell, W. H. 
Binford, James H. 
Binford, Nanoleon. 
Blackador. W. H. 
Blair, Walter. 
Booker, George. 



Booker, J. R. 
Booker, R. M. 
Boiidar, Henry B. 
Bowen. J. J. 
Bowman, S. H. 
Boyd, W. J. 
Bradley, A. Sidney. 
Brander, James. 
Bransford, John. 
Bugg, W. N. 
Burr, Henry. 
Camm, Charles. 
Care, Riter G. 
Carter, Dr. L. W. 
Carter, H. C. 
Carter, James J. 
Carter, S. J. 



5G6 



APPENDIX 



Gary, Howard. 
Gary, William L. 
Chesterman, H. D. 
Golose, Robert. 
Golburn, William S. 
Goyle, Gornelius. 
Grouch, F. Nichols. 
Grump, George R. 
Groxton, Charles C. 
Cubbage, W. 
Cullingworth, Jos. N. 
Cooke, John Esten. 
Dame, William M. 
Daniel, Fred S. 
Davis, D. O. 
Davis, Joe. 
Denman, A. M. 
Dennie, G. H. 
Dibrell, Anthony. 
Dibrell, Watson S. 
Dooley, G. W. 
Doggett, David S. 
Drewry, William S. 
Dupuy, B. H. 
Early, George W. 
Edmonson, Henry. 
Eggleston, J. Gary. 
Ellett, James M. 
Ellis, George H. 
Ellis, J. H. 
Ellyson, W. Preston. 
Eustace, William H. 
Exall, George. 
Finney, William. 
Flournoy, J. J. 
French, J. 
Friend, Charles N. 
Gibson, James W. 
Goddin, E. C. 
Gravatt, George. 
Gray, Charles. 
'Gray, Edward. 
*Gray, James J. 
Gray, Somerville. 
Gretter, W. Plummer. 
Grigg, George L. 
Grundy, J. B. 
Guigon, A. B. 
Hardy, W. J. 
Harrington, Charles A. 
Harris, B. P. 
Harrison, C. A. 
Harrison, George B. 
Harrison, H. H. 
Harrison, W. J. 



Harrison, W. L. 
Harvey, Martin L. 
Harvey, Wash. L. 
Harwood, G. W. 
Herring, Elbridge. 
Herring, John H. 
Herring, W. D. 
Higgason, Arthur. 
Howard, Charles. 
Howard, John C. 
Hufford, D. S. 
Kean, W. C. 
Kean, W. C, Jr. 
Keiser, C. 
Keller, Robert J. 
Kepler, Henry. 
Kepler, Addison. 
Kinsolving, G. J. 
Knight, Robert D. 
Lambert, J. Ben. 
Lamkin, William A. 
Leake, P. S. 
Lee, George. 
Lewis, G. M. 
Lewis, William J. 
Macon, Thomas J. 
Madden. 
Mallory, Ben. 
Maloney, P. 
Marsden, F. C. 
Marston, Robert. 
Martin, S. Taylor. 
Massie, Henry. 
Maury, Richard H. J. 
McCabe, James E. 
McCabe, George. 
McCandlish, Robert. 
McCarthy, D. S. 
McCarthy, Ed. S. 
McCreery, J. V. L. 
McKenna, John J. 
McMillan, Charles. 
McNamee, J. 
McReynolds, S. 
Meade, Hodijah. 
Meade, Peyton. 
Michand, Paul. 
Minor, Jesse B. 
Moncure, Travers D. 
Moore, Ed. 
Moore, Robert F. 
Moore, W. L 
Moran, Michael. 
Morris, William. 
Morrison, Charles. 



Morrison. 
Mosby. 
Mosby, O. A. 
Morton, Allen. 
Moseley, John. 
Nimmo, John. 
Niven, J. M. 
Ogden, Dewoss. 
Page, John W. 
Page, Carter. 
Page, William H. 
Palmer, William P. 
Palmer, W. W. 
Parker, William. 
Parrott, A. B. 
Peachy, J. GrifBn. 
Perry, W. H. 
Patticord, S. M. 
Pleasants, Charles M. 
Pleasants, John W. 
Pleasants, William A. 
Poindexter, Charles. 
Poindexter, George H. 
Pollard, Byrd G. 
Powell, Ed. W. 
Powell, Hugh L. 
Powell, J. L. 
Price, Overton B. 
Puryear, W. H. 
Rahm, Adolphus. 
Rahm, Frank. 
Read, Nicholas C. 
Redd, Lewis. 
Rennie, G. H. 
Richardson, Abner H. 
Richardson, George P. 
Richardson, Robert E. 
Robinson, Leigh. 
Rowland, R. Grattan. 
Royall, John B. 
Royall, R. W. 
Schlater, Lin. H. 
Schouler, John H. 
Scott, Charles. 
Scott, John A. 
Sears, DeWitt. 
Seay, John W. 
Seay, Joseph. 
Seldon, Charles. 
Seldon, Nathaniel. 
Shields, John C. 
Simons, W. E. 
Simpson, J. Harvie. 
Skinner, Ed. 
Smith, Bathurst L. 



APPENDIX 



567 



Smith, W. P. 
Snead, E. B. 
Snead, J. H. 
Snead, Dr. Albert. 
South, D. J. 
Stearn, Edward G. 
Stiles, Eugene W. 
Stiles, Robert. 
Stiles, Randolph R. 
Sublett, Harrison. 
Taliaferro, C. C. 
Taliaferro, Whit. 
Taliaferro, William. 
Tatum, John C. 
Tatum, W. H. 
Terrell, Henry. 
Tinsley, James G. 



Todd, Charles L. 
Todd, W. R. 
Todd, John W. 
Townsend, Harry C. 
Trabue, Charles C. 
Trent, S. W. 
Tucker, Ben. J. 
Tyler, J. H. 
Vaiden, Samuel E. 
Vest, George S. 
Waddill, William L. 
Washington, Wallace. 
Wayt, William. 
Wharton, Richard G. 
White, Thomas Ward. 
White, William G. 
Whiting, Thomas L. 



Williams, Frank S. 
Williams, Fred. 
Williams, Henry S. 
Williams, J. Peter. 
Williams, John N. 
Williams, Joseph G. 
Williams, Watson L. 
Williamson, Joseph A. 
Wingo, Charles E. 
Wortham, R. C. 
Wynn, Arthur Lee. 
Wise, John B. 
Wise, Lewis A. 
Wyatt, John W. 
Wyatt, Richard W. 
Wyatt, Thomas B. 
Yancy, John P. 



Second Company, Richmond Howitzebs. 



J. Thompson Brown, Captain. 



Abell, J. D. 
Ackerman, James J. 
Allen, Harvey G. 
Allen, Henry C. 
Allgood, E. A. 
Allgood, S. J. 
Angel, J. C. 
Archer, William M. 
Atkinson, J. T. 
Baker, T. Roberts. 
Barker, W. V. B. 
Barker, William C. 
Barnes, Silas W. 
Barnes, H. G. H. 
Barns, L. R. 
Barry, John. 
Bass, W. H. 
Bedford, Henry. 
Bell, R. F. 
Boll, Thomas Read. 
Binford, Ballard. 
Ginford, James E. 
Binford, Napoleon. 
Binford, S. J. 
Elanton, William E. 
Botto, Frank. 
Booker, Lewis. 
Booker, Thomas. 
Bosher, E. J. 
Fosher, R. S. 
Brent, J. Carroll. 
Brooks, A. E. 
Bryan, St. G. J. C. 



Burnley, H. Martin. 
Buchanan, Martin. 
Buchanan, William. 
Burnley, Charles J. 
Brown, George W. 
Brown, J. Thompson. 
Calago, John A. 
Cardwell, William M. 
Carson, J. C. 
Carter, George A. 
Carter, Sam S. 
Casey, James W. 
Chapman, James C. 
Chappell, Joseph E. 
Charles, John. 

Chew, . 

Chuin, George E. 
Christian, George L. 
Christian, J. C. 
Christian, R. L. 
Clarke, David B. 
Cocke, C. E. 
Cocke, Chastain E. 
Cocke, Erasmus. 
Cocke, Joseph J. 
Coke, R. B. 
Corbin, N. M. 
Crane, Charles J. C. 
Crane, Henry R. 
Craycraft, James E. 
Cross, John. 
Crump, George R. 
Davis, Creed J. 



Davis, T. J. 
Davis, W. L. 

Dawson, . 

Douglas, W. T. 
Drew, Dr. 
Drilling, John. 
Dunn, W. W. 
Duval, Alex. 
Duval, William W. 
Eastin, William B. 
Ellett, John S. 
Ellett, James. 
Ellett, W. W. 
Elliott, William. 
Ellyson, J. Taylor. 
England, John. 
Faxon, John W. 
Fitzhugh, John S. 
Fitzgerald, N. M. 
Fleming, A. 
Fleming, John S. 
Fleming, W. M. 
Fleming, William B. 
Foster, James B., Jr. 
Foulkes, J. W. 
Franklin, L. B. 
French, J. Compton. 
Garnett, Booker. 
Garnett, Walter. 
Garnett, William J. 
Goulden, Samuel R. 
Green, Samuel R. 
Guigon, A. B. 



568 



APPENDIX 



Grigg, J. A. 
Hagan, John. 
Hallyburton, Wm. G. 
Hamilton, W. H, 

Hansbrough, . 

Harlow. H. W. 
Harrison, Thomas R. 
Harvey, M. L, 
Harney, W. G. 
Hawes, S. H. 
Heath, William, 
Hill, Charles. 
Hill, Frank D. 
Hill, Lewis R. 
Hill, W. R., Jr. 
Hillyard, Richard. 
Hines, John. 
Hobson, F. Deane. 
Hobson, George W. 
Hodges, J. T. 
Houston, Archer. 
Houston, John W. 
Hudnall, Henry. 
Hudson, W. D. 
Hughes, George P. 
Hughes, Stephen B. 
Hullihen, Rev. W. Q, 
Hundley, Joseph W. 
Hutcheson, W. K. 
James, John. 
Jesse, Jim M. 
Johnson, W. R. 
Jones, "Chinch." 
Jones, Henry S. 
Jones, J. T. 
Jones, Jack. 
Jones, John Peter. 
Jones, John Wiley. 
Jones, Lorraine F. 
Jones, Laney, Jr. 
Jones, L. 
Jones, Peter L. 
Justice, Daniel O. 
Kemp, Wyndham. 

Kenna, . 

Kennedy, William M. 
Kersey, Robert. 
Kirby, R. M. 
Kirby, W. Reynolds. 

Lampkin, . 

Langhorne, J. B. 
Lawson, Alexander. 
Lawson, Campbell G. 
Lawrence, S. K. 
Lee, Harry. 



Lee, W. P. 
Lee, W. W. 
Leftwich, Thomas R. 
Lemmon, William. 
Lewis, William P. 

Luck, . 

Lumpkin, James. 
Mahone, William. 
Mann, Judge Geo. E. 
Mann, W. J. 
Maupin, Joseph R. 
Mayo, Dr. Theodore P 
Mayo, John B. 
McCarthy, Carlton. 
McCarthy, Julian. 
McCarthy, William H. 
McKenna, Luke. 
McKinney, James S. 
McRae, Wallace. 
Maxey, Joseph E. 
Miller, Charles M. 
Miller, Henry. 
Miller, J. A. 
Miller, Montgomery G. 
Miller, Polk. 
Miller, John. 
Moore, J. B. 
Mordecai, John B. 
Mordecai, George W. 
Mordecai, William Y. 
Morris, W. H. P. 
Martin, J. E. 
New, John. 
Neibors, William. 
Otey, Gaston. 
Otto, John. 
Palmer, Charles J. 
Palmer, Thomas W. 
Parrot, J. C. 
Patterson, R. G. 
Pearson, James E. 
Pendleton, Hugh T. 
Pendleton, Samuel H. 

Pistoletti, : 

Place, George. 
Pleasants, H. R. 
Pleasants, Reuben B. 
Pollard, Thomas. 
Potts, John. 
Price, Overton. 
Pryor, John. 
Puryear, W. H. 
Ragland, John S. 
Rennie, Rev. Jos. R. 
Roam, . 



Roark, C. 
Rodenheiser, J. C. 
Robinson, Andrew. 
Robinson, Leigh. 
Robinson, R. Calvin. 
Robinson, T. V. 
Scruggs, George F. 
Selden, John. 
Semple, G. W. 
Sheppard, William L. 
Shook, Henry C. 
Skinker, Charles R. 
Slater, William L. 
Slaughter, Thomas W. 
Smith, H. 
Smith, Thomas A. 
Smith, W. A. 
Smith, W. G. 
Sutton, Charles W. 
Taliaferro, John C. 
Tallman, W. H. 
Tatum, L. B. 
Temple, B. Brook. 
Temple, Roy. 
Terrell, Joseph. 
Terrell, Mahlon. 
Timberlake, L. W, 
Tinsley. James G. 
Tompkins, M. W. 
Trent, Stephen. 
Tuck, E. J. 
Tuck, W. C. 
Van Name, P. M. 
Vest, John W. 
Vest, John H. 
Waldrop, John. 

Wolford, . 

Wollford, Ed. F. 
Watkins, Samuel V. 
Watson, David. 
Wellford, R. Corbin. 
Wellford, William N. 
Werth, John. 
Westheimer. 
Wharton, John J. 
Wharton, John G. 
Wilson, Joseph J. 
White, W. J. 
Williams, Charles U. 
Williams, Joseph G. 
Wingfield, W. T. 
Wingo, W. J. 
Winn, C. H. 
Winston, James D. 
Winston, William C. 



APPENDIX 



569 



Woodhouse, J. G. 
Worsham, L. W, 



Worsham, W. G. 
Wright, T. R. B. 



Yancey, Stephen D. 
Yates, James A. 



Third Company, Richmond Howitzers. 



Robert C. Stanard, Captain. 



Armstead, W. M. 
Archer, A. B. 
Austin, T. H. 
Austin, J. M. 
Anderson, Joseph J. 
Argyle, Joseph W. 
Arents, George. 
Archer, W. O. 
Burwell, D. T. 
Bossieux, Thomas. 
Boisseau, C. C. 
Ballington, Heber. 
Bernard, D. W. 
Barksdale, H. 
Bowles, J. F. 
Brown, R. B. 
Brent, W. E. 
Brook, T. V. 
Brooks, M. G. 
Brooke, R. 
Borner, E. F. 
Courtney, W. B. 
Crump, J. O. 
Cardozo, C. E. 
Cullen, E. F. 
Cave, Dabney J. 
Casey, J. E. 
Clark, S. 
Crump, E. M. 
Cropper, G. T. 
Chandler, C. S. 
Chew, H. P. 
Chastain, J. B. 
Davis, S. H. 
Donnan, D. 
Eskridge, A. P. 
Ellett, E. G. 
Eckles, J. A. 
Evans, H. T. 
Estill, Henry. 
Flournoy, H. W. 
Flournoy, John J. 
Fourquerean, C. B. 
Fourquerean, M. W. 
Fourquerean, Jos. M. 
Fisher, W. H. 



French, J. H. 
Foster, G. M. 
Gardner, M. H. 
Gambol, R. J. 
Gardner, H. D. 
Garrett, A. 
Green, W. W. 
Grettor, P. P. 
Gordon, E. C. 
Hammond, J. T. 
Houston, W. H. 
Herring, W. D. 
Houston, John W. 
Harris, J. L. 
Hufford, D. S. 
Harris, J. C. 
Harwood, Charles W. 
Hart, George. 
Holladay. Alex. L. 
Hutcheson. John H. 
Hunt, Claiborn. 
Jones, Robert W. 
Jones, A. O. 
Johnson, George E. 
Jones, J. L. 
Keesee, T. O. 
Lewis, Lucien. 
Lyne, W. H. 
Liggon, S. H. 
Layne. J. T. 
Lumpkin, L. 
Lynham, J. A. 
Lorraine, E. C. 
Morris, E. P. 
Miller, James M. 
Milter, T. M. 
Manders, J. W. 
Manders, John. 
Mayo, W. C. A. 
Mayo, T. T. 
Mahoney, E. M. 
Major, S. C. 
McCabe, W. G. 
Mann, W. M. 
Mann, Charles W. 



Nicholas, Sidney. 
Peat, W. A. 
Porter, P. B. 
Porter, G. W. 
Porter, W. E. 
Powell, T. P. 
Powell, J. P. 
Powell, T. L. 
Puller, W. B. 
Parkhill, C. P. 
Pope, G. K. 
Payne, W. P. 
Paine, Thomas W. 
Priddy, R. D. B. 
Quarles, Thomas W. 
Read, W. M. 
Redd, L. W. 
Roberts, W. H. 
Ratcliffe, W. P. 
Scott, P. G. 
Snead, W. J. 
Saunders, W. H. 
Smith, Rufus G. 
Sublett, E. H. 
Sublett, L. 0. 
Swann, Robert W. 
Sublett, W. B. 
Sublett, C. T. 
Sbeppard, S. C. 
Smith, O. B. 
Smith, J. N. 
Santos, A. F. 
Sydnor, W. J. 
Sydnor, R. T. 
Sizer, J. T., Jr. 
Scarborough, Robert. 
Tuck, M. T. 
Thaxton, George D. 
Thornton, H. F. 
Tyler, E. G. 
Taliaferro, A. F. 
Trice, J. J. 
Winfree, R. 
Winfree, P. 
Winn, E. A. 



570 



APPENDIX 



RICHMOND FAYETTE ARTILLERY. 



Henry C. Cabell, Captain. 

M. C. Macon, First Lieutenant. 

William I. Clopton, Junior First 
Lieutenant. 

Matthew P. Taylor, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

Peyton Johnston, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

Lewis Booker, Lieutenant. 

James N. Clark, First Sergeant. 

Walter H. Robinson, Second Ser- 
geant. 

William F. G. Garnett, Jr., Third 
Sergeant. 

William Winston Jones, Fourth 
Sergeant. 



H. L. Burrows, Fifth Sergeant. 

Benjamin H. Robinson, Sixth Ser- 
geant 

William Elam, First Corporal. 

Jacob Beck, Second Corporal. 

Thomas Whitworth, Third Cor- 
poral. 

William G. Clark, Fourth Cor- 
poral. 

Robert H. Talley, Fifth Corporal. 

Jacob W. Rex, Sixtli Corporal. 

W. B. Ritter, Quartermaster Ser- 
geant. 

Preston M. Quarles, Assistant 
Quartermaster Sergeant. 



Altcheel, Casper. 
Altcheel, F. J. 
Andrews, Moses. 
Angle, A. M. 
Appleyard, John. 
Allen, W. A. 
Andrews, T. H. 
Baccigalupo, A. 
Beck, Joseph. 
Blunt, J. T. 
Bohanan, George W. 
Barker, W. J. 
Branch, Delaware. 
Baker, L. W. 
Buckelman, Henry. 
Byron, R. I. 
Brumfield, J. M, 
Blunt, Joseph E. 
Brown, G. W. 
Benton, G. W. 
Barnes, James. 
Burrows, C. D. 
Brown, Charles. 
Boyle, John. 
Black, James. 
Baines, Joseph. 
Butler, Isham. 
Bruce, James. 
Beaton, A. 
Burke, John. 
Butler, Sol. 
Caskie, J. S. 
Carter, L. H. 
Cole, Haley. 
Crump, J. D. 



Clark, Samuel B. 
Crafton, D. 
Clinely, Charles. 
Carter, Thomas R. 
Costello, James. 
Cocke, Edwin. 
Clements, William. 
Clayton, Henry. 
Carr, Jesse. 
Carver, Frank. 
Cox, Benjamin. 
Dansey, T. H. 
Delarue, H. P. 
Delarue, Gus J. 
Delarue, Joseph. 
Dickman, L. L, 
Dowden, R. B. 
Doyle, George P. 
Doyle, Thomas. 
Duesberry, W. W. 
Duke, W. O. 
Day, Walter C. 
Dunn, James. 
Dashields, George S. 
Eubank, Carter H. 
Eubank, James. 
Edwards, A. C. 
Eubank, Benton. 
Ellington, John. 
Edwards, J. H. 
Eliperson, John B. 
Eacho, D. A. 
Ellett, Abner. 
Edwards, D. C. 
Fleming, R. I. 



Fallon, John J. 
Faulkner, T. W. 
Friel, James. 
Frayser, James S. 
Fitzgerald, William. 
Fitz, Peter. 
Fox, George S. 
Furcron, A. 
Ford, F. W. 
Fowlkes, R. H. 
Fitzgerald, Dennis. 
Finland, Thomas. 
Gaines, E. W. 
Gill, John Ed. 
Gill, Henry H. 
Graves, J. S. 
Gilliam, Robert. 
Gradill, H. H. 
Grubbs, A. B. 
Gay, W. C. 
Gaines, D. H. 
Graves, T. C. 
Halstead, T. S. 
Hartman, John. 
Hawkins, C. H. C. 
Heath, W. L. 
Hix, George F. 
Hoctor, Dennis. 
Hollard, W. S. 
Holmes, J. C. 
Hartsberger, P. A. 
Howard, James H. 
Howard, T. J. 
Hutzler, Charles. 
Hall, John. 



APPENDIX 



571 



Hunt, Michael. 
Humphries, J. H. 
Hood, J. T. 
Holt, J. D. 
Hix, A. L. 
Herrig, William. 
Horsley, P. F, 
Hogan, Joseph. 
Heileman, J. F. 
Hays, Robert. 
Herndon, G. A. 
Ingraham, William. 
Irby, M. G. 
Jones, A. H. 
Jarvis, Ottoway. 
Jennings, G. F. 
Jacobs, S. 
Jones, B. S. 
Kruies, A. 
Kane, John. 
Keene, J. H. 
Leary, J. H. 
Leakins, G. 
Lipscomb, A. C. 
Long, Reuben. 
Lucas, W. D. 
Lambkin, J. W. 
Lilly, James. 
Lillias, Thomas. 
Lamb, W. D. 
Manning, W. T. 
Matthias, C. F. 
Mittledorfer, M. 
Moore, C. H. 
Martin, W. O. 
Martin, W. T. 
Morris, W. L. 
Moseley, T. F. 
McCann, D. C. 
McGehee, J. H. 
McNamara, T. 
Murry, John. 



Martin, Pat. 
Morris, G. P. 
Marda, James. 
Mullins, J. 
Middleton, J. 
Moorefield, P. H. 
Mallow, John. 
Miller, J. 
Maybright, C. 
Myers, C. A. 
McCurdy, Peter. 
IMcCance, D. C. 
McKennon, W. C. 
McCrea, William. 
McDonnald, N. P. 
McMinnis, A. 
Newman, A. 
Newton, G. A. 
Pippin, E. 
Pollock, R. D. 
Foytras, L. 
Perdue, A. J. 
Place, W. B. 
Parry, W. H. 
Pettus. William. 
Pope, C. W. 
Phoeney, A. 
Purvear, W. G. 
Pollard, E. S. 
Ratcliff, R. K. 
Reese, R. 
Robertson, W. H. 
Roper, E. 
Robertson, J. C. 
Rourke, J. 
Rogers, W. H. 
Reeves. D. D. 
Rohbaugh, J. 
Rayford, A. C. 
Rex, C. M. 
Ramey, T. G. 



Robertson, J. G. 
Shell, Richard. 
Shell, William. 
Seaton, F. W. 
Shook, J. B. 
Smith, J. H. 
Smith, T. L. 
Sutton, J. C. 
Spencer, W. B. 
St. Clair, George. 
Snead, T. W. 
Southard, R. 
Smith, G. K. 
Smith, Z. 
Stonesheet, A. 
Seaton, W. S. 
Tutty, J. H. 
Tyree, J. VI. 
Tompkins, E. 
Thomas, J. D. 
Thomas, M. 
Twyford, R. T. 
Thompson, J. S. 
Tompkins, C. H. 
Udaily, M. 
Vaden, G. P. 
Vanderbilt, W. S. 
Vernon, James. 
Vaughan, J. C. 
White, J. P. 
Wilson, A. J, 
Wright, G. F. 
Wright, Pleasant. 
Webber, J. S. 
Williams, M. G. 
Walsh, W. R. 
Wilson, A. J. 
Woodward, R. H. 
West, W. H. 
Walsh, John H. 
Wyatt, W. 



PURCELL BATTERY. 



Reuben Lindsay Walker, Captain. 
W. J. Pegram, Second Captain. 
Joseph McGraw. Third Captain. 
George M. Cayce, Fourth Captain. 
Daniel Hagerty, First Lieutenant. 
W. J. Pegram, Second Lieutenant. 
James R. Allen, First Sergeant. 



Henry Fitzhugh, Second Sergeant. 
Z. McGruder, Third Sergeant. 
H. A. Eddins, Fourth Sergeant. 
Gardner G. Thompson, Corporal. 
J. F. Ferneyhough, Corporal. 
William Snellings, Corporal. 
Levi Morton, Corporal. 



Adams, W. H. 
Ackerly, H. S. 
Alderslade, G. E. 



Allen, W. A. 
Peckham, W. J. 
Burnes, Thomas. 



Barry, John. 
Bayley, Parks. 
Beck, J. 



572 



APPENDIX 



Boyd, Theodore. 
Brian, Ed. 
Branch, James. 
Cribs, H. 
Cribs, Charles. 
Campbell, T. 
Cheatham, S. 
Crow, C. B. 
Callaghan, John T. 
Couch, William. 
Christian, Henry B. 
Dager, Richard. 
Delarue, Joseph. 
Dixon, Charles C. 
Drewry, Albert S. 
Elly, John. 
Elly, Charles. 
English, Thomas. 
Puqua, M. 
Farrar, J. W. D. 



Fitzgerald, George. 
Grigsby, C. A. 
Gentry, William H. 
Gratz, John. 
Harrison, W. L. 
Hackman, B. 
Holland, Guiger. 
Jones, Wesley. 
Jones, Ed. 
James, S. J. 
Johnston, G. W. 
Kinstry, James. 
Kane, Michael. 
Limerick, S. D. 
Mosby, B. F. 
Miffleton, William. 
Murphy, Michael. 
Markham. P. W. 
McCook, S. 



Neal, J. M. 
Newman, W. W. 
Nolan, Jere. 
Redford, D. S. 
Ricketts, Aug. 
Stanford, J. C. 
Smyth, G. B. 
Snellings, William. 
Smith, Henry. 
Scott, Richard. 
Totty, Robert T. 
Tyler, W. H. 
Thomas, J. A. 
Temple, S. 
Trevine, W. H. 
Wren, James. 
Welch, James F. 
Wilson, John T. 
Watkins, Charles. 



HAMPDEN ARTILLERY, COMPANY C, THIRTY-EIGHTH 
BATTALION. 



Lawrence S. Marye, Captain. Alfred R. Courtney, Third Lieu- 

David S. Watson, First Lieutenant. tenant. 
James Pleasants, Second Lieu- James A. Caskie, Sergeant, 
tenant. 



Atkinson, Turner. 
Addington, A. J. 
Aylward, Edward. 
Brown, T. T. 
Barnum, Charles. 
Blair, J. A, 
Beers, H. H. 
Baughman, E. A. 
Baughman, G. H. 
Brady, J. F. 
Caskie, W. H. 
Cave, E. 
Clayton, G. B. 
Childress, Ed. 
Carbbarry, James. 
Davis, R. S. 
Deane, T. C. 
Dunn, W. 
Eve, E. D. 
Fields, Thomas. 
Ford, S. P. 
Ford, T. E. 
Ford, R. M. 
Face, Daniel. 
Fitzpatrick, James. 
Gentry, P. O. 



Hancock, William. 
Jennings, Benjamin. 
Jones, D. N. 
Jones, Walter. 
Jones, R. A. 
Kates, J. R. 
Kelley, W. H. 
Kearney, John. 
Lindsey, J. J. 
Mahone, J. H. 
Miller, C. 
McLearen, A. H. 
Morriss, J. B. 
Meagan, Pat. 
McGunness, P. B. 
Miller, L. W. 
Miller, J. R. 
Moore, Walter. 
Melton, S. D. 
Nunnally, E. D. 
Ott, Henry. 
Otey, George. 
O'Reilly, Pat. 
Pate, A. 
Robertson. A. G. 



Ryan, Dennis. 
Read, J. W. 
Roundtree, D. R. 
Sanford, L. 
Snead, J. L. 
Stanner, Frank. 
Smith, Charles. 
Staiars, P. M. 
Sullivan, W. 
Smith, George. 
Shannon, J. P. 
Smith, E. P. 
Treadwaller, S. P. 
Tyler, George P. 
Tyler, S. G. 
Thorp, J. H. 
Thomas, J. R. 
Trewalla, S. P. 
White, Henry. 
Walberton, M. 
Weinhold, H. 
W'^ods, M. 
Williams, J. H. 
Wicker, E. 
Wright, D. 



APPENDIX 



573 



THOMAS ARTILLERY. 

P. B. Stanard, Captain. J. E. Sullivan, Third Sergeant. 

Charles H. Thornton, First Lieu- T. T. Hunt, Fourth Sergeant, 

tenant. F. M. Hopkins, Corporal. 

Edgar Macon, Second Lieutenant. J. A. Forthing, Corporal 

James Massenburg, Jr., First Ser- E. J. Anderson, Corporal, 

geant. C. T. Raynor, Corporal. 

C. A. Brockmeyer, Second Ser- 
geant. 



Acorn, Peter. 
Allen, John. 
Babb, R. K. 
Bradley, J. T. 
Bridgewater, O. ( 
Broach, B. F. 
Batkins, R. E. 
Breeden, H. S. 
Bowe, George A. 
Bosher, J. G. 
Bartlett, R. T. 
Baker, J. V. V. 
Brady, A. 
Blair, Joseph A. 
Baker, Robert. 
Cottrell, W. R. 
Conover, J. 
Cummins, J. F. 
Champion, Z. 
Childrey, W. W. 
Dixon, John B. 
Davidson, Robert. 
Dunn, James. 
Doughty, M. 



Enroughty, B. 
Early, F. 
Frazier, W. H. 
Goode, W. H. H. 
Green, W. 
George, W. H. 
Graham, W. L. 
Heckler, W. T. 
Johnson, Samuel. 
Johnson, C. J. 
Kenny, William. 
Levy, E. L. 
Lucord, P. T. 
Marshall, J. W. 
McCurdy, Thomas C. 
McCook, W. H. 
Mantel, H. G. 
McCarthy, F. V. 
Nicholas, G. H. 
Oakley, T. 
Oakley, J. A. 
Penny, William. 
Pahman, C. 
Ponor, P. 



Ponor, E. 
Robertson, J. R. 
Rogers, John. 
Rome, G. W. 
Ragland, J. H. 
Rose, J. H. 
Reg, W. F. 
Reynolds, R. 
Stevenson, J. R. 
Smitey, J. W. 
Schofield, R. H. 
Smith, T. J. 
Schleiser, C. 
Schleiser, G. W. 
Thomas, J. E. 
Topp, William. 
Torster, Jacob. 
Taylor. J. V. L. 
Terrill, B. 
Tennant, C. B. 
Tensor, C. 
Walter, J. H. 
Watkins, J. H. 
Waller, E. M. 



OTEY BATTERY, COMPANY A, THIRTEENTH BATTALION. 



Gaston S. Otey, Captain. 

David N. Walker, Senior First 
Lieutenant. 

Archibald Boiling, Junior First 
Lieutenant. 

Edward Norvell, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

J. E. Foster, Lieutenant. 

W. James, Lieutenant. 

E. W. Horseley, Lieutenant. 

John B. Langhorne, First Ser- 
geant. 

W. G. Miller, Second Sergeant. 

George W. Libby, Third Sergeant. 



J. C. Gordon, Fourth Sergeant. 

E. R. Morris, Fifth Sergeant. 
R. B. Gunn, Sergeant. 

J. S. Nicholas, Sergeant. 
W. P. Snider, Sergeant. 
Robert Jamison, Sergeant. 
George P. Ball, Sergeant. 
H. W. Cox, First Corporal. 
J. W. West, Second Corporal. 
Charles E. Ralls, Third Corporal. 
H. E. Gouldman, Fourth Corporal. 

F. W. Mahood, Corporal. 
M. West, Corporal. 



574 



APPENDIX 



Abttficebs 



Batty, J. 
Buren, H. C. 

Anderson, R. P. 
Bagby, H. B. 
Brooks, C. 
Blair, L. H. 
Blair, W. T. 
Baughman, C. C. 
Baldwin, H. R. 
Burton, H. W. 
Burton, R. C. 
Booker, G. Y. 
Butler, R. E, 
Beall, E. S. 
Benson, C. P. 
Ball, A. W. 
Briggs, R. T. 
Barney, W. H. 
Bell, S. P. 
Binford, C. T. 
Binford, Julian. 
Binford, J. H. 
Binford, A. R. 
Burnett, S. E. 
Burnett, H. C. 
Blair, W. T. 
Cheatham, A. J. 
Cox, H. W. 
Caperton, J. M. 
Caperton, John. 
Crockett, H. E. 
Conrad, W. S. 
Clopton, S. C. 
Campbell, W. 
Chamberlain, C. 
Chamberlain, J. 
Chalkley, T. A. 
Cardoza, J. H. 
Cook, E. B. 
Carter, J. M. 
Clarke, L. S. 
Clarke, C. 
Denny, George H. 
Denny, R. S. 
Davis, W. W. 
Edmonds, N. S. 
Ford, P. W. 
Ford, W. B. B. 
Farley, R. G. 
Farley, A. A. 
Parrar, C. 
Finney, E. 0. 



Crane, . 

Givans, A. J. 

Frederick, J. C. 
Flournoy, R. X\T. 
Flournoy, P. P. 
Flournoy, J. T. 
Flournoy, S. L. 
Fendley, Thomas N. 
Fisher, E. C. 
Grant, A. 
Grant, G. W. 
Glazebrook, R. M. 
Glazebrook, R. L. 
Gordon, J. N., Jr. 
Guerrant, W. G. 
Gouldman, H. E. 
Gay, H. E. 
Green, Charles. 
Goldsby, T. M. 
Gwathmey, R. W. 
Henry, A. K. 
Hart, H. R. 
Haney, J. W. 
Hayes, W. C. 
Hewitt, H. C. 
Harvey, S. M. 
Harrison, S. J. 
Harwood, W. F. 
Harper, R. G. 
Harris, A. T. 
Hart, W. A. 
Hooper, B. W. 
Hartman, A. C. 
Jefferson, E. C. 
Johnson, A. F. 
Johnson, A. M. 
Johnson, Thomas. 
Keesee, T. B. 
Kennon, W. H. 
Kennedy, J. B. 
Kerr, W. N. 
Libby, G. W. 
Lancester, L. W. 
Legon, J. W. 
Lancaster, J. J. 
Link, J. A. 
Leake, W. P. 
Leftwich, G. M. 
Mayes, R. G. 
Miller, J. P. 
Maury, R. W. 
McCarthy, S. H. 



Kirk, Christian. 
Seibt, J. 

McClernon, J. H. 
McCoy, R. D. 
McKenney, J. B. 
Messier, H. 
Murkland, A. W. 
Mason, R. S. 
Munford, William. 
McCance, J. G. 
Mahoney, D. H. 
Nicholas, S. 
Nolting, J. M. 
Niven, Rev. T. M. 
Nottingham, L. J. 
Painter, J. C. 
Pollard, J. S. 
Pilcher. W. S. 
Page, J. B. 
Puckett, J. C. 
Perdue, J. R. 
Perdue, D. W. 
Painter, G. W. 
Rutherford, T. R. 
Rahls, C. E. 
Ruffner, R. S. 
Ryan, T. R. 
Roberts, J. N. 
Reid, J. H. 
Sexton, J. W. 
Simms, 0. B. 
Sheppard, J. W. Y. 
Spence, W. H. 
Si)ence, C. A. 
Smith, A. W. 
Smith, H. 
Saunders, H. 
Stratton, W. H. 
Stratton, Thomas E. 
Stuart, G. C. 
Seider, W. P. 
Sclater, J. B. 
Snider, A. C. 
Snider, J. E. 
Slaymaker, H. C. 
STiarp, J. H. 
Storrs, R. W. 
Barney, W. G. 
Stratton, T. H. E. 
Starke, J. L. 
Slaymaker, W. 
Smith, C. M. 



APPENDIX 



575 



Smith, P. B. 
Stewart, James. 
Savage, George. 
Tyler, S. M. 
Templin, W. W. 
Tabb, W. S. 
Taylor, G. Watt. 
Talbott, J. M. 
Thompson, T. R. 
Thompson, C. H. 
Thompson, W. T. 
Thompson, R. W. 
Tompkins, W. 
Tompkins, W. K. 



Taylor, J. L. 
Tyler, S. B. 
Talbott, S. G. 
Tucker, Beverly D. 
Valentine, R. J. 
Watkins, Charles T. 
Woods, W. F. 
Wood, J. B. 
Waddey, G. N. 
Weymouth, J. H. 
West, M. 
Watkins, J. F. 
Woods, Tyman. 
Williams, D. W. 



Wharton, Charles. 
Wilber, W. F. 
Webster, J. P. 
White, J. 
Walton, W. 
Wood, R. B. 
Wells, D. C. 
Wirt, A. R. 
West, A. R. 
Watkins, C. T. 
Yancey, C. K. 
Yancey, F. M. 
Young, N. F. 
Young, W. T. 



PEYTON'S ARTILLERY, COMPANY D, EIGHTEENTH 
BATTALION. 

Jefferson Peyton, Captain. J. H. Norton, Third Lieutenant. 

Thomas G. Jackson, First Lieu- W. H. Jackson, First Sergeant. 

tenant. George Fisher, Second Sergeant. 

Thomas Lawson, Second Lieu- Thomas B. Meaux, Third Sergeant. 

tenant. T. J. Baker, Fourth Sergeant. 



Auld, T. J. 
Auld, J. H. 
Atkinson, C. H. 
Barracke, J. W. 
Brown, William. 
Byron, J. 
Burney, T. J. 
Burns, M. 
Barker, G. W. 
Boothe, B. C. 
Cash, W. M. 
Chiseman, J. A. 
Coyl, Morgan. 
Conroy, T. J. 
Chatin, J. 
Chalkley, W. T. 
DeLacy, G. T. 
Doland, John. 
Davis, W. R. 
Fink, M. L. 
Fulner, G. W. 
Foster, James. 
Gough, W. P. 



Godfrey, William. 
Grace, C. W. 
Giddings, M. 
Howell, W. E. 
Hailey, William. 
Harvey, J. J. 
Haywood, James. 
Hurley, Daniel. 
Kritzer, A. 
Keenan, Pat. 
Kennedy, Thomas. 
Jennings, W. P. 
Layne, Joseph. 
Langhorn, P. 
Layne, J. W, 
Mosby, G. S. 
Moore, Thomas. 
Morris, J. H. 
Martin, D. 
O'Connor, M. 
Robertson, John S. 
Rosser, W. A. 



Russell, J. L. 
Radford, J. B. 
Sullivan, M. 
Sparrow, T. G. 
Sterling, H. B. 
Smith, R. 
Smith, James. 
Smith, Thomas. 
Tait, W. 
Tierney, John. 
Tyree, James. 
Vest, T. J. 
Witt, H G. 
Widgeon, L. L. 
Whitmore, D. 
Woodman, J. 
Waymack, G. W. 
Wattman, J. 
Williams, R. 
Walker, W. T. 
Wilmer, William. 
Woodall, S. T. 



676 



APPENDIX 



COMPANY J, FOURTH VIRGINIA CAVALRY, GOVERNOR'S 
MOUNTED GUARD. 



John Grattan Cabell, Captain. 

Richard Byrd Kennon, First 
Lieutenant. 

Francis W. Chamberlayne, Second 
Lieutenant. 

Walter K. Martin, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

Edmond Bossieux, First Sergeant. 



C. B. Lipscomb, Second Sergeant. 
W. H. Haywood, Third Sergeant. 
W. G. Ferguson, Fourth Sergeant. 
Thoraas E. Ballard, Corporal. 
Henry C. Hanes, Corporal. 
John P. Fisher, Corporal. 
Phil Haxall, Corporal. 



Alvey, J. F. 
Allan, John. 
Atlee, J. S., Jr. 
Allan, W. 
Blanton, J. S. 
Blankinship, Sam'l R. 
Benson, H. C. 
Bohmer, H. 
Bell, R. F. 
Beard, J. A. 
Bell, W. J. 
Blanton, R. F. 
Bierne, P. 
Berry, D. 
Beason, A. 
Bledsoe, T. A, 
Cale, Joseph M. 
Carter, Julian M. 
Chalk, Richard W. 
Coleman, W. F. 
Carter, W. H. 
Cole, G. W. 
Clopton, A. W. 
Collins, T. D. 
Deahl, C. L. 
Duncan, C. B. 
Dihert, T. 
Duff, R. A. 
Day, J. H. 
Deane, F. 
Dunnavant, P. 
Davis, Sol. 
Dawsey, B. 
Edmond, George. 
Ellis, J. L. 
Edmond, W. 
Ferguson, W. S. 
Foling, M. 
Fraysier, W. G. 
Gait, J. A. 
Gait, W. 
Gough, B. 
Gordon, J, 
Gilliam, R. C. 



Gerdon, John. 
Glenn, W. J. 
Green, Samuel S. 
George, John P. 
Harris, J. H. 
Hamilton, J. H. 
Hatcher, C. J., Jr. 
Hughes, B. J. 
Hendrick, G. W. 
Hunt, G. S. 
Houseworth, Joseph. 
Holsinger, Ed. 
Haxall, Philip. 
Hobson, John N. 
Hanes, Walter. 
Hardy, Miles E. 
Hatcher, Charles. 
Irby, J. J. 
James, R. D. 
Johnson, David. 
Johnson, John. 
Kennon, W. D. 
Kavanaugh, John. 
Little, Bethel. 
Lea, D. M. 
Lorenz, J. P. 
Lewis, John. 
Loomis, E. 
Lazarus, M. 
Lipps, John. 
Mills, R. A. 
Messenger, R. C. 
Mitchell, M. R. 
Morriotte, C. H. 
Moore, G. M. 
Miller, W. H. 
Mahoney, John. 
Mayo, John H. F. 
Mayo, P. H. 
Mayo, W. S. P. 
Mills, Robert A. 
Macmurdo, M. A. 
Norfleet, N. M. 



Nichols, P. O. 
Payne, T. B. 
Poole, J. J. 
Phalin, M. 
Parham, Benj. M. 
Parker, E. L. 
Randolph, Allan. 
Ring, J. H. 
Royall, F. L. 
Rives, J. H. 
Stuart, And. 
Savage, J. H. 
Stowe, William. 
Starke, P. H. 
Smith, John. 
Sizer, L. B. 
Sutherland, W. H. 
Storrs, Gervis. 
Sutton, P. T. 
Samuel, A. S. 
Strother, Sidney. 
Southall, R. P. 
Stanard, H. M. 
Taylor, James Z. 
Terrill, J. E. 
Thompson, Otho. 
Twylor, O. B. 
Talbot, C. H. 
Woodbridge, George N. 
Werth, J. R. 
Warner, Alex. 
Watson, Joseph. 
Worthen, W. A. 
Wallace, R. 
Wescott, P. C. 
Walls, William. 
Warwick, William B. 
Wilson, N. M. 
Williams, W. D. 
Warwick, Abram. 
Warwick, Clarence. 
White, C. B. 
Worthington, W. N. 



IN DEX 



Abbott, Emma, 354. 

Abbott, Lyman, 488. 

Abbott, W. R., 498. 

Adams, Charles Francis, 513. 

Adams, John, 40, 49, 54, 58, 72, 

79, 86, 98, 102, 105. 
Adams, John Q., 105, 109, 110. 
Adams, Richard, 14, 19, 22, 30, 75. 
Adams, Samuel, 70, 79, 95. 
Adams, W. W., 296. 
Addison, John, 496. 
Addison, Mrs. John, 474. 
"Addums, Mozis," 386. 
Adie, S. F., 139, 148. 
Ainslie, George A., 314, 373, 379, 

415. 
Alderman, Dr. E. A., 498, 519. 
Alderson, George, 141. 
Alfriend, T. L., 482. 
Allan, Edgar, 303, 496. 
Allan, Edgar, Jr., 525. 
Allen, C. W., 326. 
Allen, Capt. G. W., 455. 
Allen, J. F., 421. 
Allen, J., 117. 
Allen, Judge J. J., 218. 
Allen, L. W., 141, 153. 
Allen, Col. Otway S., 480, 498. 
Allen, S. Brown, 375. 
Allen, W. C, 115. 
Allen, William, 288. 
Allen, W. T., 428. 
Allen, Wilson, 127. 
Allen & Ginter Fire, 428. 
Allison, J. W., 461. 



Allport, H. M., 538. 
All Saints Episcopal Church, 475. 
Ambler, Jacquelin, 22. ^ 
Ambler, John, 66, 81, 83. 
American Health Asso., 518. 
American Historical Asso., 512. 
^merican Hotel, 207. 
American Medical Society, 369. 
American Pharmaceutical Asso., 

340. 
American Political Science Asso., 

512. 
American Revolution, Sons of, 

452. 
Amicable Society, 35, 146. 
Ancient and Honorable Artillery, 

444. 
Anderson, Col. Archer, 419. 
Anderson, Charles J., 405, 407, 

430, 491. 
Anderson, Judge F. T., 316, 317. 
Anderson, George W., 483. 
Anderson, Gen. George Wayne, 

445, 481. 
Anderson, J. J., 410. 
Anderson, J. L., 457. 
Anderson, Gen. J. R., 194, 209, 

250, 263, 336, 351, 356, 369, 372, 

409, 428 
Anderson, J. T., 141. 
Anderson, Nathaniel, 46. 
Anderson, Margaret, 78. 
Anderson, Mary, 354. 
Anderson, Richard, 95, 117, 120, 

195. 
Anderson, Maj. Robert, 215. 
Anderson, Sallie, 297. 



578 



INDEX 



Anderson, W. A., 4G6, 481, 499. 
Anderson, Maj. W. G., 529. 
Anderson's Tavern, 30. 
Andrews, Maj., 349. 
Annexation, 497. 
Anti-High-Renters, 275. 
Anti-Masons, 119. 
Anti-Saloon League, 483, 493, 511, 

523, 539. 
Anthony, Christopher, 67. 
Apperson, J. L., 273, 291. 
Aquia Creek, 14G, 277, 439. 
-Archer, W. B., 140, 155. 
, Archer, Maj. R. S., 360, 482. 
Arents, George, 446. 
Arents, Miss Grace, 486. 
Armory, The, 209. 
Armstrong, Rev. George A., 185. 
Armstrong, Rev. J. G., 362, 365. 
Armistead, W. A., 386. 
Arnold, Benedict, 20. 
Arnold, George, 94. 
Arthur, Chester A., 368. 
Arthur, P. H., 438. 
Asbury, Bishop Francis, 51, 82, 

93, 443. 
Asbury Chapel, 153. 
Asbury Place Church, 443, 535. 
Ashby, Robert, 305. 
Askew, Josiah, 51. 
Association Army Northern Va., 

348. 
Association Preservation Virginia 

Antiquities, 509, 531. 
Ast, W. F., 46. 
Atchison, Thomas, 11. 
Athenaeum, 177, 185. 
Atkins, Rev. H. P., 523. 
Atkins, Judge Thomas S., 375, 

381, 382, 391, 398, 411. 
Atkinson, H. A., 363, 370, 373. 
Atkinson, John W., 446. 
Atlantic Deep Waterway Asso., 

536. 
Atlee, J. S., 306. 



Atwill, Rev. W. H., 473. 
August, B. T., 373 
August, T. P., 191, 307. 
Aylett, P. H., 318. 
Aylett, W. R., 391, 392. 
Ayres, Rufus, A., 396, 403. 
Axtell, Decatur, 366, 372. 



Babcock, Capt. A. G., 433, 440. 

Bacchus, G. N., 107. 

Bacon, J. L., 342 

Bacon Quarter Branch, 5. 

Bagby, Rev. H. A., 433. 

Bagby, Dr. G. F., 473. 

Bagby, Dr. George W., 198, 276, 

337, 386. 
Bagby, Capt. S, T., 221. 
Bagnall, Rev. W. C, 185. 
Bahn, George D., 448. 
Eainbridge, 61. 
Baker, E. H., 148. 
Baker, Jerman, 42, 107. 
Baker, Judge R. H., 163. 
Baker, Rev. F. M., 195, 363. 
Baker, Col., 459. 
Baker, T, Roberts, 399. 
Baldwin, D. J., 492. 
Baldwin, John, 257. 
Baldwin, O. P., 163, 171, 277. 
Baldwin, Thomas S., 319, 
Baldwin, J. P., 332, 336. 
Balderson, Rev. H. P., 525. 
Baltimore Fire, 494. 
Balch, Rev. L. P. W., 200. 
Ballard, J. P., 185, 360. 
Ballard, The, 193, 206, 209, 227, 

246, 266, 320. 
Ball, E., 141. 
Banks, Henry, 44, 55. 
Banks, Col. Lin., 99, 101, 109, 136. 
Banks, Gen. R. A., 206. 
Pank of Richmond, 189. 
Banks of Virginia, 59, 83, 92, 141, 

142, 146. 



INDEX 



579 



Bankers of America, 472. 
Bangs, T. C, 361. 
Banner of Temperance, The, 170, 
Baptist Convention, Southern, 

407, 506. 
Baptist Congress, 472. 
Baptist Home for Women, 381. 
Baptist General Association, 100, 

147, 157, 188, 199, 244, 466. 
Baptist Female Institute, 238. 
Baptist Young People's Union, 

464. 
Barbour, Benj. J., 208. 
Barbour, John S., 385, 388, 390, 

406, 424. 
Barbour, Gov. James, 66, 76, 83, 

85, 89, 370. 
Barbour, P. P., 113, 114, 124. 
Bargamin, C. Y., 510. 
Bargamin, George, 368, 386. 
Bargamin, V., 343. 
Barksdale, W. P., 469. 
Barret, John, 44. 
Barrett, Lawrence, 343, 361. 
Barrett, W. T., 457. 
Barry, W. H., 282, 286. 
Bartow, Col. F. S., 225. 
Barton, Gen., 344. 
Barton, Rev. R. S., 431. 
Bartholomew, George M„ 365. 
Barton Heights, 422. 
Bass, L. L., 373, 414. 
Bates. F. T., 528. 
Bates, S. E., 377, 437. 
Baughman, C. C, 522. 
Baughman, Miss Mary, 45. 
Baughan, John, 318. 
Bausman, Adeline, 78. 
Eaynham, Rev. W. H., 295. 
Beale, Dr. James, 421. 
Beattie, Henry Clay, Jr., 532, 533, 

534, 535. 
Beattie, Dr. J. G., 353. 
Beattie Jury, 533. 
Beattie, Mrs. Louise Owen, 532. 



Beattie, Paul, 533. 

Beauchamp, Rev. W. B., 464, 471, 

478, 485, 488. 
Beauregard, Gen. G, T., 215, 223, 

224, 225, 251, 254. 
Bedell, G. T., 201. 
Beckham, Fontaine, 202. 
Beckman, Rev. B. M., 461. 
Beckley, John, 22, 33, 34. 
Beecher, Henry Ward, 354, 369, 

390. 
Bee, Gen. Bernard, 225. 
Beirne, Richard F., 371, 384, 423. 
Bell, John, 207, 212. 
Bell Tavern, 23, 59, 73, 82, 84, 

92, 95. 
Bell, T. D., 188. 
Bell, J. H., 316. 
Bell Telephone Co., 487. 
Belvin, John A., 368. 
Belvin, Preston, 422. 
Belvidere, 10. 

Benedictine Military College, 525. 
Benjamin, Attorney General, 223. 
Bennett, Rev. R. H., 417, 443. 
Bennett, Dr. W. W., 369, 40G. 
Bennett, W. H., 477 
Bernard, Mrs. Caroline Richlngs, 

376. 
Bernard, Pierre, 386. 
Berry, H. C, 340. 
Bethel, J. S., 482. 
Bethel Church, 223. 
Beth Ahaba Synagogue, 367, 479, 

494. 
Beverly, Munford, 66. 
Beveridge, J. W., 455. 
Bibb, Judge, 274. 
Bibb, George M., 99. 
Bickers, W. M., 454. 
Bidgood, George L., 501. 
Bidgood, MaJ. J. V., 407. 
"Big Four," 375, 384. 
Bigger, John Bell, 309, 396, 416, 

429, 432, 467. 



580 



INDEX 



Bigger, Thomas B., 151, 194, 368. 

Billups, L. W., 434. 

Binford, J. H., 204, 330, 353. 

Binford, Beulah, 533. 

Bird-in-the-Hand, 29. 

Blrdsong, Capt, M. A., 439. 

Bishops Cemetery, 405. 

Blackford. W. S., 127. 

Blackwell, Rev. J. D., 187. 

Blaine, James G., 387. 

Blair, Arch., 87. 

Blair, Adolph, 434. 

Blair, F. P., 217, 301, 361. 

Blair, Hugh, 486. 

Blair, Rev. J. D., 33, 40, 52, 54, 

79, 80, 83, 86, 87, 92, 99. 
Blair Frank S., 370, 382, 396. 
Blair, J. P., 256, 257. 
Blair, Montgomery, 252. 
Blair, R. W., 481. 
Blakey, Reuben, 67. 
Blake, J. H., 170. 
Blamire, J. A., 318. 
Bland, J. W. D., 293, 318, 360. 
Bland, Richard, 13. 
Bland, Theod., 40. 
Blankenship, Maj. R. E., 410. 
Bledsoe. Dr. A. C, 398. 
Blennerhassett, H., 67, 68. 
Blind Tom, 211. 
Bloody Run, 5. 
Board of Control, 540. 
Boatwright, J. W., 500. 
Boatwright, Dr. F. W., 441, 513. 
Bocock, Thos. S., 228, 257, 299, 

319, 340, 370. 
Bocock, Willis P., 174. 
Bodeker, Dr. Aug., 389. 
Bodeker, Henry, 421. 
Bodeker, Mrs. A. W., 330. 
Bodeker. H. A., 306, 314. 
Boggs, Rev. F. J., 192, 209, 211, 

212, 221. 
Eohanon, R. L., 137. 
BoiBseaux, J. E., 314. 



Belling, C. E., 377, 521. 
Boiling, G. W., 299, 319. 
Boiling, Gen. Stith, 508. 
Boiling, R. M., 377. 
Boiling, Thomas, Jr., 542. 
Bolton, Maj. J., 329. 
Bond, Judge, 350, 403. 
Booker, Wm., 55, 84. 
Booth, Edwin, 193, 351. 
Booth, John Wilkes, 267. 
Booth, W. T., 413. 
Bosher, E. J., 438. 
Bosher, Dr. R. S., 490, 496. 
Bosher, Mrs. Jane, 78. 
Bosher, James, 127, 153, 183. 
Eosher, R. S., 399. 
Bosher, Dr. Lewis, 490, 512. 
Bcsher, Mrs. C. G., 493. 
Bosman, Rev. John, 472. 
BoEsieux, Capt. C. G., 459. 
Bossieux, Maj. L. J., 402. 
Bossieux, Capt. L. F., 510. 
Botts, Benj., 66, 67, 68. 
Botts, John Minor, 150, 157, 171, 

214, 285, 288, 301, 302, 328. 
Botts, Miles, 67. 
Bouldin, Wood, 299. 
Boulware, H. L., 457. 
Boyce, Dr. J. P., 353. 
Boyd. J. N., 445. 
Boyd, J. T., 188. 
Boyd, Robert, 22. 
Boydton, F., 143. 
Boykin, S. H., 363. 
Eowden, T. R., 270, 297, 303. 
Bowers. John, 491. 
Bracken, John, 83. 
Bradshaw, R. E., 318. 
Brady, T. J., 282, 286. 
Bragg, Gen., 248. 249. 
Bramhall, Col., 303. 
Branch, Capt, 85. 
Branch, John P., 366, 369, 388, 

390, 414, 464, 465, 515, 536. 
Branch, Mrs. John P., 455. 



INDEX 



581 



Branch, Col. J. R., 221, 305, 472. | 
Branch, Mrs. James, 3G9. 
Branch Public Baths, 515. 
Branch, Thomas, 305, 326, 341, 

410. 
Branch, Carter, 538. 
Brand, E. J., 500. 
Brander, Maj. Thos. A., 277, 418, 

424, 473. 
Brannon, F. P., 314. 
Braxton, Mrs. Taylor, 78. 
Braxton, Caperton, 496. 
Bread Riot, 240. 
Breckenridge, James, 96. 
Breckenridge, Gen. J. C, 207, 212, 

252, 253. 
Breeden, E. V., 388. 
Brewer, Dr., 250. 
Brewis, T. A., 318. 
Bridges, Capt. W. M., 511. 
Briggs, Dr. J. A., 185. 
Brine, P. A. S., 475. 
British-American Asso., 344, 449, 

456, 475. 
Britton, Dr. C. S., 423. 
Broaddus, Edwin, 141. 
Broaddus, W. F., 141. 
Broadus, Dr. John A., 437, 448. 
Broad Street Methodist Church, 

200, 229, 280, 310, 325, 353, 359. 
Broad Street Railroad Fight, 327, 

385, 413, 485. 
Brock, Dr. J. B., 318. 
Brock, Dr. C. W. P., 369, 464. 
Brockenbrough, A., 446. 
Brockenbrough, John, 58, 59, 66, 

70, 81, 84, 92, 96, 107, 111, 117, 

124, 130, 142, 146, 222. 
Brockenbrough, Wm., 107, 117, 

139. 
Brodnax, W. H., 122. 
Brook, H. L., 152. 
Brooke, Judge F. T., 103, 110. 
Brotherhood of Engineers, 403. 
Brown, Dr. A. B., 397. 



Brown, Dr. A. G., 365, 473. 

Brown, Clark, 319. 

Brown, Charles J., 253. 

Brown's, John, Raid, 201. 

Brown, John, 202. 

Brown, James, 59, 70. 

Brown, J. Thompson, 403, 420, 

427, 465, 494, 508, 513. 
Brown, Judge J. Thompson, 488. 
Brown, G. W., 282, 286. 
Brown, Robert, 14. 
Brown, R. L., 473. 
Brown, Wm., 84. 
Brown, W. S., 538. 
Bruce, T. Seddon, 511. 
Bryan, John Stewart, 495, 496, 

497, 516, 519, 520, 526, 536. 
Bryan, Joseph, 389, 417, 429, 432, 

438, 445, 505, 506, 513, 514, 526, 

531. 
Bryan, Mrs. Joseph, 451, 456, 

488, 520, 536. 
Bryan, Joseph, Park, 520. 
Bryan, Thomas P., 536. 
Bryan, William J., 424, 454, 469, 

473, 508, 513. 
Bryan Monument Asso., 514, 531. 
Bryant, Julian, 432, 446, 481. 
Bryant, Chas. K., 520. 
Bryce, Arch., 15. 
Bryce, John, 87. 
Bryce, Hon. James, 512. 
Buberl, Casper, 345. 
Buckner, Gen. S. B., 395. 
Buchanan, Judge John A., 434. 
Buchanan, President, 195, 196. 
Buchanan, Alex., 35. 
Buchanan, James, 15, 19, 22, 28. 
Buchanan, Rev. John, 44, 55, 75, 

79, 80, 81, 87, 89, 99. 
Buchanan's Spring, 148. 
Buford, Col. A. S., 401, 406, 414, 

432, 445, 538. 
Buford, A. S., Jr., 519. 
Bullock, D., 70, 71, 75. 



582 



INDEX 



Bull Run, Battle of, 101. 

Burfoot, L., 141. 

Burgess, Bishop, 201. 

Burgess, Richard, 342, 

Eurgwyn, C. P. E., 417, 436. 

Burks, Judge, 382. 

Burnham, Maj. H. B., 290, 309. 

Burnham, S. E., 318. 

Burns, Anthony, 101. 

Burnside, Gen., 239. 

Burr, Aaron, 50, 52, 53, 60, 64, 

65, 66, 67, 68. 
Burr, D. J., 209, 291, 307, 310, 

353. 
Burrows, Dr. J. L., 186, 190, 257, 

281, 325, 367, 384, 434. 
Burton, Gen. H. S., 284, 285, 286, 

288. 
Burton, Peter R., 455. 
Bush, R. d., 316. 
Butler, Ben, 254, 294. 
Butler, Jos., 101. 
Button, Joseph, 480, 496, 503. 
Byrd, Capt. William, 5. 
Byrd, CoL William, 6, 8, 9, 10, 

27, 335. 
Byrd, Col. William, II, 10, 11, 14, 

19. 
Byrd, Richard E., 519, 540. 
Byrd Street Depot, 402. 
Byrd's Warehouse, 30. 
Byrd Liquor Law, 524. 
Byrne, Thos., 413, 432. 



Cabell, J. Alston, 432, 446, 499. 
Cabell, Governor, 69, 70, 71. 
Cabell, Jos. C, 66, 96, 129 150, 

153. 
Cabell, Judge, 107. 
Cabell, Dr. R. H., 140. 
Cabell, R. G., 153, 415. 
Cjibell, H. C, 160, 169, 305, 336, 

338. 414. 
Cabell, Mrs. Caskie, 369. 



Cabell, Dr. J. G., 369, 455. 

Cabell, H. L., 539. 

Cabell, Wlliam, 36. 

Cabell, W. H., 70, 110. 

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 1. 

Cadot, Mrs. Clarence, 520. 

Cadwalader, John, 485. 

Caldwell, W. S., 344. 

Calisch, Dr. E. N., 461, 479, 494, 

517, 539. 
Calisch, Miss Mildred, 494. 
Calhoun, John C, 103, 105, 170, 

176. 
Call, Daniel, 110. 
Callender, James, 49, 50, 
Calvary Baptist Church, 433. 
Cameron, Alexander, 456, 475. 
Cameron, Col. W. E., 304, 308, 

370, 374, 378, 382. 
Cameron, Simon, 216. 
Campbell, Alex., 149, 178. 
Campbell, Charles, 306. 
Campbell, Dr. W. A., 455. 
Campbell, Judge Clarence J., 487. 
Campbell, John, 108. 
Campbell, William, 86. 
Campbell, Gov. David, 136, 137. 
Campbell, Judge J. A., 257. 
Camp Hall Springs, 87. 
Camp Grant, 290. 
Camp Lee, 211, 328. 
Canby, Gen. E. R., 303, 307, 308, 

310, 312, 313, 315, 337. 
Candler, Bishop Warren, 472. 
Cannon, H. G., 473. 
Cannon, Dr. James, 523, 524, 539. 
Cannon, E. G., 434. 
Capers, J. H., 373, 511. 
Caperton, Hugh, 129, 130. 
Capitol Disaster, 317. 
Cardwell, Judge R. H., 413, 416, 

432, 434, 502. 
Cardwell, R. H., 539. 
Carmichael, Rev. Hartley, 411, 

438. 



INDEX 



583 



Carnival of Death, 109. 
Carneal, J. D., 484. 
Carpet-Bagger, 333. 
Carr, Dabney, 12, 135. 
Carrington, P. R., 538. 
Carrington, Mrs. P. R., 461. 
Carrington, Edward, 24, 55, 58, 

59, 61, 67, 70, 81, 155. 
Carrington, Mrs. Edward, 18, 44. 
Carrington, Maj. I. H., 202, 406. 
Carrington, Mayor W. C, 355, 358, 

369, 372, 373, 376, 384, 421. 
Carrington, Joe, 421. 
Carrington, W. Scott, 434. 
Carrington, T. M., 539. 
Carter, Maj. J. N., 385 
Carter, Chas, 12, 20. 
Cartey, H. L.. 141, 396, 406. 
Carter, J. W., 296. 
Carter, Dr. W. C, 374. 
Carter, Hill, 533. 
Gary, Arch, 19. 
Cary, Col. John B., 388, 411, 426, 

461. 
Cary, Richard, 40. 
Casey, J. B., 518. 
Cash-Corner, 346. 
Caskie, James, 134, 136, 137, 140, 

275, 399. 
Caskie, Judge J. S., 311. 
Casper, Dr. George, 461, 490. 
Cass. General, 101. 
Castle Lightning, 239, 246. 
Castle Thunder, 238, 244, 246, 255, 

262, 273. 
Cathedral of Sacred Heart, 489, 

503. 
Catholic Building Asso., 383. 
Cave, Dr. R. C, 439. 
Cecil, Dr. Russell, 494. 
Centenary Methodist Church, 147, 

153, 185, 187, 276, 398, 481. 
Central America, The, 189. 
Central College, 96. 
Central Presbyterian, 448. 



Central Railroad, 172. 
Central School, 330. 
Centennial, Philadelphia, 351. 
Chahoon, Geo., 300, 303, 314, 315, 

316, 319, 320. 
Chalkley, Dr. C. H., 455. 
Chamber of Commerce, 291, 329, 

355, 419, 425, 447, 450, 502, 525. 
Chalmers, Capt. J. F., 510. 
Chalmers, Robert, 216. 
Chamberlayne, Col. B. G., 90. 
Chamberlayne, J. H., 363, 380. 
Chamberlayne, L. W., 37. 
Chambliss, Maj., 258. 
Chancellorsville, 241. 
Chandler, L. H., 285, 288, 316. 
Chandler, L. T., 200. 
Chandler, Thos., 242. 
Chandler, J. A. C, 520. 
Chapman, Dr. Nathaniel, 122, 130. 
Chapman-Alexander Meeting, 515. 
Charles, Brother, 538. 
Charters, Capt, 221. 
Charter, W. A., 318. 
Chase, Samuel, 49, 50. 
Chase, Judge Salmon P., 283, 

284, 286, 289, 298, 316, 338. 
Chatham Rope Yard, 19. 
Cheatham, Matthew, 75. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Depot, 470, 

482. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Ry., 292, 336. 
Chesapeake 6 Ohio Tunnel, 329. 
Chesapeake, The, 68, 83. 
Chesterman, W. D., 314, 497. 
Chesterman, E. B., 492. 
Chesterman, W. A., 495 
Children's Home Society, 517. 
Childrey, J. K., 408. 
Childrey, J. F., 295. 
Chilton, R. H., 363. 
Chimborazo Hospital, 226, 233, 

251. 
Chimborazo Park, 344. 
Cbisholm. Rev., 185. 



584 



INDEX 



Christ Episcopal Church, 186, 333, 

412. 
Christian Advocate, 380, 
Christian, Bolivar, 274. 
Christian, A. H., 399, 522. 
Christian, Mrs. A. H., 456. 
Christian, Archer, 522. 
Christian, E. D., 378. 
Christian, Frank W., 514. 
Christian, Judge Frank P., 526. 
Christian, Judge Geo. L., 319, 324, 
359, 362, 365, 375, 381, 382, 417, 
425, 429, 437, 438, 445, 493, 508, 
513, 523. 

Christian, Mrs. Geo. L., 474. 

Christian, Judge Joseph, 296, 297, 
305, 316, 342, 501. 

Christian Library, The, 87. 

Christian, L. T., 477, 481, 513. 

Christian, R. L., 522. 

Christian, Maj. Richard H., 333. 

Christian, William, 13, 296, 

Christian, Dr. W. Asbury, 443, 
525. 

Christian, Dr. W. H., 395, 455. 

Christian Science Church, 509. 

Church of Covenant, 423, 499. 

City Bank, 291. 

City Battalion, 238. 

City Hall, 435. 

City Savings Bank, 137. 

City Tavern, 29. 

City Water Works, 164. 

Civil Rights Bill, 345. 

Claiborne, Maj. J. H., 275, 421. 

Claiborne, G. B., 162. 

Claiborne, Miss Delia H., 395. 

Claiborne, H. A., 486. 

Clark, H., 107, 288. 

Clark, Miss Adele, 519. 

Clark, John, 70. 

Clark, Dr. Micajah, 166. 

Ciark, Tazewell, 13, 

Clarke, H. M., 399. 



Clarke, Rev. Meade, 419, 541. 

Clarke, Maxwell T., 366, 372, 373. 

Clarkson, J. H., 169. 

Clarrissault, M., 27. 

Clary, Mary, 78. 

Clay, Henry, 63, 99, 105, 121, 122, 

140, 149, 150, 175, 196, 207, 208, 
310, 

Clay, C, C„ 270. 

Clay Street Methodist Church, 

195, 200. 
Clayton, J, M,, 168, 
Claxton, Kate, 354. 
Clear Water, 521. 
Clemens, Sherrard, 196. 
Clemmitt, Thos,, 328. 
Cleveland, President Grover, 287, 

388, 390, 401, 409, 425, 426. 
Clopton, John B., 112, 120, 131, 

141, 174, 

Clopton, Mrs, J. B., 229. 
Clopton, W. I., 326. 
Clopton, Rev. S. C, 433. 
Cluverius, Thomas J,, 391, 392, 

393, 394, 
Cluverius Jury, 392, 
Cobb, Howell, 225, 
Cocke, Gen. J. N., 87, 96, 129, 130. 
Cocke, P. St. G., 180. 
Cocke, E.' R., 432. 
Cogbill, P. v., 534. 
Coghlan, P. G., 291, 374. 
Cohen, Dr., 54. 
Cohen, Rev. A. H., 142. 
Cohen, Edward, 410. 
Cohen, Samuel, 498, 
Coke, Dr., 51, 

Cold Harbor, Battle of, 252, 290, 
Coleman, Dr. D. J., 542, 
Coleman, Dr, R. T., 355, 379, 388, 

402. 
Coleman, Sidney, 319, 
Coleman, Henry, 67. 
Colloner, Jacob, 168. 
Colonial Assembly, 416. 



INDEX 



585 



Colonization Society, 101, 134, 181. 

Colston, Gen A. T., 277. 

Colston, Gen. R. E., 455. 

Colston, Mrs. R. T., 451. 

Columbia, 122, 140, 141. 

Columbia Hotel, 204. 

Compiler, The, 87, 123, 135, 149, 
154. 

Commercial Club, 369. 

Commonwealth Club, 423, 478, 
498, 516. 

Colver, Dr. N., 308. 

Colonna, Rev. M. S., 512, 516. 

Cone, A. P., 523. 

Congers, Miss, 78. 

Confederate Memorial Literary 
Society, 536. 

Confederate Battle Abbey, 488, 
542. 

Confederate "Woman's Home, 484. 

Confederate Mon. Soldiers bur- 
ied in Philadelphia, 485. 

Confederate Congress, 228, 238, 
245. 

Confederacy, Capital of, 222, 230. 

Confederate Grays, 222. 

Confederate Museum, 451. 

Confederate Reunion, 452, 507. 

Conrad, Dr. T. W., 355. 

Conrad, Maj. Holmes, 488, 493. 

Constant, Susan, 1. 

Constable, Dr. T. N., 185. 

Constitution, Alexandria, 292. 

Convert, Mrs., 78. 

Convention 1775, 13. 

Convention 1778, 32. 

Convention 1829-30. Ill, 112, 113. 

Convention 1850, 171. 

Convention 1861, 226. 

Convention 1867-8, 292, 293. 

Convention 1901-2, 479. 

Converse, Rev. S., 134. 

Cook, Wm., 78. 

Cooke, Gen. J. R., 405, 418, 423. 

Cooke, J. R., 509. 



Cooke, Miss Ellen, 446. 

Cooke, Col. B. G., 90. 

Cooley, Ariel, 36, 74. 

Cooper, Dr., 284, 285. 

Cooper, Rev, W. A., 503, 

Copeland, Chas., 82, 131. 

Copland, Margaret, 78. 

Cottrell, O. L., 448. 

Corey, Dr., 461. 

Corbin, Col. R, B., 144, 

Corbin, Francis, 33, 95. 

Cornwallis, Gen., 21. 

Corn and Flour Exchange, 291. 

Corney, Jas., 296. 

Cosby, J., 107. 

Cosby, J. A., 483. 

Country Club, 527. 

Courtney, A. R., 306, 433. 

Courtney, Maj. Thos. L., 514. 

Courtney, Rev. Phil., 133, 144, 149. 

Courtney, Jno., 56. 

Coutts, Elvira, 78. 

Coutts, Patrick, 12, 15. 

Coutts, Wm., 46. 

Cowardin, W. H,, 511. 

Cowardin, C. O'B., 378, 473. 

Cowardin, J. P., 324. 

Cowardin, J, A., 135, 151, 182, 381. 

Cowardin, "W. L,, 421, 

Cowles, Rev, H. B., 166. 

Cowper, L. P. C, 270, 272. 

Cox, Jos. P., 292, 319. 

Cox, E. P., 491, 518, 535. 

Craig, Ann, 78. 

Craigle, Mrs. F. J., 461. 

Crane, Jno, C, 186, 

Crater, Battle of, 254. 

Crawford, Dr. C. H., 483, 487. 

Crawford, Thos., 168, 190, 192, 

306. 
Crawford, W. N., 105. 
Crawford, Geo. W., 168. 
Cray, Wm., 319. 
Creamer, J. J., 535. 
Crelghton, Rev. Wm., 200. 



586 



INDEX 



Crenshaw Battery, 278. 
Crenshaw, S. D., 445. 
Crenshaw, Mrs. Dabney, 519. 
Crenshaw, J. R., 296, 423. 
Crenshaw, J. B., 304, 306, 308, 

414. 
Crenshaw, L. D., 341. 
Crenshaw, Mrs., 369. 
Crouch, W. N., 455. 
Crump, Judge W. W., 194, 285, 

288, 296, 319, 328, 391, 392, 457. 
Crump, Judge Beverly T., 391, 

392, 432, 506. 
Crump, F. T., 447. 
Crump, Dr. L. C, 467. 
Crutchfield, Capt. Stapleton, 222. 
Crutchfield, John J., 310, 408, 503. 
Crutchfield Light Artillery, 222. 
Crutchfield, B. F., 440. 
Cuban War, 459. 
Cullen, John, 137. 
Cullen, Dr. J. S. D., 338, 355, 366, 

434. 
Cullen, Dr. Pat., 360. 
Cullingworth, Thos., 318. 
Cullingworth, W. H., 438, 492. 
Cullingworth, T. M., 522. 
Cullingworth, J. N., 538. 
Cunningham, Jno., 70, 83. 
Cunningham, Dr. J. A., 153. 
Cunningham, Capt. R. H., 221. 
Cunningham, Dr. F. D., 355, 369, 

396. 
Cunningham, Frank, 393, 408,538. 
Cunningham, Capt. Thos., 440. 
Curd, Richard, 67. 
Curls Church, 7. 
Currie, Arch., 52. 
Currie, Jas., 18. 
Currie, Mrs. Kate C, 465. 
Curry, Dr. J. L. M., 368, 373, 384, 

395, 417, 491. 
Curtis, Chas. C, 361. 
Curtis, J. A., 373, 406, 413, 518, 

535. 
Curtis, Edward, 33. 



Curtis Peck, The, 160. 
Cushing, Caleb, 197. 
Cushman, Charlotte, 343. 
Custom House, 192, 195, 216, 223 

282, 412, 528. 
Cutler, L. A., 456. 
Cutshaw, Col. W. E., 343, 377, 

436, 437, 438, 511. 
Cutchins, Col., 372. 
Cutter, F. F., 406. 
Cuyler, Dr. Theo. L., 450, 452. 

D 

Dabney, Dr. Chas. W., 519. 
Dabney, W. T., 510, 539. 
Dabney, Capt. W. W., 222. 
Dabney, Mrs. Todd, 519, 
Dabney, W. B., 141, 142. 
Dahlgren, Col., 247, 248. 
Dale, Thos., 3. 
Dance, Capt., 221. 
Dandridge, J. B., 95. 
Dandridge, Wm., 19, 80. 
Danforth, Capt. H. D., 360. 
Danforth, Capt. J. B., 231. 
Daniel, Wm., Jr., 66. 
Daniel, P. V., 84, 107, 110, 117, 

136, 277. 
Daniel, J. R. V., 497. 
Daniel, P. V., Jr., 152, 183. 
Daniel, R. T., 152, 281, 302, 305, 

316, 340, 356. 
Daniel, Jno. M., 254. 
Danie), Maj. Jno. W., 319, 340, :;51, 

352, 356, 370, 385, 388, 396, 424, 

432, 437, 454, 480, 493, 496, 524 

5?7. 
Daniel, Mrs. L. C, 451. 
Dashiell, Dr. T. G., 354, 434. 
Daughters of Confederacy, 465, 

536. 
Davenport, Isaac, 139, 154, 163, 

288, 291, 319, 342, 455. 
Davis, Col. J. L., 343, 396. 
Davis, C. T,, .laO 377. 
Davis, Jos., 249. 



INDEX 



587 



Davis, Augustine, 23, 49. 
Davis, Jefferson, 214, 222, 223, 
224, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 
236, 240, 241, 246, 247, 248, 249, 
250, 256, 257, 259, 264, 268, 270, 
282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 
323, 413, 430, 460, 506. 

Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, 284, 430, 

453, 504, 536. 
Davis, Miss Winnie, 430, 453, 462, 
465. 

Davis, W. H., 135, 318. 

Davis, Wm., 314. 

Davis Monument Assn., 431, 453, 
484, 488, 507, 512. 

Davis, T. Wiley, 370. 

Davis, Jno. B., 378, 414. 

Davis, J. M. M., 386. 

Davis, R. B., 488. 

Davis, Thos. N., 494. 

Davis, E. E., 521. 

Davis, C. P., 538. 

Davis, Mary, 78. 

Davidson, Dr. Jno. P., 538. 

Davidson, Rev. R., 157. 

Davidson, John, 47, 

Day's Neck, 230. 

Deane, F. B., Jr., 140. 

Deane, Capt. F. H., 514. 

Deamon, F. D., 204. 

Decatur, Stephen, 62, 85, 98. 

Denhaus, Arch., 86. 

Denoon, S. D., 250. 

Dent, F. M., 269. 

Dennis, Rev. Benj., 535. 

Dennis, E. N.. 542. 

Dennis, W. F., 296. 

Denny Street Methodist Church, 
394. 

Denny, Bishop Collins, 531, 535. 

Devin, W. H., 168. 

Devlin, Rev., 185. 

Devers, Gen., 264. 

Dewey, Admiral, 459, 
Dibrell, Anthony, 185. 
Dibrell, R. H. L., 455. 



Dickens, Charles, 144, 145, 407. 

Dickinson, H. B., 222. 

Dickinson, Dr. E. A., 298, 454, 504. 

Dickerson, Jno., 127. 

Dickerson, J. C, 437. 

Dimmock, C. H., 152, 191, 194, 

208, 228, 331, 337. 
Dimmock, Capt. M. J., 515. 
Dirkheim, M., 32. 
Discovery, The, 1. 
Dispatch, The, 262, 486. 
Disciples' Convention, 274, 324. 
Divers, Geo., 96. 
Dixon, Geo., 78. 
Dockery, A,, 155. 
Doggett, Bishop D. S., 175, 185, 

200, 211, 229, 276, 310, 313, 349, 

358, 368. 
Dollar Savings Bank, 291, 341. 
Donald, Geo., 14. 
Donnan, D. S., 318. 
Donnan, Mrs. Nannie Pace, 374. 
Dooley, Capt. Jno., 221. 
Dooley, J. H., 325, 365, 414. 
Dorsey, Dr. J. S., 379. 
Doswell, T. S., 288. 
Douglass, Stephen A., 207, 212. 
Douglass, B. B., 332. 
Dove Lodge, 187, 195. 
Dove, John, 354. 
Dow, Gen. Neil, 246. 
Downey, J. M., 272. 
Downman, Dr. J. Y., 475. 
Doyle, C. E., 529. 
Drake, Ethelbert, 133. 
Drewry's Bluff, 230. 
Drewry, Maj. A. H., 467. 
Drewry, Maj. Clay, 537, 
Drinkard, W. F., 405, 436, 462. 
Dubois, Col., 255. 
Dudley, Thos. U., 169, 269, 302, 

353. 
Dudley, Mrs. S. J., 461. 
Dudley, Bishop T. U., 347. 
Duke, F. J., 50. 
Dugger, D. S.. 319. 



688 



INDEX 



Dulaney, Alex., 529. 
Duncan, Bishop W. W., 485. 
Duncan, Dr. Jas. A., 200, 255, 257, 

280, 305, 358. 
Dunham, W. C, 314, 319. 
Dunlop, Jno., 60. 
Dunlop, J. N., 396. 
Dunmore, Lord, 13, 14. 
Dunn, Wm., 319. 
Dunnaway, Dr. T. S., 368. 
Dunscomb, Maj. Andrew, 54. 
Dupuy, J. B., 200. 
Duryee, Col., 194. 
Dutch Gap, 254. 
Du Val, Benj., 55. 
Du Val, Samuel, 11, 14, 19. 
Du Val, Alex., 164. 
Du Val, Wm., 42, 57, 60, 61, 64, 

162. 
Dyer, Arch., 316. 

E 

Eagle Tavern, 44, 61, 64, 65, 73, 

95, 99, 102, 103, 105, 109, 120, 

126, 134, 136, 139. 
Eanes, T. J., 169. 
Earle, J. H., 520. 
Early, Gen. Jubal A., 253, 323, 

324, 349, 370, 405, 418, 419, 430, 

437. 
Early, Bishop John, 129, 130, 187. 
Early, N. B., 469. 
Earnest, Geo. L., 186. 
Earthquake August 31, 400. 
Easter, Jno., 51. 
Eaton, C. J., 162. 
Eaton, Gen., 66. 
Eaton, Samuel A., 318. 
Eccleston, Bishop, 126. 
Echols, Edward, 456, 458. 
Echols, Gen. Jno., 352. 
Eckridge, Vernon, 185. 
Edmunds, H. P., 455. 
Edmunds, J. R., 180. 
Educational Convention, 494, 519, 

528. 



Edwards, Dr. Jno. E., 185, 187, 
277, 309, 310, 313, 355, 358, 367, 
368, 369, 398, 423. 

Edwards, Dr. L. B., 369. 

Edwards, Leroy S., 483. 

Edwards, Dr. W. E., 492. 

Ege, Jacob, 7. 

Eggleston, D. Q., 522. 

Eggleston, Jno., 66. 

Eggleston, J. D., 519. 

Elam, W. C, 366, 378, 384. 

Elba Park, 301, 328. 

Elder, Jno. A., 347. 

Eliot, Dr., Chas., 516. 

Ellett, Capt. Thos., 504. 

Ellett, A. Li., 468. 

Ellett, Miss, 78. 

Ellett, L., 107. 

Ellett, Chas., 130. 

Elliot, Capt., 221. 

Elliot, W. M., 209, 213, 238, 255. 

Ellis, Chas., 95, 117. 

Ellis, J. S., 141. 

Ellis, Thos. K., 151. 

Ellis, T. H., 151, 163, 164, 169, 194, 
223, 228, 462. 

Ellis, Maj. T., 174. 

Ellyson, H. K., 307, 314, 315, 316, 
319, 320, 421. 

Ellyson, J. Taylor, 365, 366, 373, 
384, 396, 408, 409, 411, 417, 419, 
422, 424, 432, 437, 438, 445, 456, 
485, 499, 502, 518, 524, 526, 542. 

Ellyson, Mrs. J. Taylor, 451. 

Ellyson, Miss Nannie, 447. 

Elmore, E. C, 254. 

Elzey, Gen., 242, 247. 

Emmett Guard, 221. 

Empie, Dr. Adam, 137, 143, 169, 
178. 

Enabling Act, 314, 320. 

Enabling Act, Strode, 524. 

Enabling Act, Jordan, 539. 

Enders, Jno., 107, 319. 

English, Dr. T. R., 450. 

English, J. J., 204, 314. 



INDEX 



589 



English, W. O., 455. 
English, Wm., 314, 353, 368. 
Enrich, Jno., 163. 
Enrich, Fred., 163. 
Enright, Maj. M. J., 538. 
Enquirer, The, 60, 87, 88, 94, 119, 
135, 146, 149, 154, 157, 170, 183, 
196, 198, 228, 262, 338, 353. 
Episcopal Church Home, 345. 
Episcopal Council, 94, 147, 222, 

244, 274, 394, 456, 464, 530. 
Episcipal General Convention, 

200, 510. 
Epps, Chas. H., 391, 457. 
Epps, J. E., 537. 
Epworth League, State, 471. 

Equal Suffrage League, 519, 539. 

Ettinger & Edmonds, 207, 240. 

Eubank, John L., 214. 

Euker, E. J., 314. 

Eustace, J. H., 107, 119, 127. 

Evacuation of Richmond, 259. 

Evans, Gen. Clement, 509. 

Evans, A. B., 391, 392. 

Evans, James, 380. 

Evans, Dr. W. E., 476. 

Evans, Thos. X, 274, 292, 370, 415. 

Everett, Edward, 186, 192, 207. 

Ewell, Gen., 260, 262, 263. 

Ewing, Thos., 168. 

Exall, Henry, 163. 

Examiner, The, 49, 52, 170. 

Exchange Bank, 143. 

Exchange Hotel, 139, 143, 144, 
147, 152, 161, 165, 175, 197, 199, 
208, 215, 266, 310, 340, 344, 356, 
452. 

Ezekiel, Sir Moses, 404. 



Fair, Dr. J. Y., 431, 526, 536, 542. 
Fairfax, Dr. Orlando, 380. 
Fairmount Methodist Church, 429. 
Fair Oaks, Battle of, 232. 
Fant. H. G., 268. 
Farmers Bank, 83. 



Farmers National Congress, 498. 
Farr, R. R., 375, 382. 
Farrar, Judge F. R., 332, 462. 
Faulkner, Chas. J., 226. 
Fauntleroy, Judge T. T., 375, 382, 

393. 
Fay, Eddie, 525. 

Fayette Artillery; see La Fay- 
ette. 
Field, Cyrus W., 195. 
Female Humane Society, 35, 146. 
Female Orphan Asylum, 146. 
Fenewich, Wm., 79, 87. 
Ferris, Joe, 324. 
Ferguson, Rev. Richard, 408. 
Fergusson, E. H., 445, 484. 
Field, Gen. J. G.. 356. 
Fillmore, Millard, 168, 173. 187. 
Finney, B. W., 311. 
Finnegan, Gen., 253. 
First Baptist Church, 120, 121, 
143, 144, 149, 152, 155, 186, 187, 
188, 353. 
First National Bank, 268, 291, 341, 

342. 
First Presbyterian Church, 122, 
130, 145, 149, 156, 157, 179, 187. 
188, 394. 
First Regiment, 221, 278. 
Fishback, Gov., 429. 
Fisher, Geo., 55, 92. 
Fisher, S. McG., 457. 
Fisher, Geo. D., 423. 
Fitzhugh, W. H., 99. 
Fitzhugh, Judge E. H., 274, 320, 

328, 375, 406, 411, 421. 
Fitzpatrick, Benj., 207. 
Five Forks, Battle of, 258. 
Fix, Rev. J. J., 533, 535. 
Flaherty, Thos., 314. 
Fleming, Col., 20. 
Fleming, Judge, 102. 
Fleming, Wm., 40. 
Flood, Hal D., 479, 480. 
Flournoy, Thos. S., 299, 305. 
Floumoy, Thos. A., 184, 244, 257. 



590 



INDEX 



Floyd, Gov. Jno. B., 118, 119, 123, 

161, 162, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171. 
Foley, T. P., 308. 
Folkes, E. C, 457, 482. 
Folkes, Minitree, 503. 
Forbes, W. S., 484, 527. 
Force Bill, 420. 
Ford, R., 186. 

Ford's Hotel, 337, 379, 531. 
Ford, A. J., 410. 
Forley, C. A., 134. 
Forsyth, Henry, 318. 
Forsythe, Rev. Robt., 516, 537. 
Forrest, Edwin, 142, 322. 
Forty-Niners, 162. 
Ffort Charles, 4, 5. 
Fort Lee, 459. 
Fort Malvern Hill, 87. 
Fort Powhatan, 87. 
Fort Sumter, 215. 
Formicola's Tavern, 40. 
Foster, John, 55. 
Fourqurean, J. M., 538. 
Foushee, Dr. J. H., 52, 57, 58. 
Foushee, Dr. Wm., 18, 22, 23, 25, 

36, 46, 52, 58, 61, 69, 70, 73, 75, 

83, 85, 86, 92. 
Fox, W. F., 411, 522. 
Francisco, Peter, 116. 
Franklin, Benj., 38. 
Frayser, L. H., 306, 336, 373. 
Frayser, Capt. R. E., 468. 
Frazier, Thos., 78. 
Frazier's Farm, Battle of, 236. 
Free Bridge Co., 326. 
Freeman, John C, 399, 496, 498, 

516. 
Freeman, W. B., 507. 
French, E. T., 223. 
Freshet of 1870, 321. 
Freshet of 1877, 357. 
Freshet of 1889, 411. 
Freshet of 1901, 482. 
Frigate Chesapeake, 68. 
Friend, J. E., 295. 



Frischkom, John, 386, 513. 
Fry, J. J., 163, 197. 
Fry, P. M., 537. 
Fuller, Dr. Richard, 155. 
Fultz, Judge D. W., 340. 
Funders, 358, 361, 370, 375. 



G 



"Gabriel, General," 53, 119. 
Gaines' Mill, Battle of, 236. 
Gallegher, F. T., 439. 
Gallego Mills, 159, 194, 491. 
Gallego, Jos,, 59, 70, 81. 
Gallego, Mrs., 78. 
Galloway, Bishop C. B., 447. 
Gait. Gabriel, 18, 19, 22, 28, 29. 
Gait, Abraham, 240. 
Galveston Disaster, 472. 
Gamble, John G., 66, 81, 83, 95. 
Gamble, Miss Elizabeth, 56. 
Gamble, Robt., 46, 56, 58, 70, 74. 
Gammon. Rev. J. K., 448. 
Gans, Wm., 379. 
Gardner. Dr. C. S., 483. 
Gardiner, J., 296. 
Gardiner, Dr., 19. 
Garfield, Jas. A., 368, 371. 
Garland, Dr. Landon C, 152, 
Garland, Dr. J. Powell, 402, 504. 
Garland, Col. Robt., 159. 
Garnett, E. M., 382. 
Garnett, Gen. T. S., 508. 
Garnett, J. M.. 66, 143, 201. 
Gary, E., 326. 
Gary, Geo. E., 538. 
Catch, Philip, 51. 
Gates, Horatio, 29. 
Gates, Sir Thomas, 2. 
Gatewood, Sally, 78. 
Gay, Capt., 241. 
George, Cumberland, 141. 
Gerard, Mrs., 78. 
Gettysburg Soldiers' Burial, 331. 
Ghent Treaty, 90. 
Gibbon, James, 61. 



INDEX 



591 



Gibbon, Lt. James, 78. 

Gibbons, James, Cardinal, 334, 

349, 355, 359, 413, 472, 503. 
Gibson, Mrs., 78. 
Gibson, Bishop Robt. A-, 456, 464, 

472, 475, 517, 541. 
Gibson, Chas. D., 446. 
Gibson, R. H., 360. 
Gibson, Miss Susie Williams, 388. 
Gifford, A. F. D., 147. 
Gihon, J. H., 149. 
Giles, W. B., 59, 109, 113. 
Giles, Thos. T., 168. 
Gilliat, Thos., 82. 
Gilman, W. S., 305, 332. 
Gilmer, Dr. G. K., 305, 306. 
Gilmer, Gov. T. W., 141, 148. 
Gilmer, J. H., 159, 161, 275. 
Ginter, Lewis, 369, 423, 428, 429, 

446, 457. 
Girardin, Mrs., 78. 
Glasgow, Miss Ellen, 493, 519. 
Glasgow, Frank, 314. 
Glass, Carter, 469, 479, 480, 535. 
Glendome, Samuel. 11. 
Glenn, E. A., 296. 
Glover, S. H., 380. 
Glynn, Gen. John, 430. 
Goddin, Wellington. 268. 402. 
Goddin, J. A., 140 
Godwin, Capt. A. O.. 229. 
Goggin, W. L., 199. 
Gooch, R. B., 152. 
Goode, John, 257, 332, 342. 370, 

432, 466, 476, 480, 483, 522. 
Goode, Robt., 19. 
Goodman, T. P. A., 296. 
Goodman, A. B., 367. 
Good Roads Convention, 444. 
Goodspeed, 1. 
Goodwin, Rev. R. A., 530. 
Goodwin, Dr. S. A., 422. 
Gordon, Mrs. L. D., 330, 
Gordon, Gen. J. B., 249, 252, 374, 

418, 430, 452, 508. 
Gordon, J. H., 163. 



Gordon, Basil B., 426. 
Gordon, Col. W. W., 428. 
Gordon, Jas. W., 479. 
Gordon, Jas., 449. 
Gordon, Mrs. R. J., 474. 
Gordon, Capt. W. H., 221. 
Gough, John B., 149. 
Governor's Body Guard, 221. 
Grace Episcopal Church, 195. 
Grace Street Baptist Church, 155, 

359, 437, 451, 475. 
Grace Street Presbyterian Church, 

154, 331. 
Grace Hospital, 540. 
Grady, Hugh, 319. 
Graham, John, 55, 82, 86, 101, 117, 

130. 
Graham, Robt., 83. 
Granbery, Bishop John C, 313, 

325, 346, 377, 413, 453, 488, 510. 
Granger, W. E., 373. 
Grant, Gen. U. S., 249, 251, 252, 

253, 255, 258, 265, 267. 269, 274, 

290, 294, 301, 304, 307, 312, 313, 

332, 333, 342, 395. 
Grant, James, 301. 
Grant, Mrs. J. H., 451. 
Grattan, P. R., 209, 274. 
Gravatt, Rev. J. J., 510. 
Graves, Benj., 67. 
Gray, Justice Horace, 476. 
Gray, James, 134. 
Gray, Dr. W. B., 497. 
Grays, The, 155, 203, 459. 
Grayson, Wm., 33, 35. 
Greanor, J. H., 314. 
Greeley, Horace, 285, 288, 332, 

333. 
Green, Benj., 141, 142. 
Green, Miss, 78. 
Green, Wm., 274, 368. 
Green, E. M., 464. 
Greene, Col. B. P., 366. 
Greene, Samuel R., 349. 
Greenhow, Robt,, 75, 83, 88, 89, 

107, 117. 



592 



INDEX 



Greenhow, Mrs. Robt, 78. 

Greenhow, Mrs. May C, 462. 

Greenhow, Samuel, 187. 

Greenhow, S. C, 462. 

Gregg, Jacob, 87. 

Gregg, Gen. John, 255. 

Gregg, Dr. D. H., 383. 

Gregory, Roger, 54. 

Gregory, Ed. S., 324. 

Gregory, Judge J. M., 533. 

Greger, Rev. Alex., 201. 

Grenadiers, 204. 

Griffin, Cyrus, 42, 49, 66, 67, 75. 

Griffin, Caesar, 297. 

Griffin, Fendall, 209. 

Griffin, Patsy, 78. 

Griffin, Samuel, 40. 

Griffith, Dr., 42. 

Grinnan, Chas. J., 318. 

Grinnan, Judge Daniel, 485. 

Griswold, Capt. J. V., 221. 

Groner, D. L., 481. 

Groner, Gen. V. D., 3. 

Groveneur, S. L., 193, 195. 

Grove Avenue Baptist Church, 

412, 473. 
Grundy, Barton H., 470, 531. 
Grymes, Wyndham, 58. 
Guard of Commonwealth, 459. 
Guigon, Judge A. B., 279, 296, 320, 

339, 360. 
Guigon, A. B., 402, 425, 426. 
Guiteau, C. J., 371. 
Gunn, T. H., 410. 
Guthrie, Dr. Daniel, 464. 
Guy, Col. John H., 421. 
Guy, C. R., 528. 
Guy, Jackson, 529. 
Gwathmey, Lucy, 78. 
Gwathmey, R., 47. 
Gwathmey, R. R., 433. 

H 

Haddon, T. G., 520. 
Hairston, Maj. S. H., 318. 
Halbert, N. A., 188. 



Hale, H. P., 375. 

Hall, Abram, 305. 

Hallom & Henry, 29. 

Hall, Addison, 141. 

Hall, Joseph, 434. 

Halleck, W. H., 269. 

Halsen, G. J., 185. 

Halyburton, Judge J. D., 228, 363. 

Hamilton, Alexander, 60. 

Hamilton, Lawrence, 195. 

Hamilton, J. R., 271. 

Hamlin, H., 207. 

Hamlin, E. L., 278. 

Hammett, Wm., 130. 

Hampden Sidney College, 137, 

151, 180, 181. 
Hampton, Gen. Wade, 247, 253, 

405, 417, 418, 439, 452. 
Hancock, Michael W., 81. 
Hancock, Dr. F. W., 279. 
Hancock, Gen. Winfield Scott, 368. 
Handy, Miss May, 495. 
Hanger, Marshall, 355, 424. 
Hannewinckel, F. W., 345, 358. 
Hannon, Dr. John, 477. 
Hardgrove, Samuel, 141. 

Hardwicke, C. W., 464, 465. 

Hardy's Bluff, 230. 

Hargrove, N. D., 373. 

Harker, Dr. F. S., 475. 

Harlow, D. M., 296. 

Harman, L. D., 296. 

Harman, Col. M. G., 340. 

Harmon, A. C, 482. 

Harris, J. D., 303. 

Harris, John, 36. 

Harris, J. L., 83. 

Harris, Dr. Geo. W., 415. 

Harris, Prof. H. H., 457. 

Harris, Richard, 525. 

Harris, Fred., 134, 137. 

Harris, Dr. A., 367, 423. 

Harris, Judge J. T., 370. 

Harrison, Benj., 13, 33, 37. 

Harrison, President Benjamin, 
409, 414, 425, 454. 



INDEX 



593 



Harrison, Carter, 24. 
Harrison, R. J., 117. 
Harrison, Randolph, 118, 129. 
Harrison, Dr. Benj., 474. 
Harrison Thomas, 66. 
Harrison, Gen. W. H., 135, 142, 

143. 
Harrison, Barton H., 284. 
Harrison, Julian, 358. 
Harrison, Judge G. M., 434. 
Harrison, Dr. J. R., 483. 
Hart, P. B., 340. 
Hartshorn, Mrs. Julia, 30. 
Hartshorn College, 394. 
Harvie, Gen. J. B., 95, 107, 111, 

115, 117, 134, 140, 163, 186. 
Harvie, John, 23, 30, 46, 58, 59. 
Harvie, Lewis, 57, 61. 
Harvie, Juliana, 78. 
Harvie, Jane, 78. 
Harvie, L. E., 163. 
Harvey, Robt., 271. 
Harwood, J. C, 520. ^ 

Harwood, J. S., 432, 446, 471, 518, 

535. 
Harwood, W. F., 434. 
Harwood, S. W., 473. 
Harwood, Robt., 269. 
Hasker, C. H., 462. 
Hasker Memorial Methodist Ch., 

503. 
Hatcher, Benj., 59, 79, 83. 
Hatcher's Run, Battle of, 258. 
Hatcher, Dr. W. E., 368, 393, 452, 

472, 475, 478. 
Hawes, Col. G. P., 426. 
Hawes, Miss Catherine, 536. 
Hawes, S. H., 450. 
Hawes, Mrs. S. H.. 536. 
Hawkins, O. A., 474, 502, 505, 516, 

526. 
Hawley, Capt. J. L., 222. 
Hawthorne, Dr. J. B., 367, 473, 

483, 506, 529. 
Hawxhurst, G. W.. 281, 293, 398. 
Haxall's Mill, 93. 



Haxall, W. H., 163, 273, 410. 
Haxall, R. B., 127, 136, 147, 164, 

271, 288, 291, 374. 
Haxall, Phil., 343, 366, 385, 457. 
Hay, Jas., 496. 
Hay, Geo., 50, 58, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 

70, 84. 
Hay, William, 22, 24, 55, 79. 
Hay Market Garden, 54, 60, 71. 
Hayes, Mrs. M. H., 430, 453, 509, 

522. 
Hayes, Pres. R. B., 352, 353, 356. 
Hays, Dr. Chas., 157. 
Hazen, Dr. J. K., 486. 
Heath, J. E., 120, 152. 
Hebrew Cemetery, 517. 
Hebrew Congress, America, 461. 
Hechler, Valentine, 368. 
Hendrix, Bishop E. R., 399, 503. 
Henfrey, Benj., 54, 55. 
Henrico Agricultural Society, 143. 
Henricopolis, 3. 
Henry, Patrick, 12, 13, 14, 24, 26, 

33, 37, 43, 48, 530. 
Henry, Wm. Wirt, 363, 384, 417, 

452, 474. 
Herbig, Capt. John, 222. 
Hermans, Dr. C. C, 450. 
Hermitage, The, 95. 
Herndon, Capt. W. L., 189. 
Herndon, J. R., 296. 
Heron, James, 46. 
Heron, Mrs., 78. 
Heth, Wm., 29. 
Heth, Henry, 66. 
Heth, Gen. Harry, 241, 253, 418, 

430, 468, 549. 
Hickok, J. J., 511. 
Hicks, Saml., 318. 
Highland Park Methodist Church, 

429. 
Highland Springs Methodist Ch., 

525. 
Higgins, J. M., 314, 504. 
High School, 340, 519, 520. 
Hill, Gen. A. P., 235, 236, 241, 246. 



594 



INDEX 



Hill, Gen. D. H., 232, 235, 236, 349. 

Hill, N. B., 250. 

Hill, D. B., 422. 

Hill, A. P., Monument, 424. 

Hill, Mrs. A. P., 509. 

Hill, J. L., 472. 

Hillsman, Dr. J. A., 538. 

Hillsville Tragedy, 541. 

Hines, Saml. H., 324. 

Hinton, Col., 332. 

Hinton, Judge D. H., 375, 382, 
393. 

Hobson, J. A., 318, 324. 

Hodges, Dr. J. Allison, 464, 471. 

Hodges, W. L., 268. 

Hodgeson, M., 32. 

Hoen, Dr. S. C, 538. 

Hoge, J. H., 481. 

Hoge, Dr. Moses D., 153, 154, 157, 
159, 160, 166, 187, 189, 239, 319, 
331, 336, 337, 347, 349. 356, 369, 
370, 372, 383, 389, 405, 425, 431, 
434, 436, 439, 442, 450, 466, 484. 

Hoge Memorial Church, 447. 

Hogg Tavern, 17. 

Hoke, Gen., 253. 

Holladay, A. L., 375, 411. 

Holladay, Alex., 285. 

Holliday, Gov. F. W. M., 356, 358, 
363, 366, 369, 372, 373, 374, 436. 

Hollywood Cemetery, 163, 165, 
193, 204, 225, 228, 242, 460. 

Hollywood Memorial Association, 
277, 278, 323, 331, 404, 451. 

Holmes, Rev. J. H., 343. 

Holt, W. C, 109. 

Holy Trinity Church, 438, 509. 

Home Artillery, 223. 

Home for Incurables, 461. 

Home Guard, 204, 223. 

Hooker, Gen., 241. 

Hope in Faith & Coxendale, 4. 

Hope, Jas., Barron, 192, 385, 405. 

Hope-Beresford, 347. 

Hopkins, Bishop, 201. 



Hopkins, Charles, 35. 
Hopkins, John, 46, 66. 
Hopkins, J. N., 134. 
Hopkins, H. L., 168. 
Horsley, J. D., 434. 
Hoss, Bishop E. E., 510. 
Hoskins, R. O., 194. 
Houchins, S. W., 296. 
Houdon Statue, 37, 38, 495. 
Howard, Major B. F., 514. 
Howard, John, 467. 
Howard, N. P., 318. 
Howard, Dr. Marion, 368. 
Howell, Rev. R. B. C, 155, 186. 
Howe, Rev. M. A. D., 200. 
Howitzer Armory, 442, 524. 
Howitzer Corps, 203, 221, 278, 385, 

427, 471. 
Howitzer Monument, 427. 
Huber, Rev. Ed., 367. 
Hudgins, Thos., 141. 
Hudson, C. C, 163. 
Hudnall, M. F., 497. 
Hudnall, H., 504. 
Huff, S. W., 489. 
Huger, Gen., 236. 
Hughes, Robt. W., 304, 339, 342, 

350, 387. 
Hume, Thos., 141. 
Hunnicutt, J. W., 279, 281, 292, 

293. 
Hunt. Gilbert, 240. 
Hunter, Anania, 78. 
Hunter, James, 22, 134, 137. 
Hunter, R. M. T., 156, 192, 226, 

257, 293, 299, 340, 342, 352, 404. 
Hunter, J. L., 305. 
Hunton, Charles, 141. 
Hunton, Gen. Eppa, 433, 514. 
Hunton, Eppa, 498. 
Hutcheson, Maj. J. T., 360. 
Hutchinson, Hugh, 318. 
Hutson, Dr. J. B., 536. 
Hutzler, Chas., 520. 
Hutzler, H. S., 494. 



INDEX 



696 



Ide, Dr. Geo. B., 143. 
Imboden, Gen. J. D., 274, 285. 
Immanuel Baptist Church, 490. 
Indian Town, 8. 
Ingram, Judge J. H., 492, 538. 
Innis, Jas., 33, 42, 44. 
Insurance Savings Bank, 291. 
Irving, Sir Henry, 449. 
Isaacs, Taylor & Williams, 341. 
Isaacs, W. B., 448. 



Jackson, Gen. Andrew, 99, 105, 

110, 121, 123, 124, 134, 151. 
Jackson, Gen. T. J. (Stonewall), 

225, 234, 235, 238, 241, 242, 243, 

277, 347, 348, 349, 350. 
Jackson, Mrs. T. J., 243, 276, 349, 

509. 
Jackson Monument, 347, 348. 
Jackson, Miss Julia, 349, 395, 415. 
Jackson Guard, 222. 
Jackson, Rev. W. M., 185. 
Jackson, Lt. Gov., 192. 
Jackson, D. J., 288. 
Jackson, Jos., 278. 
Jackson, Thos. P., 344. 
Jackson, Rev. Melville, 358. 
Jacobs, Elizabeth, 78. 
Jacobs, Jos., 78. 
James, Dr. M. L., 379. 
James, Dr. W. C, 522. 
James, Fleming, 139, 152, 165. 
James River & Kanawha Co., 100, 
120, 128, 142, 150, 153, 158, 357, 
365. 
James River Nav. Co., 36, 74. 
Jamestown, 1, 2, 3, 17. 
Jamestown Exposition, 505. 
James, Thos., 134. 
Janauschek. 343. 

Janney, John, 207, 214, 218, 226, 
276. 



Jonssens, Bishop Francis, 371. 
Jarratt, Devereaux, 43. 
Jasper, Rev, John, 326, 359, 482. 
Jefferson Club, 447. 
Jefferson Guard, 222. 
Jefferson, Geo., 59. 
Jefferson, Jos., 211, 343. 
Jefferson Thos., 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 

37, 38, 39, 42, 49, 50, 52, 53, 61, 

63, 66, 73, 96, 106, 107, 108. 
Jefferson, The, 446, 477, 506. 
Jenkins, Wm., 309. 
Jerrod, Mrs., 78. 
Jeter, Dr. J. B., 141, 143, 144, 154, 

182, 186, 298, 365, 368. 
Jeter, Mrs. J. B., 381. 
Jewish Charities Conf., 512. 
Johns, Bishop John, 145, 147, 151, 

155, 227, 228, 229, 267, 274, 333. 
Johnson, President Andrew, 368, 

270, 271, 273, 276, 290, 291, 300. 
Johnson, Gen. Bradley T., 338, 

344, 347, 348, 349, 352, 405, 492. 
Johnson, Chapman, 96, 110, 120, 

124, 129, 131, 166. 
Johnson, Ed., 47. 
Johnson, Fayette, 127. 
Johnson, Dr. Thos., 137. 
Johnson, W. B., 155. 
Johnson, Maj. W. J., 449. 
Johnson, Dr. T. C, 450. 
Johnson, Revedy, 168, 217. 
Johnson, Col. G. N., 169, 174, 225. 
Johnson, Gov. Jos., 174, 175, 183. 
Johnson, Peyton, 209, 231. 
Johnson, Marmaduke, 214, 218, 

281, 292, 296, 305, 329. 
Johnson, S., 281. 
Johnson, Robert, 285. 
Johnson, W. S., 296. 
Johnson, Jno. W., 309, 365. 
Johnson, Dr. H. E., 428. 
Johnston, Gen. Ed., 246, 324, 337. 
Johnston, Dr. Geo. Ben, 367, 369, 

490, 498. 



INDEX 



096 

Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., 224> 

225, 232, 274, 344, 349, 351, 360, 

374, 405, 418, 422. 
Johnston, Jno. W., 414, 501. 
Johnston, A. L., 482. 
Johnston, Miss Mary, 493, 520. 
Johnstone, Ralph, 528. 
Johnstown Flood, 411. 
Jolly, Rev. W. T., 461. 
Jones, J. P., 526. 
Jones, T. N., 469. 
Jones, J. L., 449. 
Jones, Rev. Sam P., 420. 
Jones, S. P., 516. 
Jones, J. Alfred, 273. 
Jones, Fleming, 127. 
Jones, Meriweather, 49, 51, 57, 

58. 
Jones, Dr. J. William, 367, 398, 

452, 502, 522. 
Jones, Skelton, 58. 
Jones, Samuel, 92. 
Jones, Rev. S. W., 185. 
Jones, T. H., 187. 
Jones, W. A., 535. 
Jordin, J. C, 141. 
Jordon, H. C, 542. 
Journal, The, 524. 
Joynes, Dr. Levin S., 374, 413. 
Joynes, Judge W. T., 280, 297, 

316, 317. 
Judas, Borack, 78. 
Judkins, Dr. W. E., 368, 369. 



K 



Kain, Bishop J. J., 406. 
Katerndahl, Rev. R., 367. 
Kaufmann, J. H., 498. 
Kavanaugh, Bishop H. H., 353, 

385. 
Kean, O. G., 421. 
Keane, Bishop J. J., 359, 365, 371, 

405. 
Keeling, Rev. H., 126, 134, 141. 



Keesee, J. F., 374. 

Keiley, A. M., 273, 305, 306, 319, 

320, 325, 328, 331, 334, 336, 340, 

342, 344, 365, 372, 395, 500. 
Keiley, Bishop Benj., 472, 489. 
Keith, Judge James, 434, 476, 483. 

502, 524, 534. 
Keiley, S. L., 482, 491, 539. 
Kellogg, Mrs. M. V., 456. 
Keiley, Dr. G. C, 522. 
Kemper, Gen. James L., 299, 339, 

340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 355. 
Kendall, Amos, 148. 
Keneseth Israel, 513. 
Kennedy, J. P., 509. 
Kennerly, Miss, 324. 
Kent, Dr. Chas. W., 519. 
Kent, W. P., 500, 518. 
Kent, H. L., 158, 163, 175, 268, 271, 

326. 
Kent, R. C, 432, 434. 
Kepler, L., 296. 
Kepler, Rev. John, 354. 
Keppler, H. S., 187, 368. 
Kern, Dr. J. A., 443. 
Kerr, Rev. John, 108, 110, 120, 
121, 133. 

Kerr, John, 318. 

Kerr, Dr. R. P., 394, 461, 472. 

Kilpatrick, General, 247. 

King Edward VII, 526. 

King, Rufus, 85. 

Kirby, Capt. Jas. ,318. 

Kirmess, 449. 

Kirshaw, Gen., 253. 

Kirschmann, C, 367. 

Knight, Col. W. C, 455. 

Knight, Rev. Ryland, 504. 

Knights of Pythias, 340. 

Knights Templar, 369. 

Knights of Labor, 389, 400. 

Knox, Dr. John, 415. 



Lancasterian School, 92, 148, 307. 



INDEX 



597 



LaCraix, Thos., 78. 

Lacy, Judge B. W., 339, 375, 382. 

Ladd, Thos., 70, 194. 

Ladd, Benj. F., 406. 

Ladies Defense Asso., 229. 

LafEerty, Dr. J. J., 394, 402, 522. 

LaFayette, Gen., 23, 25, 32, 40, 

102, 103, 104, 105, 116, 126. 
LaFayette Artillery, 104, 116, 118, 

126, 151, 155, 174, 175, 215, 217, 

221, 278. 
LaFayette Guard, 104. 
LaForest, Mrs., 78. 
Laidley, Dr. Jos., 223. 
Lamb, Capt. John, 454, 473, 485, 

496, 513, 527, 528. 
Lamb, Col. Wm., 355. 
Lamb, Judge J. C, 423, 485, 491. 
Lambert, David, 29, 44, 67. 
Lambert, Gen. Wm., 108, 117, 134, 

143, 151, 150, 157, 159, 161, 166, 

168, 174, 175, 178. 
Lambert, Geo., 144. 
Lambeth, Dr. S. S., 413, 527. 
Lambeth, Dr. W. R., 472. 
Lamott, C. 0., 231. 
Lancaster, Mrs. R. P., 444. 
Lancaster, J. H., 127. 
Lancers, The, 204. 
Lancester, Jos., 127. 
Landerkin, A., 530. 
Landrum, Dr. W. W., 431, 442, 

495. 
Lane, Jos., 207. 
Larus, Chas. D., 514. 
Langhorne, M., 66. 
Langhorne, Rev. Geo. W., 353. 
Langhorne, Miss Irene, 446. 
Latane, Capt., 234. 
Latham, Dr. J. N., 526. 
Laube, J. W., 492. 
Laurel Street Methodist Church, 

367, 402. 
Lawton, Gen., 250. 
Lawton, W. P., 392, 455. 



Lay, Judge J. F., 473. 

Leake, Shelton F., 174. 

Leake, W. D., 157. 

Leake, Judge Wm. Josiah, 421, 

514. 
Lear, Dr. W. W., 454, 481. 
Leathe, T. G., 529. 
Leary, Col. T. H., 386. 
Ledoux, Rev. L. P., 187. 
Lee, Alfred S., 542. 
Lee, Bishop Alfred, 201. 
Lee, Col., 99. 
Lee Camp, 422, 426, 449. 
Lee, Richard B., 40. 
Lee, Richard Henry, 12, 13, 33, 35, 

218. 
Lee, Jesse, 51. 

Lee, Dr. L. M., 130, 134, 153, 380. 
Lee, N. M., 274. 
Lee, Capt, J. R., 221. 
Lee, Gen. W. H. F., 253, 349, 370, 

405. 
Lee, Gen. Fitzhugh, 285, 349, 370, 

393, 396, 397, 404, 405, 409, 411, 

418, 423, 424, 430, 432, 433, 436, 
438, 458, 459, 465, 466, 485, 500. 

Lee, Baker P., 388. 

Lee, Gen. Robt. E., 202, 217, 218, 
219, 220, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 
236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, 244, 
245, 249, 251, 252, 258, 259, 260, 
262, 265, 267, 268, 274, 276, 289, 
290, 322, 323, 345, 346, 404, 417, 

419, 421, 505. 

Lee, Mrs. Robt. E., 250. 

Lee, Mrs. W. H. F., 509. 

Lee, Miss Mary Custis, 509. 

Lee Monu. Asso., 404. 

Lee Monu. Cornerstone, 405. 

Lee Monu. Unveiling, 417. 

Lee, R. E., Jr., 508. 

Lee, Gen. Stephen D., 453, 508, 

509, 514. 
Lee, Dr. W. A., 504. 
Leigh, Egbert G., 421, 502, 531. 



598 

Leigh, Judge Benj. W., 103, 
113, 117, 121, 124, 125, 132, 
140, 157, 161. 
Leigh Street Baptist Church, 
Leisure, Myron, 344. 
Leitch, J. T., 59. 
Leonard, M. B., 457. 
Leopard, The, 68. 
Lesslie, Mrs., 78. 
Letcher, Gov. John, 199, 207, 
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222, 
230, 231, 241, 243, 246, 349 
Letcher Battery, 278. 
Levering, Joshua, 454. 
Levy, Capt. E. J., 514. 
Levy, A., 318, 441. 
Levy, Rev. H. C, 201. 
Lewis, C. H., 270. 
Lewis, John P., 304, 309, 370, 

382, 385. 
Lewis. Judge L. L., 371, 375, 

397, 416, 434, 454, 500. 
Lewis, Dr. R. A., 473. 
Lewis, Andrew, 13. 
Libby Prison, 224, 237, 238, 

262, 265, 267, 301, 407. 
Liberty Bell, 444. 
Liberty Hall Academy, 36. 
Library Asso., 497. 
Library, Public, 478. 
Life Guard, 221, 278. 
Liggett, J. N., 294. 
Light Guard, 222. 
Light Inft. Mechanics, 84. 
Lilley, Gen. R. D., 402. 
Lilley, Dr. D. Clay, 542. 
Lincoln, President Abraham, 
212, 215, 217, 239, 256, 257, 
266, 267, 268, 271. 
Lind, Jenny, 172, 173. 
Lindner, M. F., 516. 
Llndsey, Lewis, 292. 
Lipscomb, Martin Meredith, 

361. 
Littlepage, Miss, 78. 



INDEX 



111, 
134, 

180. 



213, 
227, 



379, 
382, 

246, 



207, 
264, 



247, 



Little Sisters of the Poor, 344, 

355. 
Livermore, Daniel, 130. 
Lloyd, Bishop A. S., 527. 
Lloyd, Capt. Wm., 221. 
Local Option Election, 398. 
Lockwood, Mrs. Belva, 439. 
Logan, Gen. T. M., 355. 
Lohman, E., 247. 
London, Bishop of, 510. 
London, D. H., 172, 203. 
Longstreet, Gen., 232, 235, 236, 

238, 418. 
Lord, Rev. Willis, 157. 
Lorraine, Ed., 336. 
Lovenstein, Wm., 306, 363, 367, 

370, 396, 413, 419, 432, 455. 
Lumpkin, W., 155. 
Lurty, W. S., 413. 
Lutheran Church, First English, 

355. 
Lutheran Church, Sixth Street, 

301. 
Lutheran Synod, 301, 464, 512. 

527. 
Lybrock, A., 397. 
Lybrook, A. M., 375. 
Lyell, Thos., 51. 
Lynch, B. W., 318. 
Lynch, John, 71, 161. 
Lynch, J. J., 542. 
Lyons, James, 107, 136, 140, 144, 

146, 152, 157, 158, 159, 167, 168, 

169, 171, 175, 194, 197, 199, 203, 

228, 246, 259, 269, 284, 285, 286, 

288, 297, 327, 338, 381. 
Lyons, James, Jr., 363, 370. 
Lyons, Lord, 210. 
Lyons, Peter, 40, 73. 
Lyons, Judge W. H., 207, 209, 273, 

274, 280, 285, 288, 290. 

M 

Maccubbin, Samuel, 248. 
Maclachlan, Rev. H. D. C, 526. 



INDEX 



599 



Macfarland, W. H., 134, 135, 137, 
140. 143, 147, 151, 152, 153, 154, 
157, IGG, 1C8. 174, 175, 194, 197, 
208, 209, 214, 220, 24G, 271, 281, 
285, 288, 299, 320. 
Macmurdo, Chas. T., 55. 
Macmurdo, C. J., 89. 

Madison, Fannie Lilian, 390, 391. 

Madison, James, 24, 25, 2G, 33, 34, 
39, 40, G3, 71, 7G, 85, 9G, 99, 
112, 113, 120, 134, 135. 

Madison, Bishop James, 42, 49, 60, 
75, 83. 

Madison Mining Co., 1G2. 

Magoon, Rev. E. L., 143, 151, 154. 

Magri, Dr. Jos., 503, 

Magruder, Gen., 223, 236, 247. 

Magulre, A. M., 22. 

Maher, J. P., 319. 

Mahone, Gen. Wm., 254, 361, 363, 
375, 385, 387, 396, 413. 

Mahone, Mrs. Wm., 509. 

Maine, The, 458. 

Male Orphan Asylum, 35, 155, 200. 

Malone, Alex., 87. 

Malvern Hill, Battle of, 236. 

Manassas, First Battle, 224. 

Manassas, Second Battle, 238. 

Manchester Annexation, 525. 

Mankln, C. F., 296. 

Manly, B., 182. 

Manly, R. M., 307. 

Mann Bill, The, 487. 

Mann, Judge Wm. H., 434, 483, 
487, 499, 518, 524, 527, 528, 534, 
535, 541. 

Mann's Tavern, 32. 

Manson, Mrs. H. G., 461. 

Manson, Dr. O. F., 355, 379, 410. 

Marable, Sol., 447. 

Marks, Cyprian, 78. 

Marquis of Lome, 384. 

Marshall, Col. Chas., 405. 

Marshall, Alma, 78. 

Marshall Guard, 155. 



Marshall House, 530. 
Marshall, John, 28, 30, 33, 42, 43, 
46, 48, 52, 53, 58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 
68, 79, 81, 86, 95, 101, 103, 104, 
107, 111, 112, 113, 117, 119, 120, 
124, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 
163, 181. 

Marshall, John Day, 475. 

Marshall, Rev. C. K., 246. 

Marshall, Thos., 130. 

Marshall, Wm., 42, 79, 82. 

Marshall Theatre, 139, 227. 

Martin, J. A., 272. 

Martin. Thos. S., 433, 466, 496, 
499, 502, 528, 535, 

Martin, Luther, 66. 

Marye Battery, 278. 

Marye, J. L., 127, 313, 332, 336. 

Marye, Col. Morton, 529. 

Marvin, B. A., 374. 

Marx, Jos., 79. 83, 120. 

Marx, S., 129. 

Mason, George, 33, C3, 108. 

Mason. J. M., 15C. 

Mason, Rev. Landon R., 514, 542. 

Masons' Hall, 28, 32. 

Masonic Home, 344, 433. 

Masonic Temple. 410. 

Mason. Judge J. Y.. 106, 171, 204. 

Mason, S., 30G. 

Massle, Judge Thornton L., 541. 

Massie, J. D., 318. 

Massey, Rev. John E., 361, 375, 
380, 396. 

Mastin, Rev. J. T., 454. 

Masurier, Capt., 459. 

Mathews, Dr. W. P., 529. 

Maupln, Dr. Socrates, 137, 154, 

Maurice, H. A., 526. 

Maury, Gen. D. H., 347, 473. 

Maury. Matthew F.. 198, 218, 336. 

Maury, R. H., 318. 

Maury, Col. R. L., 511. 

Maxwell, W.. 168. 

Maxwell. Rev. L. R,, 470. 



600 



INDEX 



Maybee, Rev. W. J., 517. 

Maynard, Capt. J. C, 229. 

Maynard, Robert, 148. 

Maynard, Horace, 188. 

Mayo, Louisa, 78. 

Mayo, Maria D., 95. 

Mayo, Geo. W., 398. 

Mayo, Maj. Wm., 7, 87. 

Mayo, Dr. T. P., 414. 

Mayo, Mrs. F., 461, 

Mayo, Col John, 34, 41, 51, 92, 

95, 176. 
Mayo, Joseph, 115, 158, 159, 169, 

172, 178, 179, 188, 191, 192, 200, 

209, 222, 225, 227, 231, 241, 246, 

253, 262, 263, 271, 277, 280, 290, 

300, 333. 
Mayo, P. H., 531. 
Mayo, P. P., 163. 
McAdams, G. B., 455. 
McAdams, T. B., 505, 513. 
McAlister, Rev. J. D., 523, 539. 
McCabe, Gordon, 344, 515. 
McCabe, Rev. J. D., 144. 
McCafferty, W. H., 296. 
McCance, T. W., 291, 314, 319, 

365, 366, 415. 
McCarthy, Carlton, 438, 483, 495, 

496, 498, 502, 506, 511, 513. 
McCarthy, M., 319. 
McCarty, Page, 338, 339, 384, 473. 
McCausland, Alex., 207. 
McCaull, J. A., 325. 
McCaull, P. H., 361, 456. 
McCaw, Dr. J. B., 194, 240, 251, 

355. 369, 379, 478, 504. 
McClellan, Robt, 163. 
McClellan, Gen., 226, 231, 236, 237, 

238, 239. 
McCIurg, James, 46, 55, 82. 
McClure, Col. C. E., 487. 
McConnell, Capt. Ed., 222. 
McCormick, C. H., 147. 
McCredie, John, 64. 
McCue, Samuel H., 495. 



McCurdy, Capt. P., 473. 
McDaniel, Dr. Geo. W., 522, 529. 
McDonald, Gen. Jas., 337, 434. 
Mci;»onald Papers, 325. 
McDowell, Gov., 146, 152. 
McDowell, General, 234, 239. 
McEntree, Col., 274. 
McFaden, Dr. F. T., 516. 
McGill, Bishop John, 180, 184, 200, 

211, 241, 302, 325, 329. 
McGill, J. D., 141. 
McGill Union, 518. 
McGilvray, J. A., 472. 
McGilvray, Rev. W. B., 423. 
McGuire, F. H., 361, 441. 
McGuire, John P., 504. 
McGuire, Dr. Hunter, 243, 339, 

349, 350, 355, 369, 384, 429, 465, 

474, 493. 
McGuire, Dr. Stuart, 465, 498, 423. 
McGuire Monu. Asso., 474, 493. 
McGruder, Dr. Chas., 462. 
Mcllwaine, Dr. H. R., 509. 
McHwaine, Richard, 310. 
McKeand, John, 22. 
McKee, S. K., 446, 505, 526. 
McKendree, Bishop Wm., 51. 
McKenzie, L., 268, 281. 
McKiel, J. W., 271. 
McKim, Wm., 75. 
McKinley, Wm., 454, 458, 465, 

473, 481. 
McKinney, Gov. P. W., 370, 413, 

416, 419, 422, 424, 429, 432, 434. 
McMahon, T. J., 533. 
McRae, Col. S., 414. 
McRae, C. C, 326. 
McRae, Alex., 58, 66, 69, 70, 83, 

86. 
McRobert, Alex., 44. 
McWilliams, Henry, 268. 
Meade, Bishop, 43, 89, 151, 186, 

200, 222, 229. 
Meade, General, 243, 269. 
Mea<l, Stlth, 56. 



INDEX 



601 



Mebane, R. S., 134. 

Mechanics Institute, 182, 190, 458, 

477, 480. 
Medical Asso. of U. S., 175. 
Medical College of Va., 137, 180, 

ISl, 204, 3G4, 378. 
Medico-Psychological Assn., 471. 
Meher, E. P., 500. 
Memminger, C. G., 223. 
Memorial Hospital, 490, 452. 
Menzel, Dr. Paul, 511. 
Men's Bible Classes, 528. 
Mercer, Dr., 475. 
Mercer, C. F., 93. 
Mercer, Hugh, G7. 
Mercer, Walter C, 520, 531, 539. 
Mercer, James, 27, 28, 40. 
Mercer, J. J., 514. 
Mercer, John, C6. 
Merchants National Bank, 326, 

341, 342. 
Merchants and Mechanics Bank, 

291. 
Merchants and Planters Bank, 

291. 
Merchants Coffee House, 90, 98, 

127, 142. 
Merchants Library Asso., 139. 
Mercie, Jean A., 404. 
Meredith, Chas. V., 391, 392, 397, 

480. 498. 
Meredith, Mrs. C. V., 519. 
Meredith, J. A., 171, 174, 194, 209, 

259, 2G9, 275, 280, 285, 288, 302, 

316, 352, 356. 
Meredith, J. S., 338. 
Meredith, Wyndham R., 470, 502. 
Meredith, W. M., 168. 
Methodist Centennial, 463. 
Methodist General Conference, 398. 
Methodist Orphanage, 464. 
Metropolitan Hall, 179. 
Merrill, Prof. G. P., 468. 
Merrill, H. S., 274. 
Merrimac, 229, 230. 



Meyer, Julius, Sons, 478. 

Meyer, Rev. Wm., 496. 

Meyer, Rev. F. B., 478. 

Meyers, G. A., 108, 152, 164. 

Meyers, A. H., 471. 

Meyers, E. E., 436. 

Meyers, S., 95. 

Michaels, Rev. Robt., 153. 

Milheiser, Chas., 367. 

Milheiser, Moses, 367, 462. 

Military Surgeons, 527. 

Miller, Capt. John, 221.. 

Miller, Capt. Daniel, 221. 

Miller, Henry, 386, 529. 

Miller, Polk, 452. 

Miller, John M., 482. 

Miller, Mrs. L. O., 484. 

Miller, T. A., 498, 528. 

Mills, Col. G. W., 500. 

Mills, Morgan R., 459, 521. 

Mills, N., 127. 

Mills, Robt., 81. 

Mims, Lina, 95. 

Minnigerode, Dr. Chas., 204, 228, 

250, 259, 305, 333, 337, 347, 349, 

353, 358, 360, 367, 386, 389, 411, 

419. 
Minor, Benj. B., 147, 152, 155, 161, 

168, 169, 501. 
Minor, Judge, E. C, 362, 435, 492. 
Minor, Mrs. E. C, 451. 
Mitchell, Robert, 22, 24, 29, 30, 44, 

57, 73, 334. 
Mitchell, Wm., 59, 147. 
Mitchell, Wm., Jr., 163. 
Mitchell, S. P., 203. 
Mitchell, John, 285. 
Mitchell, Dr. S. C, 483, 493, 496, 

505. 
Moncure, Dr. John, 520. 
Moncure, Judge R. C. L., 174, 275, 

280, 316, 374, 380. 
Moncure, Capt. T. J., 222. 
Moncure, W. C. 294. 
Monroe, Mrs. James, 491. 



603 



INDEX 



Monroe, James, 33, 52, 53, 70, 71, 

73. 75, 76, 94, 96, 98, 112, 113, 

117, 118, 193. 
Monroe Park, 180. 
Montague, Gov. A. J., 456, 476, 

477, 480, 481, 483, 493, 496, 498, 

499, 502, 516, 529, 539. 
Montague, Hill, 472, 535. 
Montague, R. L., 199, 226. 
Montague, J. D., 411. 
Montague, J. H., 538. 
Mcnte Maria, 340 
Montgomery, Alex., 27, 35. 
Montgomery Guard, 203, 221. 
Montgomery, J. S., 504. 
Monumental Church, 29, 81, 89, 

143, 145, 201. 
Moody, Rev. Dwight L., 389, 437. 
Moody, J. M., 326. 
Moore Memorial Church, 344. 
Moore, Gen. P. T., 221, 329, 337, 

386. 
Moore, S. McD., 299. 
Moore, Rev. T. V., 171, 179, 186, 

187. 
Moore, Dr. S. P., 350. 
Moore, B. C, 162. 
Moore, Andrew, 40. 
Moore, Bishop Richard Channing, 

89, 94, 108, 116, 118, 120, 126, 

132, 135, 137, 143. 
Moore, Joseph, 111. 
Moore, Dr. W. W., 450,^526, 531. 
Moore, R. Walton, 498. 
Moore. Dr. T. J., 461. 
Moore, Dr. J. H., 504. 
Mordecai, John B., 338, 339. 
Mordecai, Samuel, 338. 
Morgan, Gen. J. B., 246, 254, 278. 
Morgan, E. E., 523. 
Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 54. 
Morganfield, C. A., 440. 
Morris, Dabney, 95. 
Morris, Joshua, 56. 
Morris, Chas. Y., 209. 



Morris, L. Z., 471, 517. 

Morris, Dr. J. W., 537. 

Morrisey, Jas., 292. 

Morse's Telegraph, 153, 158. 

Morton, H. M., 168. 

Morton, D. V., 535. 

Morton, John, 446, 486. 

Morton, John B., 270, 326, 374. i^ 

Morton, Col. Wm., 276. rr'i-7iy~uZnn. 

Morton, 0. S., 528. 

Morus, Multicaulis, 138. 

Mosby, Jos., 141. 

Mosby, Col. John S., 532. 

Moseley, Wm., 58. 

Moss, Dr. J H., 520. 

Moss, Mrs., 78. 

Mounted Rangers, 223. 

Mozart Academy, 397. 

Moza-t Asso., 397. 

Mt. Calvary Cemetery, 405. 

Muir, W. H., 296. 

Mulford, J. E., 314. 

Mullen, W. H., 401. 

Mulry, T. M., 512. 

Munford, Geo. W., 110, 112, 117, 

152, 168, 169, 194. 
Munford, J. D., 159, 162, 199. 
Munford, B. B., 388, 444, 456, 466, 

476, 529. 
Munford, Mrs. B. B., 520. 
Munford, Gen. T. T., 453. 
Munford, William, 62, 73, 83, 85, 

87, 91, 92, 99, 105, 111, 193. 
Munford Col. W., 231. 
Munford, Col. W. P., 383, 406. 
Munford, Col. Geo. Wythe, 359, 

380. 
Munford, Col. R. B., 474. 
Munsey, Dr. W. E., 310. 
Murphy's Hotel, 463. 
Murphy, John, 528. 
Murphy, T. B., 446, 457. 
Murry, H., 440. 

Mutual Assurance Society, 46, 91. 
Myers, Col. E. T. D., 339, 401, 501. 



INDEX 



603 



Myers. G. A.. 288, 308. 
Myers, G. H., ICl. 
Myers, J., 153. 
Myers, L. T., 470. 
Myers, S. S., 159. 

N 

Nalle, Dr. J. R., 457. 

Nalle, Col. Wm., 4G0. 

Napier, Lord, 197. 

Nash, B. H., 222, 448. 

Nash, Dr. Thos. 185. 

National Bank of Va., 270, 291, 
342. 

National Board of Trade, 310. 

National Conf. Charities & Cor- 
rections, 512. 

National Express and Transp. Co., 
274. 

National Exchange Bank, 291. 

National Roads Congress, 536. 

National Supply Dealers, 512. 

Needham, Rev. Geo. C, 389. 

Neilson, Adelaide, 354. 

Nekervis, Wm., 83. 

Nelson, Capt., 107. 

Nelson, Gen. Thos., 40, 123, 152. 

Nelson, Maria, 78. 

Nelson, Dr. James, 316, 429. 

Nelson, N. W., 367, 437. 

Nelson, Marx, 462. 

Netherwood, Jas., 467. 

Newberry, General, 320. 

Newberry, S. H., 375, 387. 

Newell, Jos. M., 449. 

Newman, John, 318. 

Newman, Rev. H. B., 187. 

Newman, Col. W. W., 360. 

Newport, Christopher, 1, 2. 

News Leader, The, 487, 524. 

Newton, Bishop J. B., 417, 435, 
456, 457. 

Newton, C. W., 299. 

Newton, Thos. J., 27. 

Newton, Virginius, 472, 479, 497. 



Nicholas, C. J., 107. 
Nicholas, Carter, 19. 
Nicholas, George, 33, 44. 
Nicholas, Governor, 93. 
Nicholas. Philip N., 59, 70, 83, 86, 

95, 107, 110, 112, 117, 124, 129, 

135, 136, 140, 166. 
Nicholas, Robert. 13. 
Nicholas, R. C, 134. 
Nicholas, W. C, 61, 95, 96. 
Nicholas, Thos, 23. 
Nilsson, Christian, 325. 
Nimmo. Col. R. M., 231. 
Nolly, Rev. Geo. W., 319, 387. 
Nolting, A. W., 311. 
Nolting, E. 0., 319, 342, 355, 434. 
Nolting, Mrs. E. 0., 474. 
None-Such, 3. 
Northrop, Wm., 542. 
Norton, Maj. Geo. F., 388. 
Norwood, Rev. Wm., 143, 147, 151, 

171, 406. 
Notman, John, 163. 
Nowland, R. W. N., 402. 
Nullification Act, 121. 
Nuttal, 78. 

O 

Oakwood Cemetery. 187, 225, 364. 
Oakwood Memorial Asso., 277. 
O'Bannon, J. H.. 501. 
O'Brien, Rev. T., 126, 133. 
O'Connell, Bishop D. J., 359, 371, 

389, 412. 489. 496, 504, 540. 
O'Conner, Charles, 286, 287, 288. 
Odenheimer, Rev. W. H., 201. 
Odd Fellows Hall, 160, 182. 
Odd Fellows Convention, 472. 
O'Ferrall, Col. Chas. T., 424, 432, 

434, 439, 444, 445, 452, 500, 501. 
O'Ferrall, Mrs. C. T.. 461. 
Ogden. Robert, 488. 
Ogilvie. J., 58. 
Old Stone House, 7, 264. 
Oliver, Ben, 54. 



604 



INDEX 



Ord, Gen. E. O. C, 266, 267, 269. 
Ordinance of Secession, 216, 221. 
Ordway, A., 314. 
O'Reilly, Rev. J, B., 503. 
Osborne, C. F., 152, 154, 159. 
Osgood, Rev. E. E., 514 
Otey Battery, 222, 278. 
Otey, Bishop, 200. 
Otey, Capt. John M., 222, 386. 
Ould, Judge Robt, 284, 286, 305, 
319, 332, 340, 346, 365, 366, 381. 
Owen, T, F., 326. 
Owen, Thomas E., 532. 



Pace, James B., 373, 383, 401, 484, 

501. 
Pace, Mrs. J. B., 461. 
Pace, 49. 

Pace, W. H., 324. 
Page, John, 12, 40, 57, 58, 61. 
Page, Elizabeth, 78. 
Page, Maj. Mann, 497. 
Page, Mary, 78. 
Page, Luther R., 307. 
Page, Maj. Legh R., 434. 
Page, Rosewell, 422. 
Page, Samuel M., 455. 
Page, Dr. Thos. Nelson, 407, 417, 

421, 485, 496, 505. 
Paine, W. S., 231. 
Palmer, Chas., 208. 
Palmer, Dr. W. P., 194, 455. 
Palmer, Geo. S., 280, 388, 
Palmer, Gen., 454. 
Palmer, Col. W. H., 424. 
Parker, Judge Alton B., 496. 
Parker Lt. Artillery, 223. 
Parker, Josiah, 40. 
Parker, T. H., 441. 
Parker, Richard, 40, 67. 
Parker, Judge R. E., 125, 136. 
Parker, W. H., 136. 
Parker, Dr. W. W., 200, 222, 383, 

467. 



Parnell, Chas. S., 365. 

Park Place Methodist Church, 

355, 401. 
Parrish, Mrs. Scott, 536. 
Parsons, H. C, 365. 
Patteson, Camm, 388. 
Patterson, Rev. Geo., 255. 
Patterson, Mr., 78. 
Patterson, Mrs., 78. 
Patterson, John, 90. 
Patterson, Dr. Samuel, 140, 153. 
Patterson, Dr. W, H., 156. 
Patterson, Dr. R. H., 542. 
Patti, Adelina, 211. 
Patton, J. M., 140, 198. 
Patton, J. D., 373, 396. 
Paul, Col. S. P., 397. 
Paxton, Gen., 241. 
Payne, John, C9. 
Payne, Col. W. M., 157. 
Payne, Dr. R. S., 324. 
Payne, Gen. W. H., 366, 370. 
Payne, Col. Alex., 366. 
Peay, J. H., 353, 410. 
\ Peebles, J. K., 495, 506. 
Pegram's Battery, 254. 
Pegram, Ed., 66. 
Pegram, Gen. J. H., 144, 149. 
Pegram, J. W., 146, 500. 
Pegram, R. G., 455. 
Pegram, Capt. Geo. B., 459. 
Pegram, John, 258, 278. 
Pell, Dr. E. L., 464. 
Pemberton, T. Wm., 397. 
Pemberton, R. T., 504. 
Pendleton, Edmund, 13, 19, 33, 40, 

58. 
Pendleton, Rev. W. K., 324. 
Penn, Rev. Abram, 153. 
Penn, Wm., 51. 
Pennock, 25. 

Pennybacker, Senator, 156. 
Peple, G. A., 449. 
Perdue, J. R., 526. 
Perry, Com. O. H., 88. 



INDEX 



605 



Peterkin, Bishop Geo. W., 509, 

541. 
Peterkin, Rev. Joshua, 187, 208, 

228, 250, 302, 325, 333, 337, 344, 

345, 347, 353, 386, 427. 
Peters, Rev. J. Sidney, 502. 
Peterson, Rev. E. M., 195. 
Peterson, Dr. P. A., 358, 413, 434. 
Pettit, W. B., 434, 480. 
Pettit, Pembroke, 469. 
Peyton, Gen. Bernard, 107, 134, 

140, 143, 152, 174, 175. 
Peyton, Capt. T. J., 221. 
Pfeiffer, Rev. H. C, 532. 
Pharmaceutical Assn. America, 

471. 
Phillips, Gen. A. L., 522, 
Phillips, C. H., 501. 
Phillips, Jas. Jeter, 295, 296, 297, 

298, 299. 
Phipp, Ben., 118. 

Physicians & Surgeons of Con- 
fed., 350. 
Pickett Camp, 422. 
Pickett Monument, 408. 
Pickett, Geo., 46, 58, 81. 
Pickett, Mrs., 78. 
Pickett, Gen. Geo. L., 331, 347. 
Pierce, Bishop, 224, 385. 
Pierce, Franklin, 176. 
Pierpont, Gov. F. H., 270, 300, 

343. 
Pinafore, H. M. S., 362. 
"Pine Apple Church," 87, 98. 
Pinel Hospital, 430. 
Pitkin, Rev. J. B., 122. 
Pitts, Mary Emily, 295. 
Pitt, Dr. R. H., 423, 464. 
Pizzini, Andrew, 311, 380, 386,435, 

436, 470. 
Pizzini, J. A., 423. 
Pizzini, L. W., 373. 
Planters National Bank. 291, 341, 

342. 
Pleasants, Fred., 83. 
Pleasants, Geo. D., 295, 497. 



Pleasants, Jno., 11. 
Pleasants, Jno., Jr., 66. 
Pleasants, Gov. Jas., 100, 101, 102, 

103. 
Pleasants, Jno. D., 101. 
Pleasants, J. H., 107, 110, 116, 119, 

135, 146, 149, 153, 154. 
Pleasants, Col. Jas., 337. 
Pleasants, Samuel, Jr., 49, 59, 75, 

84. 
Pleasants, Mrs. J. A., 369. 
Pleasants, Capt. J. B., 448. 
Pleasants, W. H., 473. 
Pleasants, M. F., 504. 
Plumer, Dr. W. S., 130, 144, 151, 

156, 159, 331, 368. 
Poe, Edgar Allan, 151, 165, 476, 

503. 
Poe, Maj. Jno., 314, 315, 320, 339, 

448. 
Polndexter, A. M., 141. 
Poindexter, Chas., 443. 
Poindexter, Geo. H., 388. 
Poindexter, Rev. J. E., 542. 
Poindexter, J. E., 361, 362. 
Points, Jas., 169. 
Polk, Jas. K., 149, 157, 161, 165. 
Pollard, Benj., 54, 368. 
Pollard, Dr. Jno., 398, 538. 
Pollard, H. Rives, 254, 301. 
Pollard, H. R., 391, 392, 396, 434, 

510. 
Pollard, Mrs. Lucy Jane, 447. 
Pollard, J. Garland, 464, 479. 
Pollard, H. R., Jr., 503, 525. 
Pollard, Robt, 34, 58, 59, 81, 83, 

89, 95, 117, 131. 
Pollard, Wm., 54. 
Pope, Gen., 238, 239. 
Pope, Jno., 446, 455. 
Popham, J. R., 474. 
Porter, Maj. J. C, 229. 
Porterfield, G. H., 155. 
PostofRce Robbery, 525. 
Potter, Jas. Brown, 495. 
Potts, Thos., 376, 462. 



606 



INDEX 



Powderly, T. V., 400. 

Powell, J. H., 467. 

Powers, Rev. J. R., 187. 

Powers, Rev. Pike, 360, 457. 

Powers, W. H., 406. 

Powers, R. W., 511. 

Powhatan, 1, 2. 

Powhatan House, 145, 160, 174, 

266. 
Powhatan Rock, 531. 
Prentiss, Judge R. R., 506. 
Presbyterian Assembly, 157, 331, 

464. 
Presbyterian Synod, 239, 310, 402, 

499. 
Presbyterian Pub. House, 494. 
President's Guard, 222. 
Preston, Jno., 76. 
Preston, Gov. Jas. P., 95, 96, 117, 

119. 
Preston, W. B., 168, 216, 226. 
Preston, Walter, 191). 
Preston, R. S.. 299. 
Preston, Dr. Thos. L., 368, 394. 
Preston, W. C., 482. 
Price, J. F., 71, 84. 
Price, Wm., 86. 
Price, Thos. R., 288. 
Price, Rev. P. B., 500. 
Prince of Wales, 209, 210. 
Princeton, The, 148. 
Prosser, Jno., 82, 84, 92. 
Prosser, Thos., 23. 
Pryor, Roger A., 198. 
Public Guard, 110, 152. 
Puller. L., 484. 
Puller, Capt. W. G., 510. 
Pulliam, Dr. R. M., 457. 
Pumphrey, Frank, 384. 
Purcell Batteery, 221, 222, 278. 
Purcell, Col. Jno. B., 319, 363, 373, 

383, 397, 411, 419, 425, 472. 
Purcell, Ladd & Co., 184. 
Purcell, Jno., 381, 440. 
Putney, Samuel, 200, 368. 



Putney, Stephen, 200, 501. 
Putney, Mrs. Stephen, 451, 474. 



Q 



Quarles, H. W., 169. 
Quarles, Robt., 87. 
Quarles, Thos. D., 318, 386. 
Queen Victoria, 195, 196, 344, 475. 
Quesnays, A. M., 29. 
Quitman, Gen., 160. 



R 



Radical, Rebellion, 314. 

Rady, C. P., 462. 

Ragland, W., 384. 

Rahm, Mrs. A. F., 456. 

Railroad Y. M. C. A., 516. 

Ralston, P. W., 388. 

Ramos, J. V., 455. 

Ramsdell, C. P., 340. 

Randall, A. W., 290. 

Randolph, Beverly, 35. 

Randolph, Bishop A. M., 427, 500, 

531. 
Randolph, Rev. B. M., 492. 
Randolph, Edmund, 28, 30, 33, 35, 

36, 54, 58, 65. 
Randolph, Geo. W., 194, 209, 213, 

214, 216, 242, 250. 
Randolph, Isham, 149. 
Randolph, John of Roanoke, 66, 

109, 113, 122, 406. 
Randolph, J. W., 434. 
Randolph Macon College, 152. 
Randolph, Maj. N. V., 418, 422, 

436, 458, 462, 492. 
Randolph, Mrs. N. V., 404, 453, 

465. 
Randolph, Peyton, 12, 13, 69, 70, 

84. 
Randolph, Peter, 11. 
Randolph, Richard, 8, 14. 
Randolph, Lt. R. B., 123. 
Randolph, Thos. Jefferson, 299. 



INDEX 



607 



Randolph, W. E., 318. 

Randolph, Wm., 11, 15. 

Rangers, The, 155, 221. 

Ransom, Gen., 349. 

Raphiel, Charlotte, 78. 

Rawlings, Dr. Geo. L., 449. 

Rawlings, Dr. E. H., 465. 

Ray, Rev. Geo. H., 431, 538. 

Rawlings, Jno., 91, 107. 

Read, J. B., 91. 

Read, Dr. Chas. H., 186, 194, 328, 

331, 369, 463, 473. 
Reams, J. D., 526. 
Readjusters, 358, 361, 370, 375. 
Reagan, J. H., 270, 466. 
Red Men, 346. 
Reddy, J. V., 396. 
Reddy, W. P., 446, 457, 473. 
Regan, Jno. L., 314. 
Recorder, The, 49. 
Reed, W. C., 511. 
Reed, W. B., 282, 286. 
Reedy, Wm., 296. 
Reed, Capt., 222. 
Reeve, Samuel, 155. 
. Reeves, J. W., 162. 
Reeve, Capt. E. P., 462. 
Reins, Richard, 141. 
Religious Herald, 170, 368. 
Renfrew, Baron, 209. 
Reordon, Dr. B. L., 464. 
Republican, The, 170. 
Reservoir, New, 343. 
Retreat for Sick, 355, 383. 
Reynolds, Rev., 163. 
Reynolds, Rev. W. H., 474. 
Retail Merchants' Assn., 498. 
Revercomb, G. A., 500. 
Rhea, Judge W. P., 511. 
Ridgeway, Robt., 273. 
Rhoads, W. S., 536. 
Rice, J. H., 82, 87, 94. 
Riflemen, 84, 89, 102. 
Rifle Rangers, 104. 
Richards, J. S., 54. 
Richardson, Wm., 47, 55, 69. 



Richardson, B. W., 462. 
Richardson, Judge R. A., 375, 

486. 
Richardson, W. B., 448. 
Richardson, J. H., 474. 
Richardson, J. B., 117, 118. 
Richardson, W. H., 200, 218, 353. 
Richardson, D. C, 368, 374, 391, 

408, 417, 438, 511, 520, 526, 527, 

532, 539. 
Richmond Academy, 58. 
Richmond Advertiser, 49. 
Richmond & Alleghany Ry., 313, 

365, 372, 373. 
Richmond Blues, 47, 53, 69, 102, 

104, 116, 126, 203, 221, 277, 285, 

429, 459, 471. 
Richmond Banking & Insurance 

Co., 291, 342, 378. 
Richmond, By-gone days, 338. 
Richmond Cavalry, 123. 
Richmond Christian Advocate, 

170. 
Richmond College, 127, 140, 153, 

180, 280, 332, 340, 441, 446, 513, 

529. 
Richmond & Danville Ry., 158. 
Richmond Dock Co., 93. 
Richmond Dragoons, 118, 126. 
Richmond Educational Assn., 154, 

520. 
Richmond Female Institute, 182. 
Richmond, Fredericksburg & Po- 
tomac Ry., 127, 166. 
Richmond Gas Works, 146. 
Richmond Gazette, 60. 
Richmond Grays, 221, 278, 385. 
Richmond Hill Academy, 75. 
Richmond & Henrico Ry., 527. 
Richmond Home for Ladies, 383. 
Richmond Light Guard, 222. 
Richmond Library Society, 71, 

163. 
Richmond Locomotive Works, 

421. 
Richmond & Lynchburg Ry., 208. 



608 



INDEX 



Richmond & Louisa Ry., 134, 136, 

158, 172. 
Richmond & Newport News Ry., 

278, 373. 
Richmond & Ohio Ry., 158. 
Richmond Rifle Vol., 71. 
Richmond Riflemen, 221. 
Richmond St. Ry., 209. 
Richmond Sabbath Assn., 384. 
Richmond Soup Assn., 254. 
Richmond Theatre Fire, 77. 
Richmond Theatre, 452. 
Richmond & Petersburg Ry., 134. 
Richmond & York River Ry., 176, 

208. 
Richmond Virginian, 524. 
Riddick, Lemuel, 13. 
Riddick, Jos., 134. 
Riddick, Rev. Jos. H., 482. 
Riddick, W. J., 200. 
Riddleberger, H. H., 361, 370, 371, 

374, 375. 
Rieley, Judge, J. W., 435, 474. 
Ritchie, Thomas, 60, 69, 79, 84, 
86, 91, 101, 107, 110, 116, 135, 
137, 144, 183. 
Ritchie, Thos., Jr., 154, 183. 
Ritchie, W. F., 146, 153, 168, 172. 
Rives, Judge, 280, 297. 
Rives, W. C, 124, 125, 136, 142, 

157, 197. 
Rives, T. C, 169. 
Roane, Judge Spencer, 53, 69, 95, 

99. 
Roane, W. H., 136. 
Roanoke, The, 171. 
Roberts, Powhatan, 318. 
Robertson, Jno., 107, 117, 125, 213, 

214, 218. 
Robertson, Jas., 124. 
Robertson, Moncure, 127, 134. 
Robertson, Wm., 76. 
Robertson, Wyndham, 116, 119, 

129, 132, 204. 
Robins, Logan, 391. 
Robinson, J. B., 162. 



Robinson, Jno., 318. 
Robinson, Conway, 120, 127, 151. 
Robinson, B. F., 318. 
Robinson, Dr. E. F., 449. 
Robinson, Jos., 318. 
Robinson, Leigh, 427. 
Robinson, S. W., 324. 
Rockefellow, J. D., 513, 516. 
Rockett, Robt., 394. 
Rocky Ridge, 11. 
Rodney, Caesar A., 65. 
Rogers, Capt. J. Tate, 402. 
Rogers, Col. St. G., 231. 
Rogers, Randolph, 190, 306. 
Ronald, Andrew, 24, 25, 30, 43. 
Roosevelt, Theodore, 496, 499, 
505, 542. 

Rose, C. A., 194. 
Rose, C. W., 268, 390. 

Rosemary Library Assn., 422. 

Rosenbaum, M., 367, 414. 

Rosenegk, A. von, 420. 

Ross, Charlie, 344. 

Ross, David, 36. 

Ross, Erasmus, 324. 

Ross, Dr. Geo., 369, 578. 

Rosser, Dr. Leonidas, 153, 200. 

Rosser, Capt. J. T., 221. 

Rosser, Gen. T. L., 385, 423. 

Rowlett, Wm., 107. 

Royall, W. L., 338, 365, 366. 

Royce, J. B., 78. 

Royster, J. B., 386. 

RufEner, Dr. W. H., 374, 486. 

Rumsey, Jas., 26. 

Russell, Capt. Wm., 459. 

Rust, Dr. M. A., 421. 

Rust, Thos. A., 380. 

Rutherford, Jno., 107, 117, 129, 
140, 279. 

Rutherford, Thos., 59, 82, 95, 120, 
131, 136. 

Ryan, Father, 369. 

Ryan, Thos. F., 488, 504. 

Rye, Geo., 293. 



INDEX 



609 



Ryland, Josiah, 474. 

Ryland, Dr. Robt., 122, 134, 467. 



Sage, Mrs. M. J., 330. 

Saint Albans Hall, 308. 

Saint Andrew Brotherhood, 472. 

Saint Andrews Episcopal Church, 

486. 
Saini James Episcopal Church, 

137, 144, 149, 178, 201, 228, 541. 
Saint James Methodist Church, 

503. 
Saint Elizabeth Hospital, 540. 
Saint Charles Hotel, 226, 267, 299, 

470. 
Saint Johns Church. 8, 13, 14, 44. 

50, 62, 89, 99, 206, 277, 510. 
Saint Johns Lutheran Church, 

367. 
Saint Marys Catholic Church. 

466. 
Saint John, Gen., 349. 
Saint Lukes Hospital, 384, 465. 
Saint Josephs Academy. 340. 
Saint Marks Episcopal Church, 

155. 
Saint Patricks Catholic Church, 

200, 211. 
Saint Pauls Episcopal Church, 

147, 151, 200, 204, 210, 222, 228, 

259, 329. 
Saint Peters Catholic Church, 

126, ISO, 302, 325, 330. 
Saint Vincent De Paul, 511. 
Sale, Adj. Gen. W. W., 527. 
Sampson, Thos., 154, 182. 
Sampson, Richard, 129. 
Samuels, W. H., 303. 
Sands, Alex. H., 292, 406. 
Sands, O. J., 536. 
Sands, Wm., 141. 
Sands, Conway R., 413, 432, 456, 
San Francisco Earthquake, 507. 
Sanford, C. O., 134, 137. 



Saunders, E. A., 373. 

Saunders, Samuel, 133. 

Saunders, D. J., 194, 209, 272, 275. 

Saville, C. O., 528. 

Schell, Aug., 288. 

Scherer, Rev. J. J., 512, 527. 

Scherer, L. L., 533. 

Scherer, Samuel, 22, 24. 

Schley, Admiral, 460. 

Schofield, Gen. J. M., 281, 285, 

290, 300, 318. 
School Board of Richmond, 382. 
Schoolcraft, O. J., 353. 
Schoolcraft, Mattie Ould, 358. 
Schultz, 319. 
Scott, Gen. Winfield, 95, 131, 166. 

176, 180, 192, 217, 219, 220, 226, 

239. 
Scott, R. G., 107, 131, 142, 159, 

161, 167, 169, 171, 192. 
Scott, Jas. A., 136, 260. 262, 314. 

334, 388. 
Scott, R. S., 155. 
Scott, W. H., 314. 
Scott, Fred. R., 344, 366, 414, 462. 
Scott, Jno., 403, 483. 
Scott, N. C, 528. 
Scott, R. Taylor, 408. 413, 432. 

457. 
Scott, W. W., 443. 
Scott, Miss F. G., 474. 
Scott, Judge R. Carter, 485, 493. 
Seabrook, Jno., 54, 87, 149. 
Seaboard Air Line, 470. 
Seal of Richmond, 334. 
Searcy, C. J., 440. 
Seay, J. A., 319. 
Secession Convention, 213, 214, 

226, 
Second Baptist Church, 100, 135. 

143, 149, 495. 
Second Presbyterian Church, 157, 

159. 175, 442. 
Seddon, Jas. A., 150, 174, 214, 222, 

289, 368. 
Segregation Ordinance, 531. 



610 



INDEX 



Seigle, C. L., 349. 
Selden, Jos., 58, 59. 
Selden, Miles, 23. 
Selden, Nathaniel, 75. 
Seldon, Maj. Jno., 415. 
Selden, Wm., 110. 
Selden, Arch., 470. 
Semmes, Rev. Thos., 486. 
Semple, Rev. R. B., 74. 
Seven Days Battle, 235. 
Seven Pines Battle, 232, 
Seventh Street Christian Church, 

333, 346. 
Seward, W. H., 257, 290. 
Seymour, Horatio, 301. 
Shackelford, Capt. G. P., 469. 
Shafer, Jno. C, 448. 
Sharpe, S., 221. 
Shaw, Dr. Anna, 524. 
Shaw, Geo. C, 514. 
Shepherd, Alex., 66. 
Shepley, Gen., 264. 
Sheppard, Jas., 67, 69. 
Sheppard, J. M., 67, 127. 
Sheppard, Ben., 169. 
Sheppard, W. L., 347, 427, 502. 
Sheridan, Gen., 249, 270. 
Sherman, Gen., 270. 
Sherriffs, Reuben, 437. 
Shields. Gen., 160. 
Shields, Col. J. C, 329, 427. 
Shields, J. W., 457. 
Shields, Dr. C. M., 457. 
Shields, Alfred, 440. 
Shockoe, 11, 12. 
Shockoe Creek, 5, 6. 
Shockoe Cemetery, 143. 
Shockoe Methodist Church, 147. 
Shockoe Warehouse, 159. 
Shinberger, Capt., 497. 
Shoemaker, L. M., 155. 
Shubrick Launching, 465. 
Sidney Guard, 221. 
Sigman, Jno., 51. 
Sills, N. D., 505. 
Simcoe, Col., 20. 



Simons, Maj. W. E., 501. 

Singleton, Anthony, 46. 

Sitterding, Fritz., 484. 

Sizer, Jas., 141. 

Skelton, Col. W. O., 538. 

Skelton, Dr. J. G., 415. 

Skinker, Maj. C. R., 492. 

Slaughter, R. E., 478. 

Sledd, Dr. R. N., 367, 429, 431. 

Sleight, J. D. K., 440. 

Slemp, Campbell, 413. 

Sloan, Jno. A., 332, 336. 

Smith, A. Coke, Bishop, 447, 472. 

Smith, E. B., 421. 

Smith, Dr. Chas. H., 363. 

Smith, Rev. D. D., 144. 

Smith, Geo. A., 514. 

Smith, Gov., 155. 

Smith, G. W., 75, 76, 78, 232, 271, 

320. 
Smith, H. M., 533. 
Smith, H. M., Sr„ 468. 
Smith, John, 1, 2, 3. 
Smith, J. G., 86. 
Smith, Dr. J. P., 466, 493, 505, 

531. 
Smith, Prof. F. N., 218. 
Smith, Mrs. M. S., 451. 
Smith, Norman, 296, 306. 
Smith, Preston, 76. 
Smith, P. F., 84. 
Smith, T. M., 139. 
Smith, Col. Thos., 366, 503. 
Smith, Dr. W. A., 130, 187, 313. 
Smith, W. H., 194. 
Smith, Capt, W. J., 221. 
Smith, Gov. Wm., 244, 246, 248, 

257, 259, 332, 342, 349, 366, 406, 

502. 
Smith, Wm. J., 264. 
Smith, Dr. W. R. L., 495, 516, 520. 
Smithdeal, G. M., 542. 
Snead, Albert, 141. 
Snead, Jesse, 141. 
Suit, S. T., 270, 271. 
Snyder, Asa., 389. 



INDEX 



611 



Society of Cincinnati, 498. 

Society Preservation Virginia An- 
tiquities, 491. 

Society Prevention Cruelty, 383. 

Soldiers & Sailors' Monument, 
406, 438. 

Soldiers' Home, 426. 

Somers, Sir Geo., 2. 

Southall, Turner, 15, 19, 22, 28, 

Soutlierland, W. T., 305, 310. 

Souttiern Baptist Convention, 155, 
353. 

Southern Confederacy, 214. 

Southern Educational Assn., 442, 
488. 

Southern Literary Messenger, 
127, 147, 150, 159, 170, 198, 336, 
337. 

Southern Memorial Literary So- 
ciety, 451. 

Southern Opinion, 301. 

Southern Planter, 170. 

Southern Rights Assn., 172, 203. 

Southern Spinners. 512. 

Southgate, Wm.. 78. 

Southgate, Wright, 137. 

Southwood, Wm., 141. 

Spalding, J. W., 169. 

Spanish-American War, 459. 

Sparrow, Rev. P. J., 157. 

Spence, E. H., 522. 

Spence, E. B., 406. 

Spence, E. L., 511. 

Spotswood, Gov., 199. 

Spotswood. M. L., 370, 397, 408. 

Spotswood Hotel, 209, 215, 218, 
222, 270, 284, 285, 289, 290, 324. 

Spotsylvania Courthouse, 249. 

Springfield Hospital, 226. 

Squires, L. S., 467. 

Stanard, Capt. Robt., 427. 

Stanard, Mrs. R. C, 221. 

Stanton, E. M., 300. 

Staples, Waller R., 316. 

Star, The, 142, 149. 

Starke, P. H., 374. 



Starke, Ashton, 396, 409, 425. 

Starr, Rev. W. H., 187. 

Starr, Dr. W. G., 367. 

State Bank, 342. 

State Journal, 304, 312. 

State Educational Convention, 

187. 
State Library, 115, 443, 509. 
State, The, 371, 384. 
Stearns, Franklin, 268, 271, 305, 

366, 410. 
Stebbins, Jos., 258. 
Steel, Rev. S. A., 353. 
Steger, Jno. O., 214, 402. 
Stein, Albert, 115. 
Stephens, Alex. H., 214, 222, 226, 

228, 257, 270. 
Stephenson, Alex., 74. 
Stern, Jo Lane, 433, 502. 
Steuben, Baron, 20. 
Stevens, Rev. Ernest, 510. 
Stevens, Adam, 13. 
Stevens, Geo. W., 469, 482, 516. 
Stevens, Thad., 273, 280, 301. 
Stevenson, Adlai E., 426. 
Stevenson, Andrew, 91, 99, 107. 

117, 125, 144, 151. 
Stevenson, Elizabeth, 78. 
Stevenson, Capt., 89. 
Stevenson, S., 95. 
Stewart, Jno., 396. 
Stewart, Jos. B., 542. 
Stewart, Dr. J. Calvin, 423, 499. 
Stewart, T. S., 147. 
Stickney, Rev. S. S., 457. 
Stiles, Rev. J. C. 154, 345. 
Stiles, Maj. Robt., 347, 417, 451, 

501. 
Stith, Wm., 7. 
Stokes, A. Y., 402. 
Stokes, Chas. P., 457, 
Stone Bridge, 224. 
Stone House, 7. 
Stoneman, Gen., 241, 300, 303. 
Storrs, Gervas, 54, 58, 59, 84. 
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 181. 



612 



INDEX 



Straus, Julius, 373, 461, 494, 542. 
Straus, M. L., 314, 367. 
Street car strike, 484, 489. 
Strickler, Dr. G. B., 450, 
Stringfellow, Maj., 421. 
Strode, Aubrey, 488, 519. 
Strong, Samuel, 277. 
Stuart, A. H. H., 216, 218, 226, 

276, 299, 342. 
Stuart, Alex., 58. 
Stuart, Rev. C. E., 529. 
Stuart, Rev. Geo. R., 420, 485, 539. 
Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., 202, 234, 

246, 249, 250, 251, 278. 
Stuart, Mrs. J. E. B., 250, 349, 

509. 
Stuart Monument, 346, 506, 508. 
Stuart Horse Guard Armory, 447. 
Sturdivant, Maj. N. A., 281, 292, 

308. 
Sublet, S., 107. 
Sumner, Chas., 312. 
"Sun do move," 359. 
Sunday School Union, 122. 
Surgeons Ry. Assn., 464. 
Surgical Assn. of America, 512. 
Sutton, W. M., 319. 
Sutton, J. T., 455. 
Swanson. Gov. Claude A., 499, 502, 

506, 508, 513, 519, 520, 527, 535. 
Swan Tavern, 73, 436, 491. 
Sweeney, Dr. Z. T., 461. 
Swem, E. G., 509. 
Swineford, Howard, 374, 411. 
Sycamore Church, 149, 178, 333. 
Sycle, Simon, 504. 
Sylvester, Dr. R. W., 185. 
Sylvester, Dr. R. G., 185. 



Tabb, Col. W. B., 338. 

Taft, President W. H., 513, 515, 

518, 528, 542. 
Talbott Bros., 171. 
Talbott, Chas., 374. 



Talcott, Col. A., 226, 386. 

Talcott, Capt. G. R., 467. 

Talmage, T. DeW., 367, 403. 

Taliaferro, Gen. W. B., 191, 349, 
370. 

Taliaferro, Maj. H. B., 428. 

Tanner, W. E., 314, 462. 

Tanyard Row, 325. 

Tate, Benj., 70, 75, 79, 83, 86, 155. 

Tate, Jas., 110. 

Tate, Jos., 107, 111, 117, 119, 128, 
132. 

Taylor, Mrs. Alice, 384. 

Taylor, Chas. F., 370, 373. 

Taylor, Albert, 304. 

Taylor, E. B., 468. 

Taylor, Rev. J. B., 122, 133, 135, 
141, 155, 170, 187. 

Taylor, J. C, 312. 

Taylor, Capt., 84, 85, 89. 

Taylor, R. B., 96. 

Taylor, Gen., 104. 

Taylor, G. S., 318. 

Taylor, Samuel G., 319. 

Taylor, Dr. H. M., 369, 384, 464. 
I Taylor, Capt. H. W., 386. 
i Taylor, E. D., 429. 
I Taylor, G. R., 492. 
I Taylor, Capt. G. Watt., 537. 

Taylor, Capt. C. A., 462. 

Taylor, Creed, 69, 70. 

Taylor, F. D., 82. 

Taylor, Burnett, 47, 58. 

Taylor, Jas., 304. 

Taylor, Robt., 66. 

Taylor, Richard M., 439, 461, 464, 
465, 471, 483, 489, 495. 

Taylor, Thos., 66, 82, 354. 

Taylor, Samuel, 108, 141. 

Taylor, Stephen, 126. 

Taylor, Wm., 292. 

Taylor, W. H., 260, 355, 379, 390, 
521. 

Taylor. Capt. W. O., 221. 

Taylor, W. C, 319. 

Taylor, W. G., 326, 529. 



INDEX 



613 



Taylor, W. F., 368. 
Taylor, Capt. W. S., 496. 
Taylor, Gen. Zachariah, 161, 168, 

169, 170, 171. 
Tazewell. Littleton, 66, 113, 131, 

274. 
Telegraph, The, 170. 
Templars, Good. 350. 
Temple, J. A., 332. 
Terrell, M., 58. 
Terrell, Robt., 78. 
Terry, Gen. W. R., 279, 349, 370, 

457. 
Tetrazzini, M., 540. 
Thackery, W. M., 177, 178, 185. 
Thalhimer, Wm., 367, 386. 
Thame, Dr. T. B., 483. 
Thaxton, G. D., 474. 
Thaxton's Wreck, 412. 
Third Baptist Church, 126. 
Third Christian Church, 470. 
Third Presbyterian Church, 239. 
Thomas, A., 141. 
Thomas, Jas., Jr., 141, 288, 380. 
Thomas, Dr. Creed, 467. 
Thomas, Geo., 296, 529. 
Thomas, H. A., 324. 
Thomas, Dr. W. D., 482, 
Thomason, E. B., 491. 
Thomas Artillery, 222. 
Thomas, H. W., 269, 274. 
Thompson, C. T., 271, 461. 
Thompson, R. B., 500. 
Thompson, Jno. R., 157, 159, 161, 

192, 337. 
Thompson, Judge L. P., 275. 
Thompson, W. H., 318. 
Thornton, Presley, 12. 
Thorpe, Geo., 4. 
Tlbbitts, G. F., 438. 
Tilden, S. J., 352, 353. 
Tilghman, Gen., 197, 206. 
Tiller, J. C, 373. 
Tilton, Theo., 351. 
Timberlake, H., 54. 
Timberlake, Rev. W. B., 134. 



Times, The, 154, 170, 268, 486. 

Times-Dispatch, The, 487, 505. 

Tinsley, Thos., 54. 

Tinsley, Peter, 542. 

Tinsley, J. D., 168. 

Todd, C. L., 326, 373. 

Todd, Royal, 368. 

Todd, T. J., 539. 

Toler, R. H., 143, 160. 

Tomlinson, 377. 

Tompkins, Dr. Christopher, 369, 
379, 490. 

Tompkins, Chris., 83, 227. 

Tompkins, D. D., 94;--&8. 

Tompkins, Capt. R. A., 221. 

Totty, W. D., 211. 

Tourgee, D. D., 319. 

Towles, O., 29. 

Town of Richmond, act establish- 
ing, 9. 

Traction Co., 445, 484. 

Tract Society, 155. 

Traders Bank, 261. 

Travers, S. W., 438, 465. 

Tredegar Co., 137, 223, 263, 351. 

Trent. E. W., 92. 

Trigg, Daniel, 523. 

Trigg, W. R., 338, 462, 492. 

Trigg Shipyard, 462, 465, 471, 482, 
485. 

Trimble, Gen. J. R., 349. 

Trinity Methodist Church, 130, 
143, 147, 149, 153, 209. 

Triplett, Miss Mary, 343. 

Tripoli, 61. 

Tri-State Medical Assn., 476. 

Tronin, Cecelia, 78. 

Tronin, Sophia, 78. 

Trowers Tavern, 30. 

Truehart, W., 54. 

Tuckahoe, 3. 

Tucker, J. Randolph, 199, 286, 
370, 426. 

Tucker, Geo., 58. 

Tucker, H. St. G., 131. 505, 518. 

Tudor, Dr. W. V.. 425, 431, 503. 



614 



INDEX 



Tunstall, Dr. Richard, 185. 

Tunstall, Whitmel P., 158. 

Tupper, Dr. H. A., 372. 

Turkey Island, 12. 

TurnbuU, Chas., 12. 

Turner, Maj. F. P., 414. 

Turner, Jno., 318. 

Turner, Geo., 273, 295. 

Turner, Capt. G. F., 71. 

Turner, J. B., 141. 

Turner, Nat, Insurrection, 118. 

Turner, Rev. J. H., 143. 

Turner, Z., 309. 

Turner, W. E., 455. 

Turpin, Judge W. M., 511. 

Turpin, Miles, 408, 434. 

Tyler, Rev. B. B., 333. 

Tyler, Rev. J. Z., 333. 

Tyler, Gov. John, 33, 40, 71, 73, 

74. 
Tyler, President John, 72, 107, 

108, 109, 112, 125, 134, 142, 168, 

180, 186, 199, 208, 214, 226, 227. 
Tyler, Mrs. John, 145, 415. 
Tyler, Lyon G., 406, 524. 
Tyler, J. Hoge, 413, 416, 424, 432, 

456, 458, 459, 465, 466, 471, 476, 

483. 
Typographical Union, 331. 
Tyson, Henry, 350. 
Twitty, Rev. J. F., 385. 

U 

Umlauf, Jacob, 506. 

Underwood, J. C, 282, 283, 286, 

288, 292, 293, 297, 298, 309, 316, 

342. 
Union Passenger Ry., 403. 
Union Station Methodist Church, 

180, 431. 
Union Savings Bank, 91. 
Union Tavern, 32, 105, 109, 126, 

135, 137, 156, 169. 
Union Theological Seminary, 450. 
Union University, 461. 



United Presbyterian Church, 149, 

183, 188. 
United Synod Presb. Church, 222. 
Universalist Church, 149. 
University College of Medicine, 

429, 523. 
University of Henrico, 4. 
University of Richmond, 504. 
University of Virginia, 96. 
University of Virginia Alumni, 

442, 498. 
University of Virginia Fire, 445. 
Upshur, M., 148. 
Upshur, Dr. G. L., 185. 
Upshur, Dr. J. N., 471, 476. 



Vaiden, W., 361. 

Van Buren, M., 135, 142. 

Van Cleve, A. H., 170. 

Van de Vyver, Bishop A., 359, 

371, 413, 421, 489, 512, 538. 
Vail, Alfred, 159. 
Valentine, Mrs. B. B., 519. 
Valentine, Edward P., 445. 
Valentine, Edward V., 195, 278, 

345, 347, 505. 
Valentine, Henry Lee, 471. 
Valentine, Mann S., 74, 95, 136, 

428. 
Valentine Museum, 461. 
Valentine, Wm. W., 396. 
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 288. 
Vanderslice, Dr. Geo. C, 461. 
Vance, D. M., 284. 
Van Lew, Elizabeth L., 248, 303, 

474. 
Van Lew, John, 314. 
Vattemore, A., 161. 
Vaughan, Capt. A. J., 474, 486. 
Vaughan, I. N., 462. 
Vaughan, Mrs. L. B., 461. 
Vaughan, L. B., 501. 
Vauxhall Island, 305. 
Vawter, Capt. C. E., 495. 



INDEX 



615 



Venable, Abraham R., 59, 61, 70, 

75, 78. 
Venable St. Baptist Church, 423. 
Villiers. R., 34. 
Virginia Argus, The, 49, 72. 
Virginia Armory, C4. 
Virginia Bible Society, 452. 
Virginia Central Agricultural 

Society, 197, 205. 
Virginia Disciples Conf., 413. 
Virginia Gazette, 14, 17, 18, 23, 

41, 49, 52. 
Virginia Guard, 221. 
Virginia Historical Society, 119, 

157, 161, 107, 245. 
Virginia Hospital, 523. 
Virginia Independent Chronicle, 

23. 
Virginia Medical Society, 350. 
Virginia Methodist Conference, 

82, 187, 244, 310, 350, 385, 413, 

447, 485, 527. 
Virginia Pass. & Power Co., 484. 
Virginia Rifles, 203, 221. 
Virginia State Agricultural Soc, 

180, 183. 
Virginia State Ins. Co., 484. 
Virginia & Tennessee Ry., 172. 
Virginian, The, 72. 

W 

Waddey, Everett, 514. 

Waddill, Judge Edmund, 401, 410, 

460, 525. 
Wade, Jane, 78. 
Wade, W. H., 340. 
Wadsworth, Rev. Ed., 147. 
Waite & Cutler, 436. 
Waldon, John, 78. 
Walford, Mrs. C. P., 537. 
Walford, T. L. D., 455. 
Walker, Alex., 402 
Walker, Maj. David N., 486. 
Walker, Gen. J. A., 349, 356, 370, 

424. 



Walker, Gov. Gilbert C, 298, 304, 
305. 308, 309, 313, 315, 319, 320, 
323, 337, 340, 342, 349, 352. 
Walker, Gen. R. Lindsay, 349. 
Walker Lt. Guard, 385, 459, 471. 
Walker, Maj. J. W., 389. 
Walker, Capt. John Stewart, 221. 

Walker, John, 91. 

Walker, J. N., 318. 

Walker, R. F., 271. 

Walker, W. E., 296. 

Walker, W. W., 332. 

Wallace, Jefferson, 432, 485. 

Wallace, B. L., 108. 

Wallace, Capt. Chas. M., 222, 457, 
482. 

Waller, Dr., 147. 

Walls, Edmund, 147. 

Walsh, A., 288. 

Walters, J. B., 366. 

Walters, M. L., 536. 

Walthal, Rev., 274. 

Walton, D. S., 191. 

Wanton, Ed., 78. 

Warden, John, 55. 

Wards of City, 537. 

Wardwell, 279. 

Waring, Dr. Lawrence H., 311. 

Warner, Chas. Dudley, 417. 

Warner, A. L., 137. 

Warrock Almanac, 447. 

Warwick, Abram, 288. 

Warwick, Corbin, 115, 358. 

Washburne, Andrew, 307. 

Washington, Bushrod, 33, 93. 

Washington College, 275. 

Washington, George, 13, 21, 23„ 
24, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,. 
41, 44, 45, 48, 93, 120. 

Washington, Mrs. George, 54. 

A\ashington, Mary, 41. 

Washington and Jefferson Artil- 
lery, 84. 

Washington Monument, 93, 96, 
168, 190, 306. 



616 



INDEX 



Washington & Lee University, 36. 
Washington St Meth. Ch., 417. 
Washington Tavern, 61, 91, 140. 
Watchman & Observer, 170. 
Watliins, Chas., 429, 448. 
Water Works, City, 115. 
Watson, Charles, 318. 
Watson, Geo., 108. 
Watson, H. F., 159, 160. 
Watson, W. F., 139. 
Watson, T. A., 296. 
Watson, Dr. J. C, 522. 
Watson, Judge Walter A., 533, 

534. 
Watt, Geo., 87. 
Watts, G. W., 450. 
Watts, W. K., 200. 
Waugh, Abner, 33. 
Webb, Foster, 29. 
Webb, L. W., 270. 
Webb, Lewis, 120, 127. 
Webb, L. N., 318. 
Webb, Mrs. L. N., 369. 
Webb, Rev., 186. 
Webster, Daniel, 126, 157, 176. 
Weddell, Rev. Alex., 354, 386. 
Wednesday Club, 516. 
Weisiger, Capt. O. F., 402. 
Weisiger, Dr. D. A., 326. 467. 
Weitzel, Gen. G.. 261. 263. 
Welch, John, 78. 
Welch, Dr. T. D., 331. 
Welch, J. E., 122. 
Wellford, Judge Bev. R., 316, 320, 

326, 328, 350, 367, 382, 436, 494, 

538. 
Wellford, N., 334. 
Wellford, Dr. E. T., 538. 
Wellford, Dr. J. S., 355, 373, 379, 

537. 
Wells, Gov. H. H., 298, 300, 303, 

304, 308, 316, 317, 319. 
Wells, L. H., 47. 
Wells, Judge E. H., 526, 528. 
Welsh, J. B., 438. 



Wendenburg, L. O., 533. 

Werner, Louis, 533. 

Wesley Chapel, 149. 

West, Capt., 2, 3. 

West, A. L., 195, 200, 428. 

West End Christian Ch., 473. 

West, B. H., 511. 

West, Joshua, 86. 

West, Capt. W. T., 510. 

West, W. L., 516. 

Westham, 20, 36, 60. 

Westminster Presb. Ch., 409, 535. 

Westmoreland Club, 329, 367, 402, 

429, 452, 466, 494, 498. 
West View Bapt. Ch., 475. 
Whatcoat, Bishop, 51. 
Wheat, Dr. Lewis, 379, 384. 
Wheat, Prof. Leo, 417. 
Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, 270, 418, 

463, 471. 
Wheeler, J. N., 296. 
Whig Club House, 148. 
Whig, The, 101, 135, 146, 149, 154, 

160, 164, 170, 187, 248, 253, 264, 

273, 282, 283, 366, 384, 396. 
Whipple, Bishop H. P., 201. 
Whiskey Claim, 313. 
Whitcomb, Maj. H. D., 529. 
White, Judge J. M., 486. 
White, Col. Chastain, 363. 
White, D. B., 293. 
White, W. H., 516. 
White House of Confed., 222, 263, 

330, 450. 
White, Dr. Isaiah, 511. 
White, Dr. J. H., 369, 429. 
V/hite, J. J., 339, 368. 
White, Robert, 146. 
White, T. W., 127. 
White, P. S., 179. 
White, Col. R. W., 542. 
Whitehead, Dr. Paul, 385, 413, 

443, 485, 511. 
Whitehurst, W. J., 477. 
Whitfield, George, 162. 



4 



INDEX 



617 



Whitfield, Dr. Thomas, 440. 
V/hitfield, Bishop, 126. 
Whitloclv, R. H., 434. 
Whitlock, May, 78. 
Whitloclv, Thos., 539. 
Whitlock, C. E., 314. 
Whitsitt, Dr. W. H., 472, 479, 

537. 
Whittet, Robt., 519. 
Whittle, Bishop F. M., 345, 360, 

361, 379, 384, 386, 435, 4C4, 486. 
Whittle, Judge Stafford B., 479. 
Whittle, S. D., 177. 
Whittlesey, Chas., 312. 
Wickham. James, 134, 140, 168. 
Wickham, John, 43, 58, 65, 66, 67. 
Wickham, Judge T. Ashby, 435, 

528. 
Wickham, Gen. W. C, 350, 405, 

410, 422. 
Wilcox, Gen., 247. 
Wilcox, T. H., 318. 
Wilderness, The, 249. 
Wilkins, John, 81. 
Wilkerson, Nathaniel, 23. 
Wilkinson, John, 66. 
Willard, Jos. E., 481, 483, 499. 
Willey, W. T., 199. 
Williams, Charlotte, 388. 
Williams, Bishop C. M., 529. 
Williams, Col. L. B., 455. 
Williams, Elsie, 446. 
Williams, H. O., 424. 
Williams, John, 329. 
Williams, Rev. L. T., 535. 
Williams, O., 136. 
Williams, Thos. C, 414. 
Williams, T. C, Jr., 429. 
Williams, Wm., 147. 
Williams, Jno. Skelton, 445, 471, 

482. 506. 
Williams, .lohn R., 482, 490. 
Williams, Sam. W., 499, 518, 524. 
William and Mary College, 83, 

198. 



Williams, J. G., 108, 117, 120. 

Williams, B. F., 375. 

Williams, W. C, 83, 86. 

Willingham, Dr. R. J., 500. 

Willis, Chas. K., 400. 

Willis, Jos. N., 542. 

Willis, Wm., Jr., 200. 

Wilmer, Bishop, 229. 

Wilmot Proviso, The, 167. 

Winder, Gen. J. H., 250. 

Wing, W. W., 270. 

Winston, Peter, 141. 

Winston, Prof., 355. 

Winston, C. P., 408. 

Winston, P. P., 435. 

Winston, J. B., 511. 

Wilson, Rev. E. P., 187. 

\Mlson, Bishop A. W., 412, 413, 

417, 428, 527. 
Wilson, W. L., 442. 
Wilson, Rev. R. T., 443. 
Wilson, Henry, 333. 
Wilson, Mrs. Thos., 78. 
Wilson, Dr. N. W., 359. 
Wilson, Thomas, 90, 95. 
Wilson, Woodrow, 458, 540, 542. 
Wills, Rev. D. P., 185. 
Winfree, J. B., 83. 
Winfree, Samuel, 137. 
Wingo, C. E., 518, 538. 
Winnington-Ingram, Bishop, 510. 
Wirt, William, 56, 66, 69, 70, 73, 

75, 84, 85, 86, 119, 121, 125, 126. 
Wise, Barton H., 467. 
Wise, Geo. D., 359, 362, 368, 371, 

380, 396, 401, 410, 426, 479, 498. 

514. 
Wise, Gov. Henry A., 184, 186, 191, 

192, 193, 201, 203, 204, 210, 279, 

316, 353. 
Wise, John S., 362, 365, 367, 368, 

370, 376, 380, 396, 485. 
Wise, Capt. O. Jennings, 193, 196, 

221, 228. 
Wise, Capt. J. M., 421. 



618 



INDEX 



Wise, Peyton, 314, 336, 371, 457. 

Wise, Rev. T. P., 394. 

Wise Mounted Guard, 222. 

Withers, A. W., 441. 

Withers, Col. R. E., 304, 332, 340, 

342, 349, 363. 
Withers, Dr. W. M., 406. 
Witherspoon, Dr. Jere, 522. 
Witt, Daniel, 141. 
Witt, S. B.. 359, 363, 371, 391, 

406, 411, 479. 
Wolf, Ben, 95. 
Woman's Foreign Mission. Soc, 

530. 
Woodbridge, Rev. George, 134, 

183, 186, 187, 231, 342, 345, 360. 
Wood, C. P., 271. 
Wood, Edward, 317. 
Wood, Governor, 47. 
Wood, H. C, 396. 
Wood, H. W., 439, 536. 
Wood, James, 84. 
Wood. T. W., 501. 
Wood, W. H., 365. 
Wooddy, T. C, 529. 
Woods, P. A., 311. 
Woodson, A. R., 410. 
Woodson, John, 27. 
Woodson, W. S., 296. 
Woodward, A. B., 108. 
Woodward, R. J., 134. 
Woodworth, E. E., 516. 
Woolley, John G., 473. 
Woolfork, Col. P., 318. 
Woon, PYank, 462. 
Worrell, James, 95. 
Wortham, A. G., 141. 
Wortham, R. C, 122, 127, 141, 449. 
Wortham, C. E., 455. 
Wortham, Coleman, 516. 
Wren, John, 391. 
Wren, W. D., 131, 140, 149. 



Wright, Alex., 533. 

Wright, Frank, 384. 

Wright, Judge Ben, 130. 

Wright, S. W., 130. 

Wright, Rev. W. P., 307. 

Wyanoke, The, 321. 

Wyatt, Capt. C, 459. 

Wyatt, Silas, 141. 

Wyman, 160. 

Wynne, T. H., 222, 277, 334, 337, 

345. 
Wynne, C. H., 268, 271. 
Wythe, George, 33, 40, 55, 58, 62, 

63, 175. 



Yeardley, Sir Geo., 3. 

Yeatman, W. H., 295. 

Yellow Tavern, 249, 250. 

Yellow Tavern Monument, 408. 

Yoder, A. A., 521. 

Yorktown Centennial, 373. 

Younghusband, Isaac, 22, 25. 

Young Guard, 188, 203, 221, 278. 

Young ,J. B., 141, 295, 296, 362. 

Young Men's Christian Asso., 183, 
185, 188, 238, 239, 346, 389, 399, 
423, 438, 494, 505, 516, 526. 

Young Men's Nat. Cath. Conven- 
tion, 362. 

Young, S. H., 188. 

Young, Dr. W. J., 431, 443, 503. 

Young, W. J., 462. 

Young Women's Christian Asso., 
455, 536. 

Z 

Zane, Isaac, 13. 
Zimmer, C, 314. 
Zuaves, 221. 




